Arno
| Arno | |
|---|---|
 View of the Arno from the Ponte Vecchio | |
 | |
| Origin | Mount Falterona |
| Mouth | Ligurian Sea |
| Basin countries | Italy |
| Length | 241 km (150 mi) |
| Source elevation | 1,385 m (4,544 ft) |
| Avg. discharge | 110 m3/s (3,900 cu ft/s) (at the mouth) |
| Basin area | 8,228 km2 (3,177 sq mi) |
The Arno is a river in the Tuscany region of Italy. It is the most important river of central Italy after the Tiber.
Source and route
The river originates on Mount Falterona in the Casentino area of the Apennines, and initially takes a southward curve. The river turns to the west near Arezzo passing through Florence, Empoli and Pisa, flowing into the Tyrrhenian Sea at Marina di Pisa.
With a length of 241 kilometres (150 mi), it is the largest river in the region. It has many tributaries: Sieve at 60 kilometres (37 mi) long, Bisenzio at 49 kilometres (30 mi), and the Era, Elsa, Pesa and Pescia. The drainage basin amounts to more than 8,200 square kilometres (3,200 sq mi) and drains the waters of the following sub-basins:
- The Casentino, in the province of Arezzo, formed by the upper course of the river until the confluence with the Maestro della Chiana channel.
- The Val di Chiana, a plain dried in the 18th century, which, until then, was a marshy area tributary of the Tiber.
- The upper Valdarno, a long valley bordered from East by the Pratomagno massif and from West by the hills around Siena.
- The Sieve's basin, which flows in the Arno immediately before Florence.
- The middle Valdarno, with the plain including Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Prato and Pistoia.
- The lower Valdarno, with the valley of important tributaries such as the Pesa, Elsa and Era and in which, after Pontedera, the Arno flows into the Ligurian Sea. The river has a very variable discharge, ranging from about 6 cubic metres per second (210 cu ft/s) to more than 2,000 cubic metres per second (71,000 cu ft/s). The mouth of the river was once near Pisa, but is now several kilometres westwards.
It crosses Florence, where it passes below the Ponte Vecchio and the Santa Trìnita bridge (built by Bartolomeo Ammanati, but inspired by Michelangelo). The river flooded this city regularly in historical times, the last occasion being the flood of 1966, with 4,500 cubic metres per second (160,000 cu ft/s) after rainfall of 437.2 millimetres (17.21 in) in Badia Agnano and 190 millimetres (7.5 in) in Florence, in only 24 hours.
The flow rate of the Arno is irregular. It is sometimes described as having a torrent-like behaviour, because it can easily go from almost dry to near-flood in a few days. At the point where the Arno leaves the Apennines, flow measurements can vary between 0.56 and 3,540 cubic metres per second (20 and 125,014 cu ft/s). New dams built upstream of Florence have greatly alleviated the problem in recent years.
A flood on November 4, 1966, collapsed the embankment in Florence, killing at least 40 people and damaging or destroying millions of works of art and rare books. New conservation techniques were inspired by the disaster, but even 40 years later hundreds of works still await restoration.[1]
Etymology
The filologist Hans Krahe related this toponym on a paleoeuropean basis *Ar-n-, derived from the Indoeuropean root *er- 'flow, move'.[2]
Gallery
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River Arno in Florence
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River Arno in Pisa, near the Ponte della Fortezza (Fortress Bridge)
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Banks of the Arno, seen from the Ponte Vecchio (Old Bridge), Florence
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Mouth of the Arno near Pisa
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The River Arno in Florence, 180 degree view: the Uffizi Gallery is straight across and the Ponte Vecchio is to the left
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The river Arno in Florence at night
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The Ponte Amerigo Vespucci (Amerigo Vespucci Bridge)
References
External links
Media related to Arno River at Wikimedia Commons
- Basin Authority of the Arno (Italian)