Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz

Guard of honor at Narutowicz's funeral bier

Gabriel Narutowicz, the first president of Poland after regaining independence, was assassinated on 16 December 1922, five days after taking office.[1] He was fatally shot by Eligiusz Niewiadomski, an artist and art critic, while visiting an exhibition at Warsaw's Zachęta gallery.

Background

Poland regained independence in 1918 in the aftermath of World War I. Soon afterwards, Gabriel Narutowicz, professor of engineering, became one of the left-wing leaders in the Sejm (Polish parliament).[2] Following the 1921 March Constitution of Poland and the November 1922 Polish legislative election, Narutowicz was elected the first president of Poland in the Polish presidential election, 9 December 1922.[3] His election was not accepted by the right-wing nationalist endecja faction, which staged a number of protests.[3] Narutowicz's forthcoming murder would be the culmination of an aggressive, right wing and anti-semitic propaganda campaign vilifying him; in the background of street protests he was called, by an unfriendly press, an atheist, Freemason and a Jew.[4][3][5]

Narutowicz in 1922

Assassination

Five days after taking office, while attending an art exhibition in the Warsaw's National Gallery of Art "Zachęta", Narutowicz was assassinated during a conversation with a British envoy.[6][2] The assassin was a painter, Eligiusz Niewiadomski, who fired three shots at the president.[7]

Aftermath

Niewiadomski had connections with the right wing National Democratic Party.[6] During his trial, he stated that he wanted to kill Józef Piłsudski, but assassinating his ally Narutowicz was "a step in the fight for Polishness and for the nation."[6]

Narutowicz's assassin was sentenced to death and his execution took place outside of the Warsaw Citadel on 31 January.[8] Part of the right wing camp perceived Niewiadomski as a hero. Nationalistic, right-wing press and historians kept portraying Niewiadomski in positive light, writing about his "heroic stand", "sacred convictions, "patriotic duty" and such.[6][9] Within months, his grave became a nationalistic shrine, and "more than three hundred babies baptized in Warsaw were given the uncommon name Eligiusz".[8]

The murder of the first president of the Second Polish Republic and the angry canvassing against him revealed impermanence of democratic mechanisms in Poland at that time.[3][7]

The murder of Narutowicz served as the inspiration and a main theme for a number of works.[10] Those include the 1977 Polish feature film Death of a President (Polish: Śmierć prezydenta), directed by Jerzy Kawalerowicz and Wilhelm Sasnal's 2003 painting "Narutowicz".[10]

See also

References


Citations

  1. ↑ Watt, p. 168.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 president.pl, ¶ 1–4.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Biskupski, Wróbel et al., pp. 131–133.
  4. ↑ Michlic, pp. 125–126.
  5. ↑ Newton, p. 357.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Michnik, p. 79.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Bojarska, p. 341.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Watt, p. 195.
  9. ↑ Bojarska, p. 350.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Le Nart, ¶ 1–6.

Bibliography