Australia at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
| Australia at the Paralympic Games | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||
| At the 1996 Summer Paralympics in Atlanta | ||||||||||
| Competitors | 166 | |||||||||
| Flag bearer | Libby Kosmala (Opening) Priya Cooper | |||||||||
| Medals Rank: 2 |
Gold 42 |
Silver 37 |
Bronze 27 |
Total 106 |
||||||
| Paralympic history (summary) | ||||||||||
| Summer Games | ||||||||||
| Winter Games | ||||||||||
The 1996 Summer Paralympics were held in the United States city of Atlanta.[1] Australia competed in 13 of the 17 sports, winning medals in 10 of those sports.[2][3] At the 1996 Summer Paralympics, Australia had the second highest medal tally of any country competing. It won 42 gold, 37 silver and 27 bronze medals. It surpassed the 24 gold medals that Australia won at the 1992 Paralympics. The sports of athletics, swimming and cycling provided Australia with the majority of its medals.
Background
In September 1993 the IOC announced that Sydney was the winning bid for the 2000 Summer Olympics, and the International Paralympic Committee announced Sydney would also be the host of the 2000 Summer Paralympics. This led to the Australian Government establishing the Olympic Athlete Program (OAP), funded and supported through the Australian Sports Commission, to prepare Australia's competitors for these games.[4][5]
The Australian Paralympic Federation (APF) started receiving money from the OAP in October 1994, leading to the establishment of the Paralympic Preparation Program (PPP), with a full-time staff member – Jenni Banks – to develop and implement the program. The increased funding was used to contract more experienced coaches, arrange international tours for teams, run training camps and acclimatisation programs and purchase performance improving suits and equipment.[2][6]
Team
The Australian team consisted of 166 athletes. This was much smaller than other countries such as the USA, Germany, Britain and Spain.[4] The Australian Sports Commission provided financial support to the Australian Paralympic Federation to make it possible for all athletes to travel to the games.[7] The team mascot, Banjo, was unveiled in May.[8] The Chef de Mission was George Dunstan and the flag bearer at the opening ceremony was Libby Kosmala.
The team Headquarters staff were George Dunstan (Chef de Mission), Paul Bird, Michael Godfrey-Roberts, Tony de Leede, Susan Mathew, Cornelis van Eldik, Jenny Banks, Dawn Fraser, Peter Kelly, John Sherwell Sports Medicine and Sports Science staff – Susan White (Director), Norma Beer, Joanne Sayers, Jane Buckley, Donald Perriman, Barbara Denson, Greg Ungerer, Alan Thomas, Jo-anne Hare Personal Care Attendants- Craig Jarvis, Trevor Goddard, Andre Juricich, Rod Stubbs, Joan Stevens, Joanne Titterton, Don Blackman, Jodie Worrall, Patricia Bignall .[9]
Some States and Territories held official farewell ceremonies for their local athletes competing at the Paralympics. In Canberra, the athletes were officially sent off at a meeting of the Legislative Assembly during the last week of July.[10]
Medalists
Events
Athletics
Australia represented by:
Men – Anthony Biddle, Fabian Blattman, Damien Burroughs, Geoffrey Clarke, Leroi Court, Mark Davies, Michael Dowling, Stephen Eaton, John Eden, Don Elgin, David Evans, Neil Fuller, Terry Giddy, David Goodman, Adrian Grogan, Brian Harvey, Lachlan Jones, John Lindsay, Hamish MacDonald, Tim Matthews, Kerrod McGregor, Paul Nunnari, Sam Rickard, Jaime Romaguera, Russell Short, Greg Smith, Bradley Thomas, Darren Thrupp, Bruce Wallrodt, Paul Wiggins, Matthew van Eldik
Women – Marsha Green, Lisa Llorens, Alison Quinn, Sharon Rackham, Louise Sauvage, Christie Skelton, Frances Stanley, Leana Viero, Katrina Webb, Jodi Willis-Roberts, Amy Winters
Coaches – Kathryn Lee (Head), Chris Nunn, Lyndall Warry, Andrew Dawes, Scott Goodman.[9]
Louise Sauvage, from Perth, won gold in the Women's 1,500 m T52-53 (time of 3:30.45, a world record), gold in the Women's 400 m T53, with a result of 54.96, a Paralympic record, gold in the Women's 5,000 m T52-53 time of 12:40.71, a world record, and a final gold in the Women's 800 m T53 (time of 1:52.80, a Paralympic record).[11] Louise's world record in the 1500 m took 6 seconds off the previous record, and her record in the 5000 m took place only an hour after winning the 400 m.[2]
David Evans earned gold in the Men's 1,500 m T44-46, with a result of 3:59.68, another gold (along with Tim Matthews, Bradley Thomas, and Neil Fuller) in the Men's 4x100 m Relay T42-46, with a team result of 45.40, a world record, and silver in the Men's 800 m T44-46, with a result of 1:55.81.[11]
Fabian Blattman from New South Wales, won gold in the Men's 1500 m T50, with a result of 5:09.41, a Paralympic record, and silver in the Men's 800 m T50, with a result of 2:46.67.[11]
Katrina Webb from South Australia, was 19 years old when the 1996 Games took place. In 1995 she had accepted a year-long netball scholarship at the Australian Institute of Sport, where she was diagnosed with cerebral palsy. People at the Australian Institute of Sport encouraged her to compete in the Paralympics in Atlanta, but Webb initially resisted because she did not view herself as disabled. She changed her mind and went on to win a gold medal in the 100 m sprint. Her gold medal was controversial in some Paralympic circles because many did not believe she was disabled enough.[12] Webb won a silver medal in the long jump, with a distance of 4.46 metres (14.6 ft). This distance was 24 centimetres (9.4 in) better than her previous personal best.[13]
Lisa Llorens from the Australian Capital Territory, won a gold and a bronze in track and field events.[14][15][16]
Lachlan Jones from Melbourne Victoria, competed in the 100 m wheelchair race and won the gold medal. This came after two false starts and a protest in the medal race. Jones claims the two false starts were intentional on the part of his competitors in an attempt to distract him. The protests were dropped before they were formally considered by the judges. Jones had to compete against more able athletes in the 400 m race because there were not enough participants with cerebral palsy to have a separate competition class at the Games.[13]
Brian Harvey won a gold medal in the cerebral palsy class of javelin with a distance of 34.7 metres (114 ft).[13]
Darren Thrupp won a gold medal in the Men's Long Jump F34-37 with a distance of 5.74 metres (18.8 ft). Darren also won bronze in the Men's 200 m T37, with a result of 25.52 seconds.[11]
Boccia
Australia represented by:
Men – Kris Bignall, Scott Elsworth, Tu Huyhn, John Richardson
Women – Lynette Coleman, Fiona Given
Coaches – Thomas Organ (Head), Ricky Grant
.[9]
The 1996 result was the best ever for an Australian team in Boccia. The Australian team had six athletes who competed individually, as pairs and in a team event in the C1, C2 and C/WAD categories. Prior to the start of the Games, the team was ranked eleventh in the world. The team's fifth place finish in the team event was the best the country had ever done in the event. The team was captained by Fiona Given.[17]
The pairs C/WAD team of Kris Bignall and Tu Huyhn were ranked as the seventh best pair in the world prior to the start of the games. They surprised the world when they won a bronze medal after beating Spain and New Zealand in the preliminaries, and after beating an American pair in the bronze medal match. Their medal was the first medal Australia had won in this sport in international competition.[17]
Kris Bignall also competed as an individual in the C1 WAD category. He made it to the medals play off stage, where he lost. Tu Huyhn also competed in the individual events in the C1 WAD category. He finished fifth in pool play and did not qualify for the medal play off stage. Lyn Coleman competed as an individual in the C1 category. She finished sixth overall. John Richardson also competed in the C1 individual event. He finished fifth in his pool and did not qualify for the medals play offs.
Scott Elsworth competed as an individual in the C2 category. He finished sixth in his pool and did not qualify for the medal round. Fiona Given also competed in the C2 individual competition, finishing in fourth place in pool place and not qualifying for the medals.[17]
Cycling
Australia represented by:
Men – Paul Clohessy, Kerry Golding, Matthew Gray, Steve Gray, Eddie Hollands, Peter Homann, Paul Lake, Paul Lamond, Gregory Madson, Kieran Modra, Christopher Scott
Women – Lyn Lepore, Teresa Poole, Sandra Smith
Coaches – Kenneth Norris (Head), David Woodhouse
.[9]
Australian cyclists prepared for the Games and Atlanta's humid weather by undergoing acclimatisation training in Perth and Melbourne. Australian cyclists were also provided with racing suits by the International Wool Secretariat and CSIRO. These uniforms helped to minimise the impact of sweat on a cyclist's performance.[2]
Kieran Modra is a South Australian blind cyclist. He competed in the 1996 Paralympics in the tandem event with pilot Kerry Golding. He won a gold medal in the 200m mixed tandem sprint race.[12][18]
Tandem bike pairing Teresa Poole and Sandra Smith were ranked number one in the world prior to the start of the Games, and held the world record in the 1000 m event. Poole's disability is tunnel vision. They won gold in the 1000m women's tandem race, their first gold medal awarded at the Games[19]
Equestrian
Australia represented by:
Women – Susan Haydon, Sharon Konemann, Sue Lee, Margaret Reynolds, Mandy Waalwyk
Coach – Mary Longden Officials – Sally Francis
.[9]
Goalball
Men
Australia represented by:
Team – Robert Crestani, Kevin Frew, Colin George, Gerrard Gosens, Warren Lawton, Brett Scarr
Coach – Sam Theodore (Head), Robert Apps
.[9]
The Australian men finished fourth. This was the country's best finish in an international competition. The team had played a number of international matches and also had an extended raining camp in Australia prior to the start of the Games. The training camp included psychological preparations.[20]
The star of the men's team was Robert Crestani. His ability to throw the ball and his offensive tactics helped the team remain competitive. Other key players for the team included Warren Lawton and Gerrard Gosens. These three players were on the court for almost the whole competition.[20]
In pool play, they beat Italy 5–2, the Czech Republic 7–0, and the Netherlands 3–2. They drew with Germany 3–3 and Slovenia 4–4. In the Qualification round, they lost to Finland 1–4, drew with Spain 3–3 and lost to Canada 1–3. In the medal elimination round, they lost to Canada 2–3. In the bronze medal match, they lost to Spain 2–6.[20]
Australia's win over Italy is important in the team's history because the Italian team was ranked number one in the world coming into the Paralympic Games.[20]
Women
Australia represented by:
Team – Raelene Bocks, Sarah Kennedy, Rachel Lahl, Marilyn Mills, Jennette Saxberg, Robyn Stephens
Coaches – Terry Kenaghan (Head), Heather Gosens[9]
Unlike the men's team, the women's Australian team did not have as much experience as other teams in the Paralympic goalball competition. European teams had competed against each other in the lead up to the Games. This gave them an advantage as they knew their opponents' strengths and weaknesses.[21]
The Australian women had several injuries during the Paralympics. Sarah Kennedy injured herself in training, which limited her mobility.[21]
Australia lost all but one match. They lost to Spain 0–1, to Sweden 0–4, to Denmark 1–5, to Germany 0–2 and to the USA 0–3. Australia's sole victory came against Korea, where they won 2–0. Australia finished as the last team in the competition based on goals for and against as they had a record of 3–16. The 0–1 loss to Finland was considered impressive by goalball followers because Finland won a silver medal.[21]
Judo
Australia represented by:
Men – Anthony Clarke Coach – Trevor Kschammer .[9]
Australia sent one athlete to compete in judo: Anthony Clarke. He was coached by Trevor Kschammer. This was the only sport where Australia had a ratio of one athlete to one coach. Anthony Clarke won a gold medal, going undefeated. He beat Arlindo Tinoco of Brazil in 51 seconds, Fermin Campos Ariza of Spain in five minutes in the semi-final and beat Run Ming Men of China in the gold medal match in 35 seconds.
| Athlete | Event | 1/8-Final | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Opposition Result |
Opposition Result |
Opposition Result |
Opposition Result |
Rank | ||
| Anthony Clarke[22] | Judo | bye |  Arlindo Tinoco (BRA)W |
 Fermin Campos Ariza (ESP)W |
 Run Ming Men (CHN)W |
 |
Lawn bowls
Australia represented by:
Men – John Forsberg, Neville Millington, Robert Tinker
Women – Pauline Cahill, June Clark
Coach – Graeme Clark
.[9]
In preparation for the Games, the five bowlers competed in a tournament in South Africa.[2]
Powerlifting
Men – Willem Bos, Michael Farrell, Brian McNicholl, Richard Nicholson
Coach – Blagoi Blagoev
.[9]
Brian McNicholl won a silver medal.
Shooting
Australia represented by:
Men – Ashley Adams, Keith Bremner, Iain Fischer, James Nomarhas, Peter Worsley
Women – Patricia Fischer, Libby Kosmala
Coach – Yvonne Hill (Head), Raymund Brummell
.[9]
The shooting events were some of the most competitive at the Atlanta Paralympics, with six world records and nine Paralympic records set. Australia did not set any of these records. The team still did well with Australian athletes setting 11 individual personal best records in the 22 events in which they competed. All but one of the seven Australian competitors set a personal best record.[23]
Ashley Adams was a member of this 1996 Paralympics team. He set four personal best records. He also set three Australian records. Adams also appeared in one event final.[23]
James Nomorhas was an ACT based shooter. He won a silver medal in the mixed SH1 Sport Pistol event.[23]
Libby Kosmala is a shooter from South Australia. The 1996 Paralympics were the seventh Paralympics in which she competed.[7]
Swimming
I've given up work and study, started training harder. Maybe I just wanted it more this time than I ever did before.
Australia represented by:
Men – Rodney Bonsack, Scott Brockenshire, Kingsley Bugarin, Brendan Burkett, Dominic Collins, Paul Cross, Cameron de Burgh, Grant Fitzpatrick, Paul Gockel, Alex Hadley, Jeff Hardy, Sean Harris, Brett Reid, Alastair Smales
Women – Petrea Barker, Melissa Carlton, Priya Cooper, Tracey Cross, Gemma Dashwood, Janelle Falzon, Alicia Jenkins, Karni Liddell, Vicky Machen, Tamara Nowitzki, Tracey Oliver, Lesly Page, Sarah-Jane Schulze, Cara Sullivan, Elizabeth Wright, Judith Young
Coaches – Ian Findlay (Head), Matthew Brown, Helen Cox, Kathryn Rogers
.[9]
A training camp was held for Australian swimmers in Townsville prior to the start of the Games.[2] Head coach Ian Findlay was hired with the intention of improving the overall level of coaching for the Paralympic Games and to help improve Australia's medal chances.[2]
Priya Cooper from Western Australia won one gold medal in a swimming relay event and four individual gold medals for the 200 m individual medley, the 100 m backstroke, the 100 m freestyle, and the 400 m freestyle.[1][12][25]
Kingsley Bugarin, a Perth-based vision impaired swimmer, competed in his fourth Paralympics in Atlanta at the age of 28. Prior to these Games, he had never won a Paralympic medal. In Atlanta, he won a gold medal in the 200 m individual medley, where he set a world record. In the finals, he was seven seconds behind before the breaststroke, made up six of those seconds, and was only one second behind entering into the freestyle before he made it up to win the gold. He swam the 200 m in 2 minutes and 22 seconds.[26] His world records at the Games included 1:10.81 in the 100 m breaststroke, 2:35.21 in the 200 m breaststroke and 2:22.45 in the 200 m individual medley.[12]
Gemma Dashwood was another Australian competing. She set a world record in the 100 m butterfly, where she captured a gold. Dashwood also won a silver medal in another swimming event.[26]
Tracy Cross won a medal in the100 m butterfly race.[13][19]
Jeff Hardy won a medal in the 100 m men's butterfly race.[19]
Wheelchair Basketball
I've been dreaming about this for about 12 minutes and that's not a lie. The theme song for this was Holy Grail by Hunters and Collectors and that's what we got. You can use every superlative in the English language to describe what Troy did out there tonight. He was just awesome.
Men
Australia represented by:
Team – Men – Troy Andrews, Robert "Sandy" Blythe, Orfeo Cecconato, Benjamin Cox, Stuart Erwin, David Gould, Gerry Hewson, Timothy Maloney, Nick Morris, Richard Oliver, Troy Sachs, David Selby
Coaches – Mark Walker (Head), Evan Bennett Officials – Graham Gould .[9]
Australia was seeded sixth coming into the Atlanta Paralympic tournament.[27] The men's team toured England and the Netherlands in the lead up to the Paralympics.[2]
Australia beat Great Britain 78–63 in the gold medal game. This was Australia's first gold medal result in a major international competition for men or women. The match also had the largest recorded American crowd for a wheelchair basketball game with 10,061 people in attendance. Many Australians watched the game live. Australia had come back from a 15-point deficit of 20–5 during the first six minutes of the gold medal game. By halftime, Australia was down by one point after having briefly taken the lead a minute earlier.[27]
Troy Sachs is one of Australia's most popular and famous Paralympians. Sachs was born with one leg missing below the knee. He first competed at the 1992 Summer Paralympics in Barcelona when he was 15 years old. He was 19 years old during these Games. In the gold medal game against Great Britain, he scored 42 points for his team. 15 of those points came from five three-point shots. He had a shooting percentage of forty-seven during the gold medal match, making eleven of his twenty-three attempted shots. He went fifteen of twenty-four from the free throw line. Hopping from his chair, Sachs cut down the net after the game ended in victory for Australia.
Women
Australia represented by:
Team – Julianne Adams, Amanda Carter, Paula Ewin, Melissa Ferrett, Alison Mosely, Lisa O'Nion, Donna Philp, Donna Ritchie, Amanda Rose, Sharon Slann, Liesl Tesch, Jane Webb
Coaches – Peter Corr, Tracy York Officials – Shona Casey
.[9]
Prior to the start of the Paralympics, Australia was ranked third in the world.[28] In lead up preparations for the games, the team toured Canada.[2]
Australia's women's team beat the American team for the first time in pool play, to stay in contention for a medal. This was viewed as extremely significant by Australian women's wheelchair basketball fans and the Australian Paralympic Federation because of the dominance of the American team in women's wheelchair basketball. Australia was down 21–16 at halftime. Australia went up with seven minutes left in the second half. The match finished with a score of 31–27 in Australia's favour. American Sharon Herbst was their team's start performer and she caused a number of problems for Australia's defence. During the game, several players were knocked out of their wheelchairs, including Australia's Melissa Ferrett.[28] The Americans challenged the win, protesting because they believed the Australians were not wearing matching uniforms.[12]
Australia's team was coached by Peter Corr and captained by Donna Ritchie. The team's top scorer in the competition was Liesl Tesch.[28]
Australia beat Brazil 67–8, beat the USA 31–27 and lost to Germany 34–26 in pool play.[29] They lost to Canada in the semi-finals, going down 31–36. They played the Americans in the bronze medal match, losing 30–41.[28]
This was the first Paralympic basketball tournament to feature the three-wheeled wheelchair. Most of the women on the Australian team opted to use the traditional four-wheeled wheelchair.[29]
Wheelchair Rugby
Australia represented by:
Men – Brett Boylan, Gary Croker, Andrew Greenaway, Rodney Hamilton, David Jacka, Peter Lock, Steve Porter, Baden Whitehead
Coach – Darryl Wingard
.[9]
Wheelchair rugby was a demonstration sport at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. The sport has the same level of aggression as non-wheelchair rugby and is the only wheelchair contact sport that is played in the Paralympics. The contact is a reason Australian players compete. The contact and aggression is often damaging to the wheelchairs. For this reason, a welder was at the games to repair wheelchairs of rugby players. National rugby rivalries were carried over into the wheelchair version, with the Australian team viewing the match against New Zealand as one of their most important.[30]
George Hucks was a member of the Australian team. During a practice in Atlanta prior to the start of the games, Hucks broke his kneecap. Hucks, from South Australia, was the team's best player. This was a major loss for the team. Hucks was flown home and another player was flown into Australia to replace him.[30]
Australia did not win a single match in wheelchair rugby. They lost to New Zealand 23–39, to Great Britain 33–34, to Canada 24–39, to the USA 18–31 and to Sweden 25–29.[30]
Wheelchair Tennis
Australia represented by:
Men – Mick Connell, David Hall
Women – Daniela Di Toro, Randa Hinson
Coach – Greg Crump
.[9]
David Hall competed for Australia in wheelchair tennis at the 1996 Paralympic Games, where he won a silver and bronze medal. He lost his legs in an accident when he was sixteen years old.[31]
| Athlete | Event | Round of 64 | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Opposition Result |
Opposition Result |
Opposition Result |
Opposition Result |
Opposition Result |
Opposition Result |
Rank | ||
| David Hall[32] | Men's singles | bye |  Satosji Saida (JPN)W 6–2, 6–1 |
 Stefan Bitterauf (GER)W 7–6, 6–1 |
 Vance Parmelly (USA)W 7–5, 7–5 |
 Ricky Molier (NED)L 7–6, 5–7, 5–7 |
 Laurent Giammartini (FRA)W 6–3, 6–0 |
 |
| Mick Connell[32] | Men's singles |  Jussi Juntenen (FIN)W 6–0, 6–2 |
Laurent Giammartini (FRA) L 2–6, 6–4, 3–6 |
Did not advance | ||||
| Daniela Di Toro[33] | Women's singles | N/A | bye |  Janet McMorran (GBR)W 6–4, 6–1 |
Kanae Kitamoto (JPN) W 6–4, 6–1 |
Maaike Smit (NED) L 7–6, 1–6, 4–6 |
Chantal Vandierendonck (NED) L 4–6, 6–4, 3–6 |
4 |
| Randa Henson[33] | Women's singles | N/A | Christa Ott (GER) W 6–4, 7–6 |
Oristelle Marx (FRA) L 2–6, 1–6 |
Did not advance | |||
| David Hall Mick Connell[34] |
Men's doubles | N/A | bye |  Rolando Avila/Rene Corona (MEX) W 6–0, 6–1 |
 Gerald Metroz/Martin Erni (SUI) W 6–0, 6–0 |
Eric Stuurman/ Ricky Molier (NED) W 7–6, 6–1 |
Stephen Welch/ Vance Parmelly (USA) L 2–6, 6–3, 6–7 |
 |
| Daniela Di Toro Randa Henson[35] |
Women's doubles | N/A | bye |  Tiki Aharoni/Kineret Wallach (ISR) W 6–1, 6–1 |
Chantal Vandierendonck/ Monique Kalkman-Van Den Bosch (NED) L 1–6, 0–6 |
Oristelle Marx/ Arlette Racineux (FRA) L 2–6, 7–6, 2–6 |
4 | |
Closing Ceremonies
As representative for the next host city, Michael Knight, the New South Wales Minister for the Olympics, was presented with an IPC flag during the closing ceremonies.[1]
Return home
We earned respect because of the way that we played and the commitment we put into the sports. Whether you are disabled or able-bodied, this is what it is all about. This is what you train for, and this is equality right now.
When the Games were over, athletes returned home to parades and receptions. These events took place in all Australian state and territory capitals. New South Wales based athletes were greeted at the Sydney airport by the Federal Minister for Sport Warwick Smith and the Premier of New South Wales Bob Carr. A parade was later held in Sydney, with tens of thousands of people attending. In Victoria, an event was held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground prior to the start of an Australian Football League playoff game. Another reception was held in Victoria at Parliament House, Melbourne, with the Premier of Victoria Jeff Kennett as the host and the Victorian Workcover Authority as the sponsor.[24]
Media coverage
There was more media coverage for the 1996 Paralympics in Australia than there was for previous Paralympic Games. The Australian Paralympic Federation set a goal prior to the start of the Games to do just this, with a focus on attaining coverage in sections other than the sport pages of newspapers. Media outlets that covered Australia at the Paralympics included Who Weekly, ABC Radio National, Nine Network's Today Show, Channel Seven's AM and Witness programs, and coverage in all the national newspapers. Channel Seven, an Australian commercial station, sent a crew to Atlanta to cover the Games. The crew did live interviews, and helped provide coverage of the Games. This coverage included several segments of fifteen minutes during the station's news programs. Media coverage of the Games was aided by the time difference: Event results came in live during morning shows on Australian radio. The Australian Paralympic Federation considered the media coverage to be a great success in terms of boosting awareness of its program and its athletes.[36]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Mills-Hicks et al. 2001, p. 460
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Webster 1996, p. 6
- ↑ "Paralympic Games History – Summer | APC Corporate". Paralympic.org.au. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 John Bloomfield (2003). Australia's sporting success: the inside story. UNSW Press. pp. 101, 106. ISBN 0-86840-582-5.
- ↑ Australian Bureau of Statistics (1979). Year book, Australia 84. p. 398. ISSN 0810-8633.
- ↑ "Table Tennis Australia". SportingPulse. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Hogan 1996, p. 27
- ↑ "Annual Report". Australian Paralympic Federation. 1997. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 Australian Paralympic Federation 1996, p. 9
- ↑ Ellis 1996, p. 184
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 International Paralympic Committee. Athlete Search Results. Retrieved 12 July 2011
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Webster 1996, p. 8
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Overington 1996b, p. 28
- ↑ Legislative Assembly for the ACT, Hansard, 25 June 1996 Archived 21 December 2010 at WebCite
- ↑ Legislative Assembly for the ACT, Hansard, 4 September 1996 Archived 21 December 2010 at WebCite
- ↑ Ellis 1996, p. 185
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Australian Paralympic Federation 1996, p. 78
- ↑ Paralympic Medallists, Cycling Australia
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Overington 1996b, p. 29
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Australian Paralympic Federation 1996, p. 30
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Australian Paralympic Federation 1996, p. 32
- ↑ "Results – Atlanta 1996 Paralympic Games – Judo – Men's Up To 95 kg" (PDF). International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Australian Paralympic Federation 1996, p. 66
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Australian Paralympic Federation 1996, p. 84
- ↑ Richard Cashman, Simon Darcy (2008). Benchmark Games: The Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games. p. 36. ISBN 1-876718-05-6.
Priya Cooper, who starred at the 1996 Atlanda Paralympic Games securing five gold medals, was a flag bearer at the closing ceremony (ACOS)
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Overington 1996, p. 56
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Chesterton 1996, p. 18
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 Overington 1996a, p. 21
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 Overington 1996a, p. 22
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Reed 1996, p. 70
- ↑ Sports 'n Spokes Magazine 2006, p. 10
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Atlanta 1996 Paralympic Games; Wheelchair Tennis; Men's Singles" (PDF). International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Atlanta 1996 Paralympic Games; Wheelchair Tennis; Women's Singles" (PDF). International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
- ↑ "Atlanta 1996 Paralympic Games; Wheelchair Tennis; Men's Doubles" (PDF). International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
- ↑ "Atlanta 1996 Paralympic Games; Wheelchair Tennis; Women's Doubles" (PDF). International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
- ↑ Kelly 1996, p. 42
Bibliography
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Australia at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. |
- Australian Paralympic Federation (1996). Golden days of Atlanta : Xth Paralympic Games Atlanta, Georgia, August 15–25, 1996. Sydney. OCLC 222120061.
- Chesterton, Ray (1996). "Troy's pride and joy". Golden days of Atlanta : Xth Paralympic Games Atlanta, Georgia, August 15–25, 1996. Sydney: Australian Paralympic Federation. pp. 18–20. OCLC 222120061.
- Ellis, Leanne (5 August 1996). "Going for gold". Canberra Times.
- Hogan, John (12 August 1996). "McNicholl's lift-off countdown". The Australian.
- Kelly, Peter (1996). "Never Seen before in Paralympic Sport". Golden days of Atlanta : Xth Paralympic Games Atlanta, Georgia, August 15–25, 1996 (Sydney: Australian Paralympic Federation). OCLC 222120061.
- Mills-Hicks, James; Barnard, Loretta; Etherington, Kate; Olds, Margaret, eds. (2001). Australian Sport Through Time (Revised edition 2001 ed.). Sydney: Random House Australia. ISBN 1-74051-445-9.
- Overington, Caroline (1996). "Swimmer's First Gold a World Record". Golden days of Atlanta : Xth Paralympic Games Atlanta, Georgia, August 15–25, 1996. Sydney: Australian Paralympic Federation. pp. 56–58. OCLC 222120061.
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