Arnobius
| Arnobius the Elder | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Died | c. 330 |
| Religion | Christian |
Arnobius of Sicca (died c. 330) was an Early Christian apologist, during the reign of Diocletian (284–305).[1] According to Jerome's Chronicle, Arnobius, before his conversion, was a distinguished Numidian rhetorician at Sicca Veneria (El Kef, Tunisia), a major Christian center in Proconsular Africa, and owed his conversion to a premonitory dream. Arnobius writes dismissively of dreams in his surviving book, so perhaps Jerome was projecting his own respect for the content of dreams. According to Jerome, to overcome the doubts of the local bishop as to the earnestness of his Christian belief he wrote (c. 303, from evidence in IV:36) an apologetic work in seven books that St. Jerome calls[2] Adversus Gentes but which is entitled Adversus Nationes in the only (9th-century) manuscript that has survived. Jerome's reference, his remark that Lactantius was a pupil of Arnobius[3] and the surviving treatise are all that we know about Arnobius.
Adversus Nationes
Against the Pagans was composed in response to Diocletian's persecution of Christians, and was a rebuttal to Pagan arguments as to why the persecution was justifiable.[4] The book we have shows little sign of having been revised by a Christian bishop and is all the better for giving an unvarnished view of the opinions of an enthusiastic recent convert. Arnobius, "a practitioner of the coarse and turgid style that is called African",[5] is a vigorous apologist for the Christian faith, more earnest in his defence of Christianity than perfectly orthodox in his tenets. His book has been occasioned by complaints that the Christians had brought the wrath of the gods on Ancient Rome. Thus, he holds the heathen gods to be real beings, but subordinate to the supreme Christian God; in a streak of gnosticism, he affirms that the human soul (Book II, 14 - 62) is not the work of God, but of an intermediate being, and is not immortal by nature, but capable of putting on immortality as a grace. Never specifically identifying his pagan adversaries, some of whom may be straw men, set up to be demolished,[6] Arnobius defends and expounds the rightness of monotheism and Christianity (deus princeps, deus summus) and the divinity of Christ, by adducing its rapid diffusion, its influence in civilizing barbarians and its consonance with the best philosophy. Christianizing Plato, he refutes pagan idolatry as filled with contradictions and openly immoral, and to demonstrate this point, his Books III through V abound with curious information gathered from reliable sources (e.g. Cornelius Labeo) concerning the forms of idolatrous worship, temples, idols, and the Graeco-Roman cult practice of his time, to the historian and mythographer's cautious delight, but all held up by Arnobius for Christian ridicule.
Adversus nationes survived in a single ninth-century manuscript in Paris (and a bad copy of it in Brussels).[7] The French manuscript also contains the Octavius of Marcus Minucius Felix.[8]
Notes
- ↑ To distinguish him from a later Arnobius, of the fifth century, he is sometimes called Arnobius the Elder.
- ↑ De Viris Illustribus, lxxix.
- ↑ Jerome, Epistle 70.5. Arnobius' and Lactantius' readings of the classical pagan authors are compared in G. L. Ellspermann, The Attitude of the Early Christian Writers to Pagan Literature and Learning (Washington) 1949:56-50, 72-77.
- ↑ F. Young; M. Edwards; Paul M. Parvis (2006). Historica, Biblica, Ascetica Et Hagiographica. Peeters Publishers. pp. 33–. ISBN 978-90-429-1882-5. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
- ↑ Revilo P. Oliver, reviewing George E. McCracken (tr.), Arnobius of Sicca: The Case Against the Pagans (Westminster, Maryland: newman Press) 1949, in The Classical Journal 46.4 (January 1951:201).
- ↑ , "Arnobius Adversus Genera: 'Arnobius on the Genders'" The Classical Journal 42.8 (May 1947:474-476) p. 474.
- ↑ Codex Parisinus, lat. 1661. Concetto Marchesi, Arnobii adversus nationes libri vii (Corpus Scriptorum Latinorum Paravianum) Turin, 1953.
- ↑ Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: "Modern translations of the Octavius come from a 9th century manuscript in the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris which contains the seven books of Arnobius’ (284-305) Adversus Nationes along with an 8th book—the Octavius."--http://www.iep.utm.edu/minucius/
References
- "Arnobius". Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911.
- Borgeaud, Philippe; Hochroth, Lysa, translator (2005). Mother of the Gods: from Cybele to the Virgin Mary. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-7985-X. (draws extensively on Arnobius)
Shahan, Thomas J. (1913). "Arnobius". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.- Simmons, Michael Bland (1996). Arnobius of Sicca: Religious Conflict and Competition in the Age of Diocletian. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-814913-1. The only modern study.
- Attribution
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Arnobius". Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company.
External links
- Latin Wikisource has original text related to this article: Arnobius
- Arnobii (2002). Blasii Amata, ed., ed. Adversus Nationes Libri VII (Latin ed.). The Latin Library.
- Arnobius (2003). Seven Books Against the Heathens. Trans. Christian Classics Ethereal Library (English ed.). IntraText Digital Library.
- Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina with analytical indexes
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