Automotive industry in India

Chennai is home to around 35-40% of India's total automobile industry and for this reason it is known as the Detroit of Asia. It is on the way to becoming the world's largest Auto hub by 2016 with a capacity of over 3 million cars annually
Mahindra Scorpio, one of India's best selling natively developed SUV

The automotive industry in India is one of the largest automotive markets in the world. It was previously one of the fastest growing markets globally, but it is currently experiencing flat or negative growth rates.[1][2] In 2009, India emerged as Asia's fourth largest exporter of passenger cars, behind Japan, South Korea, and Thailand,[3] overtaking Thailand to become third in 2010. As of 2010, India was home to 40 million passenger vehicles. More than 3.7 million automotive vehicles were produced in India in 2010 (an increase of 33.9%), making India the second fastest growing automobile market in the world (after China).[4][5] India's passenger car and commercial vehicle manufacturing industry recently overtook Brazil to become the sixth largest in the world, with an annual production of more than 3.9 million units in 2011.[6][7] From 2011 to 2012, the industry grew 16-18%, selling around three million units.[7] According to the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers, annual vehicle sales are projected to increase to 4 million by 2015, not 5 million as previously projected.[1][8]

In 2011, there were 3,695 factories producing automotive parts in all of India. The average firm made US$6 million in annual revenue with profits close to US$400 thousand.

History

A pre-Independence car showroom in Secunderabad
The Hindustan Ambassador dominated India's automotive market from the 1960s until the mid-80s

In 1897, the first car ran on an Indian road. Through the 1930s, cars were only imported, and in very small numbers.

An embryonic automotive industry emerged in India in the 1940s. Hindustan was launched in 1942, long-time competitor Premier in 1944, building GM and Fiat products respectively.[9] Mahindra & Mahindra was established by two brothers in 1945, and began assembly of Jeep CJ-3A utility vehicles. Following independence in 1947, the Government of India and the private sector launched efforts to create an automotive-component manufacturing industry to supply to the automobile industry. In 1953, an import substitution programme was launched, and the import of fully built-up cars began to be restricted.[9]

Restrictions under the license raj

However, growth was relatively slow in the 1950s and 1960s, due to nationalisation and the license raj, which hampered the Indian private sector. After 1970, with restrictions on the import of vehicles set, the automotive industry started to grow; but the growth was mainly driven by tractors, commercial vehicles and scooters. Cars were still a major luxury item. In the 1970s, price controls were finally lifted, inserting a competitive element into the automobile market.[10] However, by the 1980s, the automobile market was still dominated by Hindustan and Premier, who sold superannuated products in fairly limited numbers.[11] During the eighties, a few competitors began to arrive on the scene.

In 1986, to promote the auto industry, the government established the Delhi Auto Expo. The 1986 Expo was a showcase for how the Indian automotive industry was absorbing new technologies, promoting indigenous research and development, and adapting these technologies for the rugged conditions of India. The nine-day show was attended by then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi.

Liberalisation

Eventually multinational automakers, such as, Suzuki and Toyota of Japan and Hyundai of South Korea, were allowed to invest in the Indian market, furthering the establishment of an automotive industry in India. Maruti Suzuki was the first, and the most successful of these new entries, and in part the result of government policies to promote the automotive industry beginning in the 1980s.[11] As India began to liberalise its automobile market in 1991, a number of foreign firms also initiated joint ventures with existing Indian companies. The variety of options available to the consumer began to multiply in the nineties, whereas before there had usually only been one option in each price class. By 2000, there were 12 large automotive companies in the Indian market, most of them offshoots of global companies.[12]

The Premier Padmini was the Ambassador's only true competitor

Slow export growth

Exports were slow to grow. Sales of small numbers of vehicles to tertiary markets and neighbouring countries began early, and in 1987 Maruti Suzuki shipped 480 cars to Europe (Hungary). After some growth in the mid-nineties, exports once again began to drop as the outmoded platforms provided to Indian manufacturers by multinationals were not competitive.[13] This was not to last, and today India manufactures low-priced cars for markets across the globe. As of 18 March 2013, global brands such as Proton Holdings, PSA Group, Kia, Mazda, Chrysler, Dodge and Geely Holding Group were shelving plans for India due to the competitiveness of the market, as well as the global economic crisis.[14]

Emission norms

In 2000, in tune with international standards to reduce vehicular pollution, the central government unveiled standards titled "India 2000", with later, upgraded guidelines to be known as Bharat stages. These standards are quite similar to the stringent European standards, and have been implemented in a phased manner, with the latest upgrade being implemented in 13 cities and, later, in the rest of the nation. Delhi (NCR), Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur, Lucknow, Solapur, and Agra are the 13 cities where Bharat Stage IV has been imposed while the rest of the nation is still under Bharat Stage III.

Manufacturing facilities

The majority of India's car manufacturing industry is evenly divided into three "clusters". Around Chennai is the southernmost and largest, with a 35% revenue share, accounting for 60% of the country's automotive exports, and home of the India operations of Ford, Hyundai, Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan, BMW, Hindustan Motors, Daimler, Caparo, Mini, and Datsun.[15][16]

Near Mumbai, Maharashtra, along the Chakan corridor near Pune, is the western cluster, with a 33% share of the market. Audi, Volkswagen, and Skoda are located in Aurangabad. Mahindra and Mahindra has an SUV and engine assembly plant at Nashik. General Motors, Tata Motors, Mercedes Benz, Land Rover, Jaguar Cars, Fiat, and Force Motors have assembly plants in the area.[17][18]

The northern cluster is around the National Capital Region, and contributes 32%. Gurgaon and Manesar, in Haryana, are where the country's largest car manufacturer, Maruti Suzuki, is based.

An emerging cluster is the state of Gujarat, with a manufacturing facility of General Motors in Halol, and a planned facility for Tata Nano at their plant in Sanand. Ford, Maruti Suzuki, and Peugeot-Citroen plants are also planned for Gujarat.[19]

Kolkata with Hindustan Motors, Noida with Honda, and Bangalore with Toyota are other automotive manufacturing regions around the country.[20][21][22]

Gujarat

Passenger vehicles
Commercial vehicles

Haryana

Two wheelers
Passenger vehicles

Himachal Pradesh

Two wheelers
Passenger vehicles
Commercial vehicles

Jharkhand

Commercial vehicles

Karnataka

Two wheelers
Passenger vehicles
Commercial vehicles

Kerala

Commercial vehicles

Madhya Pradesh

Two wheelers
Commercial vehicles

Maharashtra

Two wheelers
Passenger vehicles
Commercial vehicles

Punjab

Commercial vehicles

Rajasthan

Two Wheelers

Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India – Tapukara[26]

Passenger vehicles
Commercial vehicles

Tamil Nadu

Two wheelers
Passenger vehicles
Commercial vehicles

Uttar Pradesh

Two wheelers
Passenger vehicles
Commercial vehicles

Uttarakhand

Commercial vehicles

West Bengal

Passenger vehicles

Exports

Mahindra Scorpio Jeep in service with Italy's CNSAS.

India's automobile exports have grown consistently and reached $4.5 billion in 2009, with the United Kingdom being India's largest export market, followed by Italy, Germany, Netherlands, and South Africa.[83]

According to the New York Times, India's strong engineering base and expertise in the manufacturing of low-cost, fuel-efficient cars has resulted in the expansion of manufacturing facilities of several automobile companies like Hyundai, Nissan, Toyota, Volkswagen, and Maruti Suzuki.[84]

In 2008, South Korean multinational Hyundai Motors alone exported 240,000 cars made in India. Nissan Motors plans to export 250,000 vehicles manufactured in its India plant by 2011.[85] Similarly, US automobile company, General Motors announced its plans to export about 50,000 cars manufactured in India by 2011.[86]

In September 2009, Ford Motors announced its plans to set up a plant in India with an annual capacity of 250,000 cars, for US$500 million. The cars will be manufactured both for the Indian market and for export.[87] The company said that the plant was a part of its plan to make India the hub for its global production business.[88] Fiat Motors announced that it would source more than US$1 billion worth auto components from India.[89]

A Tata Safari on display in Poznań, Poland.

In 2009 India (0.23m) surpassed China (0.16m) as Asia's fourth largest exporter of cars after Japan (1.77m), Korea (1.12m) and Thailand (0.26m) by allowing foreign carmakers 100% ownership of factories in India, which China does not allow.[3]

In July 2010, The Economic Times reported that PSA Peugeot Citroën was planning to re-enter the Indian market and open a production plant in Andhra Pradesh that would have an annual capacity of 100,000 vehicles, investing € 700M in the operation.[90] PSA's intention to utilise this production facility for export purposes however remains unclear as of December 2010.

The Maruti Ertiga, a model exported by Maruti Suzuki, India.

In recent years, India has emerged as a leading center for the manufacture of small cars. Hyundai, the biggest exporter from the country, now ships more than 250,000 cars annually from India. Apart from Maruti Exports' shipments to Suzuki's other markets, Maruti Suzuki also manufactures small cars for Nissan, which sells them in Europe. Nissan will also export small cars from its new Indian assembly line. Tata Motors exports its passenger vehicles to Asian and African markets, and is preparing to sell electric cars in Europe in 2010. The firm is planning to sell an electric version of its low-cost car the Tata Nano in Europe and in the U.S. Mahindra & Mahindra is preparing to introduce its pickup trucks and small SUV models in the U.S. market. Bajaj Auto is designing a low-cost car for Renault Nissan Automotive India, which will market the product worldwide. Renault Nissan may also join domestic commercial vehicle manufacturer Ashok Leyland in another small car project.[91] While the possibilities for the Indian automobile industry are impressive, there are challenges that could thwart future growth. Since the demand for automobiles in recent years is directly linked to overall economic expansion and rising personal incomes, industry growth will slow if the economy weakens.[91]

Top 18 export destinations in 2007-2008 and growth from previous year

Rank Country 2007-2008 (in USD Millions) 2008-2009 (in USD Millions) Percentage Growth
1 United States of America 593.64 525.24 -11.52
2 Italy 332.35 359.68 8.21
3 Sri Lanka 249.14 216.11 -13.26
4 South Africa 224.93 188.57 -15.79
5 United Kingdom 165.57 246.32 48.77
6 United Arab Emirates 164.44 192.74 17.21
7 Algeria 147.34 265.63 80.28
8 Bangladesh 137.26 164.86 20.11
9 Egypt 134.43 143.54 5.99
10 Germany 133.52 409.63 206.8
11 Colombia 118.88 120.71 1.54
12 Nepal 111.33 98.13 -11.86
13 Mexico 93.80 94.10 0.32
14 Turkey 83.53 73.82 -11.63
15 Spain 81.01 56.96 -29.69
16 France 76.77 134.21 74.83
17 Nigeria 66.01 148.74 125.03
18 Greece 65.75 127.63 94.1
19 Netherland 65.19 163.66 151.05
20 Ghana 59.91 38.30 -36.07

Passenger vehicles in India

This list is of cars that are officially available and serviced in India. While other cars can be imported to the country at a steep 105%[92] import duty, car-makers such as Alfa Romeo,[93] McLaren,[94] Pagani,[95] Cadillac,[96] Chrysler,[97] SSC,[98] Lincoln,[99] Zenvo,[100] SEAT,[101] Smart,[102] Daihatsu,[103] Lexus,[104] Infiniti,[105] Acura,[106] Saab,[107] Spyker,[108] Lotus,[109] Ariel,[110] Caterham,[111] Peugeot-Citroën,[112] Mazda,[113] Jeep,[114] Kia,[115] GAZ,[116] and Proton[117] in various stages of official introduction into the Indian automobile industry.

Indian automotive companies

Maruti Swift in India. Maruti Suzuki is a subsidiary of Suzuki Motor Corporation of Japan
Mahindra XUV500, one of India's best selling indigenously developed SUV

Defunct Indian automotive companies

Foreign automotive companies in India

Hyundai, Suzuki, BMW, Audi, Mercedes Benz, Ford, Fiat, Honda, Chevrolet(of General Motors), Toyota, Lamborghini, Jaguar, Eicher, TAFE, are the foreign automotive companies that manufacture and market their products in India.

Vehicles manufactured or assembled in India

Manufactured only in Chennai, India, the i10 is one of Hyundai's best selling globally exported cars.

Opel was present in India until 2006. As of 2013, Opel only provides spare parts and vehicle servicing to existing Opel vehicle owners.

Vehicles brought into India as CBUs

Suzuki Kizashi. Kizashis are sold by Maruti in the Indian market
Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X

Commercial vehicle manufacturers in India

Indian brands

Joint-venture (JV) brands

Foreign-owned brands

Electric vehicle and Hybrid vehicle (xEV) industry

During April 2012, the Indian government planned to unveil the road map for the development of domestic electric and hybrid vehicles (xEV) in the country.[198] A discussion between the various stakeholders, including Government, industry, and academia, was expected to take place during 23–24 February.[198] The final contours of the policy would have been formed after this set of discussions. Ministries such as Petroleum, Finance, Road Transport, and Power are involved in developing a broad framework for the sector. Along with these ministries, auto industry executives, such as Anand Mahindra (Vice Chairman and Managing Director, Mahindra & Mahindra) and Vikram Kirloskar (Vice-Chairman, Toyota Kirloskar), were involved in this task.[198] The Government has also proposed to set up a Rs 740 crore research and development fund for the sector in the 12th five-year plan during 2012-17.[198] The idea is to reduce the high cost of key imported components such as the battery and electric motor, and to develop such capabilities locally.

Electric car manufacturers in India

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of India

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "India's November Car Sales Slump, Outlook Grim Too". Cnbc.com. 2012-12-10. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  2. ↑ "Automobile Industry in India, Indian Automobile Industry, Sector, Trends, Statistics". Ibef.org. 2013-10-04. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Nair, Vipin V. (7 September 2009). "Suzuki, Hyundai's Indian Car Exports Beat China's". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  4. ↑ Gulati, Nikhil (9 September 2010). "India Car Sales Touch Record High". Online.wsj.com. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  5. ↑ "India second fastest growing auto market after China". Thehindubusinessline.com. 10 April 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  6. ↑ "World Motor Vehicle Production by Country and Type" (PDF). Oica.net. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 bsmotoring.com (15 April 2011). "Passenger vehicle sales grow 29% in 2010-11, set to overtake Brazil". Bsmotoring.com. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  8. ↑ http://www.autoinfo.in
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Piplai, p. 2892
  10. ↑ Bhaktavatsala Rao, C. (1993-02-20). "Structural Configurations and Strategic Investments: Indian Automobile Industry". Economic and Political Weekly (Mumbai, India: Sameeksha Trust) 28 (8/9): M21.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Automobile Industry: Unconvincing Explanations". Economic and Political Weekly (Mumbai, India: Sameeksha Trust) XX (16): 669. 1985-04-20.
  12. ↑ Piplai, p. 2893
  13. ↑ Piplai, pp. 2894-2895
  14. ↑ "Global carmakers Proton, Peugeot, Citroen, Kia shelve India plans due to tough financial conditions - Economic Times". Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com. 2013-03-18. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  15. ↑ Jayashankar Menon (11 December 2010). "South emerges largest auto cluster in India". Sulekha.com. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
  16. ↑ "CII launches Chennai zone". The Hindu Business Line. 19 October 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  17. ↑ "Mahindra Chakan - News". Zigwheels. Archived from the original on 8 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  18. ↑ "Volkswagen Inaugrates Chakan Plant!". cubi[CC]apacity. Archived from the original on 8 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  19. ↑ Pearson, David (1 September 2011). "Peugeot-Citroen to Invest €650 Million in Indian Assembly Plant". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
  20. ↑ "Skoda plant commissioned near Aurangabad". Autonews.indiacar.com. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  21. ↑ "General Motors; Electric Vehicles; Eco Friendly Car". Living.oneindia.in. 25 October 2010. Archived from the original on 28 October 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  22. ↑ "New Cars in India - Compare Cars - Latest Cars in India". sagmart.com. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  23. ↑
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 "Tata Motors Limited - India's Largest Automobile Company". Tatamotors.com. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  25. ↑ "Automobiles | HCV | Heavy Commercial Vehicles - AMW". Amwasia.com. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 "HMSI Factory". .honda2wheelersindia.com. Retrieved 2014-12-18.
  27. ↑
  28. ↑ "About us | India Yamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd". Yamaha-motor-india.com. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  29. ↑ "Honda". Honda2wheelersindia.com. 1999-12-14. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  30. ↑
  31. ↑
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 "Tvs Motor Company". Tvsmotor.in. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  33. ↑
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5
  35. ↑ "Mahindra Reva Electric Vehicles". Mahindra.com. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  36. ↑
  37. ↑ "Scania to set up assembly plant in India". Bsmotoring.com. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  38. ↑ "Introduction - sales contact". Volvo Buses. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  39. ↑ "VOLVO TRUCKS Factory". Volvo Trucks. Retrieved 2014-12-18.
  40. ↑ "Contact Us". volvoce.com. Retrieved 2014-12-18.
  41. ↑ "Welcome to Mahindra". Mahindra2wheelers.com. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  42. ↑ "Eicher :: Eicher Motors Limited :: Home". Eicherworld.com. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "Hindustan Motors". Hindmotor.com. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  44. ↑ ": Force Motors LTD". Forcemotors.com. 30 June 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 "Bajaj". Bajajauto.com. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  46. ↑ "KTM to use Bajaj’s Pune plant for motorcycle production". News.indiamart.com. 15 September 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  47. ↑ "Topgear India". Topgear.com. 1 May 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  48. ↑ "Manufacturing Hub". Kineticindia.com. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  49. ↑ "Mahindra Vehicle Manufacturers | Sports Utility Vehicles (SUVs)". Mahindra.com. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  50. ↑ "Mahindra & Mahindra-Automotive Division". Mahindra.com. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  51. ↑ "Ssangyong wants India as its second largest mkt". Firstpost.com. 18 October 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  52. ↑ "Know Us : Manufacturing". Tata Motors. 13 March 2000. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  53. ↑ "Jaguar Land Rover Inaugurates New Vehicle Assembly Plant in Pune". ZigWheels.com. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  54. ↑ "Mercedes-Benz India - Mercedes World - Contact Us". Mercedes-benz.co.in. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  55. ↑ "About FIAT India Autombiles Limited". FIAT India. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  56. ↑ "General Motors India Pvt Ltd, Pune, Maharashtra - Google Maps". Maps.google.co.in. 1970-01-01. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  57. ↑ "Volkswagen India < Volkswagen World < Welcome to Volkswagen India". Volkswagen.co.in. 2013-08-01. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  58. ↑ "About Audi India > Audi India". Audi.in. 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  59. ↑
  60. ↑ "Welcome to Chinkara Motors". Chinkara.co.in. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2
  63. ↑
  64. ↑ "Mahindra Navistar Automotives Ltd. - Indian Lorry and Commercial Truck Manufacturer in India". Mahindranavistar.com. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  65. ↑ "MAN Truck & Bus - contact". Mantrucksindia.com. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  66. ↑ Our Bureau. "Business Line : Companies News : Mercedes Benz enters city bus segment". Thehindubusinessline.com. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  67. ↑ "Contact Us". Piaggio. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  68. ↑ "Contact Us". Chandigarh: SML Isuzu Limited. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
  69. ↑
  70. ↑ "Contact Us". Royalenfield.com. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  71. ↑ "Business : BMW Chennai facility goes on stream". The Hindu. 2007-03-30. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  72. ↑ "BMW India : Careers : Job Offers". Bmw.in. 2008-06-17. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  73. ↑ "Ford India Private Limited - Virtual Plant Tour". India.ford.com. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  74. ↑
  75. ↑ "Nissan India | Corporate Information". Nissan.in. 17 March 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  76. ↑
  77. ↑ "Contact". bharatbenz.com. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  78. ↑ "::Kamaz Vectra Motors Ltd::". Kamazvectra.com. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  79. ↑ "SAME Deutz-Fahr to make Ranipet,Vellore its export hub". Business Standard. March 5, 2009.
  80. ↑ "About us | India Yamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd". Yamaha-motor-india.com. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  81. ↑ "Company Profile". Honda Car India. 2011-10-13. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  82. ↑ "About Us". J. S. Auto (P) Ltd.: Manufacturer of JSA Three Wheelers. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  83. ↑ "Britain India's largest automobile export market". Economictimes.indiatimes.com. 4 October 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  84. ↑ Kurczewski, Nick (26 June 2009). "More Cars Are Coming From India". India: Nytimes.com. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
  85. ↑ "Nissan upcoming Chennai plant to be its global small car hub - WheelsUnplugged Automobile Industry News". Wheelsunplugged.com. Archived from the original on 20 June 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2009.
  86. ↑ Jose, Darlington (25 June 2009). "GM to make India small car hub". mydigitalfc.com. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2009.
  87. ↑ Bloomberg News (3 September 2009). "WORLD BUSINESS BRIEFING | ASIA - India: Ford Plans to Build Small Cars". India: Nytimes.com. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
  88. ↑ Choudhury, Santanu (3 September 2009). "Ford Set to Start Production of Small Car in India". Online.wsj.com. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  89. ↑ Kuncheria, C.J. (3 September 2009). "Fiat Purchasing to source $1 bln parts from India". Reuters.com. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  90. ↑ "Peugeot may revive India plans, invest $881 mn in new unit". Economic Times: Times of India. 8 July 2010. Retrieved 2 January 2011.
  91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 "India Automobiles; Car Industry in India". Thomaswhite.com. 26 February 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  92. ↑ "Chapter 87 : Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling-stock, and parts and accessories thereof, Section - 17 : Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport equipment, Custom Duty, Customs Duty Drawback Rules". Exim.indiamart.com. 8 February 1976. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  93. ↑ "Fiat to bring Alfa Romeo, Maserati, Ferrari to India". Autonews.gasgoo.com. 10 January 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  94. ↑ "McLaren MP4 12C sports car in India soon with a price of Rs. 87 lac -1.2 cr". Technoezine.com. 11 April 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  95. ↑ "Hyper-car cos eye India; Spyker and Pagani to come to Indian shores". wheelsunplugged.com. 2013-06-11. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  96. ↑ "GM considers driving Cadillac into India". The Hindu Business Line. 9 October 2010. Archived from the original on 1 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  97. ↑ Wednesday, 17 June 2009 at 1634 hrs IST (17 June 2009). "Fiat may bring Chrysler brands to India". Financialexpress.com. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  98. ↑ "SSC Ultimate Aero TT Goes on Sale in India". autoevolution. 22 August 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  99. ↑ "Lincoln Coming To India?". Overdrive.in. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  100. ↑ "Dubai's Ultimate Motors to launch Super/Hyper cars in India". The Times Of India. 10 November 2009.
  101. ↑ "Volkswagen may bring Seat to India | News". Autocar India. 11 October 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  102. ↑
  103. ↑ Doval, Pankaj (25 August 2009). "Toyota plans to bring in Daihatsu in India". India Economic Times. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  104. ↑ Philip, Lijee (4 December 2007). "Alfa Romeo, Hummer & Lexus to hit Indian roads". The Times Of India. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  105. ↑ "Nissan's Infiniti brand may debut in India". Business-standard.com. 29 September 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
  106. ↑ Gupta, Nandini Sen (23 June 2006). "Acura entry on hold". The Times Of India. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  107. ↑ "Saab targets U.S., India, China with 9-4X". Topautomotivenews.com. 17 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  108. ↑ "Spyker Cars to make India debut next year". Economictimes.indiatimes.com. 21 November 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  109. ↑ carazooblog (2010-06-22). "Lotus May Come To India, Courtesy M&M | Indian Car Blog – Carazoo.com". Blog.carazoo.com. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  110. ↑ Nov 2, 2011 (2011-11-02). "Ariel Atom coming to India | Car News | Sports Cars". Autocar India. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  111. ↑ "Caterham India-bound this October | Car News | Sports Cars". Autocar India. 2011-10-24. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  112. ↑ "Peugeot-Citroen sets sights on India". Economictimes.indiatimes.com. 18 June 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  113. ↑ "Mazda plans to enter fast-growing Indian car market". dancewithshadows.com. 2010. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
  114. ↑
  115. ↑ "Kia eyeing India entry by 2012". Autocar India. 25 June 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  116. ↑ "Features". The Times Of India. 3 April 2008.
  117. ↑ Sharma, Yogima Seth (29 May 2010). "Malaysian Proton to roll in small car in India". Business Standard motoring. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  118. ↑ "Chinkara Motors". Chinkara.co.in. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  119. ↑ "Hindustan Motors". Hindmotor.com. 30 September 2010. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  120. ↑ "First masterpiece car manufacturer". Limca Book of Records. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  121. ↑ "Morris Street , hit the roads in New Delhi". Times of India. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  122. ↑ "Models". Icml.co.in. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  123. ↑ "Mahindra". Mahindra. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  124. ↑ 124.0 124.1 Premier Automobiles Limited
  125. ↑ "San Motors". San Motors. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  126. ↑ Maruti Suzuki Corporate Information. Retrieved 2013-02-01.
  127. ↑ "Maruti Suzuki company manufactures the best selling cars in India". Marutisuzuki.com. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  128. ↑ "Products". Tata Motors. Archived from the original on 5 December 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  129. ↑ Madslien, Jorn (29 March 2007). "BMW unveils India assembly plant". BBC News. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  130. ↑ "Ford India". India.ford.com. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  131. ↑ 131.0 131.1 "GM India". Gm.co.in. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  132. ↑ "Honda India". Hondacarindia.com. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  133. ↑ 133.0 133.1 "Hyundai India". Hyundai.co.in. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  134. ↑ "Isuzu to setup plant in India". ZigWheels.com. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  135. ↑ "Isuzu MU-7 2013 | Cars First Drive | SUV/Crossovers". Autocar India. 2013-04-26. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  136. ↑ 136.0 136.1 "Jaguar India - Jaguar Cars - Home". Jaguar.in. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  137. ↑ 137.0 137.1 "Land Rover - India:: Home". Landrover.in. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  138. ↑ "Mercedes to invest Rs 1000 cr". Bsmotoring.com. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  139. ↑ 139.0 139.1 "2012 Auto Expo - Mini brand is finally launched". Bsmotoring.com. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  140. ↑
  141. ↑ "Mitsubishi to bring small car to India in 3 years - Rediff.com Business". Business.rediff.com. 9 August 2010. Archived from the original on 19 October 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  142. ↑ "Nissan India starts Micra production". Financialexpress.com. 25 May 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  143. ↑ "Renault launches Fluence at Rs12.99 lakh". Bsmotoring.com. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  144. ↑ "Renault in India". Renault.com. 2011-03-17. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  145. ↑ Chowdhury, Anirban (8 September 2011). "Renault Introduces Koleos SUV in India". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
  146. ↑ "Škoda Auto - Homepage". Skoda-auto.co.in. Archived from the original on 22 October 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  147. ↑ "Volkswagen starts Production of Skoda Fabia from Chakan plant". Machinist.in. 18 August 2009. Archived from the original on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  148. ↑ 148.0 148.1 "Toyota Bharat". Toyota Bharat. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  149. ↑ "Volkswagen India - Models". Volkswagen.co.in. 10 November 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  150. ↑ "Volkswagen opens new plant in Pune, India". Machinist.in. 1 April 2009. Archived from the original on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  151. ↑ "Aston Martin". Aston Martin. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  152. ↑ "Audi India". Audi.in. 6 September 2010. Archived from the original on 14 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  153. ↑ "Home". bugatti.com. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
  154. ↑ "Bentley New Delhi". Newdelhi.bentleymotors.com. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  155. ↑ Interone Worldwide GmbH (17 June 2008). "BMW India: The BMW Vehicle Range". Bmw.in. Archived from the original on 11 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  156. ↑ "Bugatti Partners". bugatti.com. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  157. ↑ PTI, 28 October 2010, 05.39pm IST (28 October 2010). "Most expensive car in India: Bugatti drives in Veyron at Rs 16 cr". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  158. ↑ "Ferrari Official Dealers - Find nearest official dealer with our dealer locator". Ferrari.com. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  159. ↑ "Ferrari opens showroom in New Delhi". Bsmotoring.com. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  160. ↑ "Fiat India". Fiat India. Archived from the original on 22 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  161. ↑ "Gumpert Apollo Launched In India | MotorBeam – Indian Car Bike News & Reviews". Motorbeam.com. 2011-11-04. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  162. ↑ "Honda Cars India". Hondacarindia.com. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  163. ↑ "Honda Civic Hybrid". Hondacarindia.com. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  164. ↑ "News". Koenigsegg. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  165. ↑
  166. ↑ "Lamborghini Dealers". Lamborghini.com. Archived from the original on 24 October 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  167. ↑
  168. ↑ "Mercedes-Benz India". Mercedes-benz.co.in. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  169. ↑ "Nissan Home". Nissan.in. 19 March 2010. Archived from the original on 12 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  170. ↑ "Porsche India". Porsche.com. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  171. ↑ "Home page". Porsche.com. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  172. ↑ "Rolls-Royce Mumbai". Rolls-roycemotorcars-dealer.com. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  173. ↑ "Ssangyong Motor Company". Mahindra.com. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
  174. ↑ "Models". Volkswagen.co.in. 10 November 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  175. ↑ "Volvo Car India". Volvocars.com. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  176. ↑ "Welcome to the AMW The Global Truck". Amwasia.com. Archived from the original on 16 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  177. ↑ "Eicher Motors Limited". Eicherworld.com. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  178. ↑ Force Motors
  179. ↑ "Hindustan Motors' Winner". HindMotor. Archived from the original on 23 November 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
  180. ↑ "Leading Commercial Vehicle Manufacturer - Tata Motors". Cvglobal.tatamotors.com. Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  181. ↑ "Ashok Leyland". Ashok Leyland. Archived from the original on 19 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  182. ↑ "Joint Ventures". Ashok Leyland. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
  183. ↑ bsmotoring.com (13 November 2010). "Kamaz Vectra plans to invest $60 mn in 5 yrs". Business Standard motoring. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  184. ↑ "Company History: Major Milestones". Chandigarh: SML Isuzu Limited. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
  185. ↑ "VE Commercial Vehicles Limited". VE Commercial Vehicles Limited. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
  186. ↑ "Unveils BharatBenz – An Exclusive Brand for Its Trucks in India". Daimler AG. 17 February 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  187. ↑ "Caterpillar: India". India.cat.com. 19 March 2010. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  188. ↑ "2012 Auto Expo: DAF unveils CF truck". Bsmotoring.com. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  189. ↑ "Hino Motors". Hino Motors.
  190. ↑ "Enters Local Assembly and Sales Collaboration Contract for Medium Duty Busses in India". ISUZU. 3 July 2006. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  191. ↑ "Iveco". Web.iveco.com. Archived from the original on 31 December 2010. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
  192. ↑ "Mercedes-Benz India - Commercial Vehicles - Bus". Mercedes-benz.co.in. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  193. ↑ "Home Page". Piaggio. Retrieved 2 January 2011.
  194. ↑ "Rosenbauer World - Rosenbauer World Vielseitig im Einsatz. Einzigartig in der Technik". Rosenbauer.com. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  195. ↑ "around the world". Scania. Archived from the original on 27 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  196. ↑ "Tatra, A.S.". Tatra.cz. Archived from the original on 28 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  197. ↑ Volvo Buses (28 May 2010). "Volvo Buses". Volvo Buses. Archived from the original on 14 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  198. ↑ 198.0 198.1 198.2 198.3 Roudra Bhattacharya (2012-02-16). "Electric vehicles policy rollout likely in April | Business Line". Thehindubusinessline.com. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  199. ↑ "Indian Company to Build Electric Car to Challenge Nano". EVWorld.com. 12 April 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
  200. ↑ "Hero Electric Plans E-Car Launch in Five Years". Evworld.com. 24 August 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
  201. ↑ "India's Mahindra Planning E4-Seat Electric Car for 2010". EVWorld.com. 24 August 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
  202. ↑ "Tara Introduces $2450 Electric Car". EVWorld.com. 17 March 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
  203. ↑ "Tata Announces It Is Developing Electric Car". EVWorld.com. 26 July 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
  204. ↑ 204.0 204.1 "API and Rootes Group". Commercial Motor archive. 5 June 1953.
  205. ↑ "Automobile Products of India Limited". My Iris. 14 July 2008.
  206. ↑ International Business Times, 31 July 2008, "Mahindra & Mahindra buys Kinetic Motor for Rs.110 crore, forays into two-wheeler market" by Surojit Chatterjee.
  207. ↑ Bhaktavatsala Rao, C. (1993-02-20). "Structural Configurations and Strategic Investments: Indian Automobile Industry". Economic and Political Weekly (Mumbai, India: Sameeksha Trust) 28 (8/9): M22.

Bibliography