Autoclaved aerated concrete

"Aerated concrete" redirects here. For cellular concrete (foamed concrete), see Types_of_concrete § Cellular_concrete. For lightweight blocks, see Expanded clay aggregate.
Aerated autoclaved concrete - close-up view
Autoclaved aerated concrete tiles of various shapes and sizes
On the right, green AAC blocks are being fed into an autoclave to be rapidly cured under heat and pressure

Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC), also known as autoclaved cellular concrete (ACC), autoclaved lightweight concrete (ALC), autoclaved concrete, cellular concrete, porous concrete, Aircrete, Hebel Block, and Ytong is a lightweight, precast, concrete building material invented in the mid-1920s that simultaneously provides structure, insulation, and fire- and mold-resistance. AAC products include blocks, wall panels, floor and roof panels, cladding (facade) panels and lintels.[1]

History

AAC was perfected in the mid-1920s by the Swedish architect and inventor Dr. Johan Axel Eriksson,[2][3] working with Professor Henrik Kreüger at the Royal Institute of Technology.[2][3] It went into production in Sweden in 1929 in a factory in Hällabrottet and quickly became very popular. Siporex was established in Sweden in 1939 and presently licenses and owns plants in 35 locations around the world. In the 1940s, the trademark Ytong was introduced, and was often referred to as "blue concrete" in Sweden due to its blueish tinge. This version of Ytong was produced from alum shale, whose combustible carbon content made it beneficial to use in the production process. The competing concrete brand Siporex produced in Tuzla, Bosnia, used other raw materials. "Ytong" acquired Siporex and today produces "Siporex" under "Ytong" brand in Tuzla, Bosnia factory. Unfortunately, the slate deposits used for Ytong also contain uranium, which makes the material give off radioactive radon gas to the building. In 1972, the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority pointed out the unsuitability of a radon-emitting construction material, and the use of alum slate in the production of Ytong ceased in 1975. Ytong produced after 1975 has used raw materials without the uranium content.

AAC production in Europe has slowed down considerably, but the industry is growing rapidly in Asia due to strong demand in housing and commercial space. China, Central Asia, India, and the Middle-East are the biggest markets in terms of AAC manufacturing and consumption.[4] AAC production the Persian gulf started in 1978 with LCC SIPOREX, lightweight Construction Company website www.lccsiporex.com supplying the Arabian peninsula with AAC products

Uses

ACC is a highly thermally insulating concrete-based material used for both internal and external construction. Besides AAC's insulating capability, one of its advantages in construction is its quick and easy installation, because the material can be routed, sanded, or cut to size on site using standard carbon steel power tools.

AAC is well suited for urban areas with high rise buildings and those with high temperature variations. Due to lower density, high rise buildings constructed using AAC require less steel and concrete for structural members. Requirement of mortar for laying AAC blocks is reduced due to less number of joints. Similarly material required for rendering is also lower due to dimensional accuracy of AAC. Better thermal efficiency of AAC makes it suitable for use in areas with extreme temperature as it eliminates need for separate materials for construction and insulation leading to faster construction and savings.

Even though regular cement mortar can be used, most of the buildings erected with AAC materials use thin bed mortar in thicknesses around ⅛ inch, depending on the national building codes. AAC materials can be coated with a stucco or plaster compound to guard against the elements, or covered with siding materials such as brick or vinyl.

Manufacturing

Unlike most other concrete applications, AAC is produced using no aggregate larger than sand. Quartz sand, calcined gypsum, lime (mineral) and/or cement and water are used as a binding agent. Aluminum powder is used at a rate of 0.05%–0.08% by volume (depending on the pre-specified density). In some countries, like India and China, fly ash generated from thermal power plants and having 50-65% silica content is used as an aggregate.

When AAC is mixed and cast in forms, several chemical reactions take place that give AAC its light weight (20% of the weight of concrete) and thermal properties. Aluminum powder reacts with calcium hydroxide and water to form hydrogen. The hydrogen gas foams and doubles the volume of the raw mix creating gas bubbles up to 3mm (⅛ inch) in diameter. At the end of the foaming process, the hydrogen escapes into the atmosphere and is replaced by air.

When the forms are removed from the material, it is solid but still soft. It is then cut into either blocks or panels, and placed in an autoclave chamber for 12 hours. During this steam pressure hardening process, when the temperature reaches 190° Celsius (374° Fahrenheit) and the pressure reaches 8 to 12 bars, quartz sand reacts with calcium hydroxide to form calcium silica hydrate, which gives AAC its high strength and other unique properties. Because of the relatively low temperature used AAC blocks are not considered fired brick but a lightweight concrete masonry unit. After the autoclaving process, the material is ready for immediate use on the construction site. Depending on its density, up to 80% of the volume of an AAC block is air. AAC's low density also accounts for its low structural compression strength. It can carry loads of up to 8 MPa (1,160 PSI), approximately 50% of the compressive strength of regular concrete.[5]

Since 1980, there has been a worldwide increase in the use of AAC materials. New production plants are being built in Australia, Bahrain, China, Eastern Europe, India, Israel, and the USA. AAC is increasingly used by developers, architects, and home builders worldwide.

Advantages

AAC has been produced for more than 70 years, and it offers several significant advantages over other cement construction materials, one of the most important being its lower environmental impact.

References

  1. ↑ "Products specifications - AIRCRETE". aircrete-europe.com.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hebel: The History of AAC at the Wayback Machine (archived November 4, 2010)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Swedish Association of Historical Buildings: Pioneering work in the early days of concrete - history 1890–1950 (from Byggnadskultur issue 4/2004) (Swedish)
  4. ↑ "AAC India".
  5. ↑ "Sorry! BuildingGreen.com encountered an error.". buildinggreen.com.
  6. ↑ "AAC India - Advantages of using AAC".

http://lccsiporex.com/en/?page_id=86

External links