Armenian diaspora

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The Armenian diaspora refers to the communities of Armenians outside the Republic of Armenia including the self-proclaimed de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. Since antiquity, Armenians have established communities in many regions throughout the world. However, the modern Armenian diaspora was largely formed as a result of the Armenian Genocide of 1915, when the Armenians living in their ancestral homeland in eastern Turkey—known as Western Armenia to Armenians—were systematically exterminated by the Turkish government.[1]

Terminology

In Armenian, the diaspora is referred to as spyurk (pronounced [spʰjurkʰ]), spelled սփիւռք in classical orthography and սփյուռք in reformed orthography.[2][3] In the past, the word gaghut (գաղութ pronounced [ɡɑˈʁutʰ]) was mostly used to refer to the Armenian communities outside the Armenian homeland. It is borrowed from the Aramaic (Classical Syriac) cognate[4] of Hebrew galut (גלות).[5][6]

History

The Armenian diaspora has been present for over seventeen hundred years.[7] The modern Armenian diaspora was formed largely after the World War I as a result of the Armenian Genocide. According to Randall Hansen, "Both in the past and today, the Armenian communities around the world have developed in significantly different ways within the constraints and opportunities found in varied host cultures and countries."[1]

After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk took the region of Western Armenia. As a result of the genocide, Armenians were forced to flee to different parts of the world (approximately half a million in number) and created new Armenian communities far from their native land. Through marriage and procreation, the number of Armenians in the diaspora who trace their lineage to those Armenians who survived and fled Western Armenia is now several million. Since the breakup of the Soviet Union, approximately one million Armenians have joined the diaspora largely as a result of difficult economic conditions in Armenia. Jivan Tabibian, an Armenian scholar and former diplomat in Armenia said, Armenians "are not place bound, but... are intensely place-conscious."[8]

In the fourth century, Armenian communities already existed outside of Greater Armenia. Diasporic Armenian communities emerged in the Sassanid and Persian empires, and also to defend eastern and northern borders of the Byzantine Empire.[9] In order to populate the less populated areas of Byzantium, Armenians were relocated to those regions. Some Armenians converted to Greek Orthodoxy while retaining Armenian as their language, whereas others stubbornly clung on to remain in the Armenian Church despite pressure from official authorities. A growing number of Armenians voluntarily migrated or were compelled to move to Cilicia during the course of the eleventh and twelfth centuries. After the fall of the kingdom to the Mamelukes and loss of Armenian statehood in 1375, up to 150,000 went to Cyprus, the Balkans, and Italy.[9] Although an Armenian diaspora existed during Antiquity and the Middle Ages, it grew in size due to emigration from the Ottoman Empire, Iran, Russia and the Caucasus.[10]

The Armenian diaspora is divided into two communities – those from Ottoman Armenia (or Western Armenian) and those who are from the former Soviet Union, the independent Republic of Armenia and Iran. (or Eastern Armenian)

Armenians of the modern Republic of Turkey do not consider themselves as part of the Armenian Diaspora, since they believe that they continue residing in their historical homeland.

The Armenian diaspora grew considerably during and after the First World War due to dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.[11] Although many Armenians perished during the Turkish War of Independence, some of the Armenians managed to escape, and established themselves in various parts of the world.

Distribution

Today, the Armenian diaspora refers to communities of Armenians living outside the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh, since these regions form part of Armenians' indigenous homeland. The total Armenian population living worldwide is estimated to be 11,000,000.

Of those, approximately 3 million live in Armenia, 130,000 in the unrecognized de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and 120,000 in the region of Javakhk in neighboring Georgia. This leaves approximately 7,000,000 in diaspora (with the largest populations in Russia, the United States, France, Argentina, Lebanon, Syria, Iran, Turkey, Canada, Ukraine, Greece, and Australia).[12]

Less than half of the world's Armenian population lives in Armenia. Their pre-World War I population area was six times larger than that of present-day Armenia, including the eastern regions of Turkey, northern part of Iran, southern part of Georgia, Nagorno-Karabakh and Nakhichevan regions of Azerbaijan. These regions were part of the Ottoman Empire and other states.[13]

Population by country

The table below lists countries and territories where at least a few Armenians live, with their number according to official data and estimates by various organizations and media.

Estimates may vary greatly, because no reliable data are available for some countries. In France, Syria, Iran, Lebanon, Germany and many other countries, ethnicity was never enumerated during population censuses and it is virtually impossible to determine the actual number of Armenians living there. Data on people of foreign origin (born abroad or having a foreign citizenship) is available for most European Union countries, but doesn't present the whole picture and can hardly be taken as a source for the number of Armenians, because in many countries, most prominently France, most Armenians aren't from the Republic of Armenia and they don't have any legal connection with their ancestral homeland. Also, not all Armenian citizens and people born in Armenia are ethnic Armenians, but the overwhelming majority of them are, as about 97.9% of the country's population is Armenian.[14]

For other countries, such as Russia, the official number of Armenians is believed, by many, to have been underrated, because many migrant workers live in the country.

List of countries and territories by Armenian population
Rank Country/territory Official data (latest available) Estimations or unofficial data Article
1  Russia 1,182,388 (2010 census)[15] 1,500,000,[16] 2,000,000,[17] 2,500,000,[18] 2,900,000[19] Armenians in Russia
2  United States 483,366 (2011 ACS)[20] 1,000,000,[21] 1,500,000[22] Armenian American
3  France 12,355 (2005, born in Armenia)[23] 300,000,[16] 400,000,[24] 500,000,[25] 750,000[26] Armenians in France
4  Georgia 248,929 (2002 census)[27] Armenians in Georgia
5  Ukraine 99,894 (2001 census)[28] 100,000,[29] 250,000[30] Armenians in Ukraine
6  Iran 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 120,000[31]-150,000, - 200,000,[32][33][34]-250,000,[35][36]-300,000,[37]-500,000[38] Iranian Armenians
7  Turkey[note 1] 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 50,000,[16] 50,000–70,000,[39] 60,000[40] Armenians in Turkey
8  Lebanon 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 70,000–80,000,[41] 100,000[16] Armenians in Lebanon
9  Argentina 1,227 (2001, born in Armenia)[42] 70,000[43] Armenians in Argentina
10  Syria 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 35,000–40,000,[44] 60,000,[45] Armenians in Syria
11  Canada 50,500 (2006 census)[46] 50,000,[47] 60,000–65,000[48] Armenian Canadian
12  Greece 7,742 (2001, Armenian citizens)[49] 60,000,[50] 70,000-80,000[51] Armenians in Greece
13  Abkhazia[note 2] 41,907 (2011 census)[52] 50,000,[53] 70,000[54] Armenians in Abkhazia
14  Bulgaria 10,832 (2001 census)[55] 50,000[56] Armenians in Bulgaria
15  Uzbekistan 50,537 (1989 census)[57] 42,359,[58] 50,000,[59] Armenians in Uzbekistan
16  Spain 11,706 (2011, Armenian citizens)[49] 45,000,[60] 80,000[61] Armenians in Spain
17  Germany 11,205 (2011, Armenian citizens)[49] 30,000,[62] 50,000-60,000[63] Armenians in Germany
18  Poland 3,000 (2011 census)[64] 15,000–30,000,[56] 40,000,[65] 50,000[66] Armenians in Poland
19  Australia 15,791 (2006 census)[67] 50,000[68] Armenians in Australia
20  Brazil 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 30,000,[69] 35,000-40,000[70] Armenian Brazilian
21  Belarus 8,512 (2009 census)[71] 25,000,[72] 30,000[73] Armenians in Belarus
22  Turkmenistan 31,829 (1989 Soviet census)[74] 20,000-22,000,[75] 30,000[76] Armenians in Turkmenistan
23  Kazakhstan 11,031 (2010 official est.)[77] 20,000-25,000,[78] 25,000[79] Armenians in Kazakhstan
24  United Kingdom 1,720 (2011, Armenian citizens)[80]
 18,000[81] Armenians in the United Kingdom
25  Hungary 161 (2011, Armenian citizens)[49] 6,000,[56] 30,000[82] Armenians in Hungary
26  Uruguay 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 15,000[83] Armenians in Uruguay
27  Iraq 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 10,000[84] Armenians in Iraq
28  Netherlands 705 (2011, Armenian citizens)[49] 12,000[85] Armenians in the Netherlands
29  Belgium 9,633 (2011, Armenian citizens)[49] 7,000[86] Armenians in Belgium
30  Kuwait 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 6,000[87] Armenians in Kuwait
31  Egypt 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 6,000[88] Armenians in Egypt
32  Czech Republic 2,100 (2011, born in Armenia)[23] ~10,000[89] Armenians in the Czech Republic
33  Sweden 1,672 (2011, born in Armenia)[23] 5,000[90] Armenians in Sweden
34  Austria 2,667 (2009, Armenian citizens)[49] 4,000[91] Armenians in Austria
35  Romania 1,780 (2002 census)[92] 5,000,[93] 7,500-10,000[56] Armenians in Romania
36  Latvia 2,742 (2008 yearly statistics)[94] 3,000[95] Armenians in Latvia
37   Switzerland 612 (2010, Armenian citizens)[96] 4,500[97] Armenians in Switzerland
38  Venezuela 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 3,500[98]
39  Estonia 1,402 (2011 census)[99] 3,000[100] Armenians in Estonia
40  Italy 666 (2011, Armenian citizens)[49] 3,000[101] Armenians in Italy
41  Denmark 605 (2011, born in Armenia)[23] 3,000[102] Armenians in Denmark
42  United Arab Emirates 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 3,000[72] Armenians in the UAE
43  Tajikistan 5,651 (1989 Soviet census)[103] 3,000[104] Armenians in Tajikistan
44  Jordan 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 3,000[105] Armenians in Jordan
45  Moldova 2,873 (1989 Soviet census)[106] 2,000-4,000[107] Armenians in Moldova
46  Lithuania 1,477 (2001 census)[108] 2,500[109] Armenians in Lithuania
47  Israel 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 2,000,[110] 3,000[111] Armenians in Israel
48  Cyprus 1,341 (2001 census)[112] 2,000[113] Armenians in Cyprus
49  Azerbaijan[note 3] 183 (2009 census)[115] 2,000–3,000,[116] 5,000[117] Armenians in Azerbaijan
50  Kyrgyzstan 1,364 (1999 census)[118] 900-1,000[119] Armenians in Kyrgyzstan
51  Chile 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 1,500[120]
52  Norway 275 (2012, country of origin)[note 4] 1,000[122]
53  Finland 93 (2011, Armenian citizens)[49] 200,[123] 1,000[72]
54  Malta 10 (2008, Armenian citizens)[49] 500[124]
55  Slovakia 261 (2005, born in Armenia)[23] 500[125]
56  Slovenia 7 (2005, born in Armenia)[23] 500[125]
57  Albania 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 400[126]
58  Mexico 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 400[127] Armenians in Mexico
59  Serbia 222 (2011 census)[128] 300–350[129] Armenians in Serbia
60  Republic of Macedonia 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 300[130]
61  South Africa 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 300[131]
62  Peru 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 250[131]
63  New Zealand 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 200[132]
64  India 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 200[133]
65  Ireland 70 (2011, born in Armenia)[23] 150[134]
66  Portugal 105 (2009, born in Armenia)[23]
67  Ethiopia 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 80-90[135]
68  Cuba 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 80[136]
69  Singapore 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 80[137] Armenians in Singapore
70  China 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 50-60[138] Armenians in China
71  Japan 21 (2000, Armenian citizens)[139] 50-60[140]
72  Thailand 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 40-50[141]
73  Morocco 0 style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 25-30[142]
74  Luxembourg 7 (2001, Armenian citizens)[49]
75  Bangladesh 1[143] Armenians in Bangladesh
Total
5,605,725
 6,849,192 — 10,507,133
Notes
  1. ↑ Hamshenis and Crypto-Armenians are not included.
  2. ↑ De facto independent, de jure part of Georgia.
  3. ↑ Excluding Nagorno-Karabakh. The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (NKR) is a de facto independent state that is generally not considered part of the Armenian diaspora. It is internationally recognized as de jure part of Azerbaijan. According to the 2005 census, the number of Armenians in NKR is 137,380.[114]
  4. ↑ Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents.[121]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hansen, Randall. Immigration and asylum: from 1900 to the present. p. 13.
  2. ↑ Dufoix, Stéphane (2008). Diasporas. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 84. ISBN 9780520253599.
  3. ↑ Harutyunyan, Arus (2009). Contesting National Identities in an Ethnically Homogeneous State: The Case of Armenian Democratization. Western Michigan University. p. 56. ISBN 9781109120127.
  4. ↑ Ačaṙean, Hračʿeay (1971–1979). Hayerēn Armatakan Baṙaran [Dictionary of Armenian Root Words] 1. Yerevan: Yerevan University Press. p. 505.
  5. ↑ Melvin Ember, Carol R. Ember, Ian A. Skoggard (2004). Encyclopedia of diasporas: immigrant and refugee cultures around the world. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 37. ISBN 9780306483219.
  6. ↑ Diaspora: Volume 1, Issue 1. Oxford University Press. 1991. ISBN 9780195070811.
  7. ↑ Herzig, Edmund. The Armenians: Past And Present In The Making Of National Identity. p. 126.
  8. ↑ Ember, Melvin (2005). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. p. 46.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R.; Skoggard, Ian (2004). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures around the World. Springer. pp. 36–43. ISBN 0-306-48321-1.
  10. ↑ http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2010/05/iran-armenia-booze-and-relative-freedom-lure-iranians-to-christian-enclave-to-the-north.html
  11. ↑ Harutyunyan, Arus. Contesting National Identities in an Ethnically Homogeneous State: The Case of Armenian Democratization. Western Michigan University. p. 192.
  12. ↑ "Armenia seeoost population". BBC News. 2007-02-21. Archived from the original on 3 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
  13. ↑ Melvin Ember, Carol R. Ember, Ian A. Skoggard (2004). Encyclopedia of diasporas: immigrant and refugee cultures around the world. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 36. ISBN 9780306483219. Currently, only one-sixth of that land [ancestral territory] is inhabited by Armenians, due first to variously coerced emigrations and finally to the genocide of the Armenian inhabitants of the Ottoman Turkish Empire in 1915.
  14. ↑ Central Intelligence Agency (2012). "Armenia". The CIA World Factbook 2012. New York: Skyhorse Publishing Inc. ISBN 978-1-61608-332-8.
  15. ↑ "Национальный состав населения Российской Федерации [National makeup of the population of the Russian Federation]" (in Russian). Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Gibney, Matthew J. (2005). Immigration and asylum: from 1900 to the present. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-57607-796-2.
  17. ↑ Harutyunyan, Yuri (2010). Об этносоциологических исследованиях армян России. Patma-Banasirakan Handes (in Russian) (1): 129–136.
  18. ↑ В России проживает более 2,5 млн армян [2,5 million Armenians live in Russia] (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 16 December 2002. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  19. ↑ Robert A. Saunders, Vlad Struko (2010). Historical dictionary of the Russian Federation. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-8108-5475-8.
  20. ↑ "Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2011 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
  21. ↑ Azadian, Edmond Y. (23 April 2012). "Commentary: A Million Person March on Washington". Armenian Mirror-Spectator. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  22. ↑ "Barack Obama on the Importance of US-Armenia Relations". Armenian National Committee of America. 19 January 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 23.7 "Population by sex, age group and country of birth". Eurostat. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  24. ↑ Auron, Yair (2005). The banality of denial: Israel and the Armenian genocide. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-7658-0834-9.
  25. ↑ "French Senate Eyes Genocide Bill; Turkey Bristles". Dawn. 23 January 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  26. ↑ Taylor, Tony (2008). Denial: history betrayed. Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Publishing. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-522-85482-4.
  27. ↑ "The State Department for Statistics of Georgia"..
  28. ↑ The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue, Kiev: State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, 2001, retrieved 5 January 2013
  29. ↑ "Украина - Родина для 100 тысяч украинских армян [Ukraine is home for 100 thousand Armenians]" (in Russian). Inter TV. 12 August 2010. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  30. ↑ "Армяне уезжают из Украины [Armenians are leaving Ukraine]". News.am (in Russian). 10 January 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  31. ↑ Vardanyan, Tamara (21 June 2007). "Իրանահայ համայնք. ճամպրուկային տրամադրություններ [The Iranian-Armenian community]" (in Armenian). Noravank Foundation. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  32. ↑ "Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia: Political Developments and Implications ...". Retrieved 22 April 2015.
  33. ↑ "Armenia, the Regional Powers, and the West: Between History and Geopolitics". Retrieved 22 April 2015.
  34. ↑ "Iran-Turkey Relations, 1979-2011: Conceptualising the Dynamics of Politics ...". Retrieved 22 April 2015.
  35. ↑ "Conflict and Peace in Central Eurasia: Towards Explanations and Understandings". Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  36. ↑ "Ethnic Groups in West Asia". Retrieved 22 April 2015.
  37. ↑ "In Iran, 'crackdown' on Christians worsens". Christian Examiner (Washington D.C.: Christian Examiner). April 2009. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
  38. ↑ "The Routledge Atlas of Central Eurasian Affairs". Retrieved 22 April 2015.
  39. ↑ Khojoyan, Sara (16 October 2009). "Armenian in Istanbul: Diaspora in Turkey welcomes the setting of relations and waits more steps from both countries". ArmeniaNow. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  40. ↑ "Foreign Ministry: 89,000 minorities live in Turkey". Today's Zaman. 15 December 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  41. ↑ Ayvazyan 2003, p. 290.
  42. ↑ (Spanish) Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INDEC): Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2001: País de nacimiento. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
  43. ↑ Ayvazyan 2003, p. 100.
  44. ↑ Bedevyan, Astghik (9 March 2012). "Սիրիահայերը սկսել են Հայաստան գալ [Syrian Armenians began arriving in Armenia]" (in Armenian). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Armenian Service. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  45. ↑ Kalsahakian, Hrach (1 February 2012). "Միջին Արեւելքի հայության ապագան սուրիահայութեան փորձառութեան լոյսին տակ [The Future of Middle Eastern Armenians and the experience of Syrian Armenians]" (in Armenian). Noravank Foundation. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  46. ↑ "Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data". Statistics Canada. 7 April 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  47. ↑ Vartanian, Hrag (1 January 2000). "Armenians in Ontario and Quebec". AGBU. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  48. ↑ Ayvazyan 2003, p. 331.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 49.6 49.7 49.8 49.9 49.10 "Population by sex, age group and citizenship". Eurostat. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  50. ↑ Dilsijian, Leonidas (24 April 2007). "Armenians in Greece". University of California, Irvine. ...Greece's 60,000-strong Armenian community...
  51. ↑ Bedevyan, Astghik (18 January 2011). "Հունաստանի հայ համայնքը պատրաստվում է Հայաստանի նախագահի հետ հանդիպմանը [Armenian community of Greece preparing for the meeting with the Armenian president]" (in Armenian). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Armenian Service. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  52. ↑ Итоги переписи населения Республики Абхазия 2011 года, г. (in Russian). Abkhazian Statistic Office. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  53. ↑ Chirikba, Viacheslav (2008). Armenians and Their Dialects in Abkhazia. Amsterdam, New York: Evidence and Counter-Evidence, Festschrift Frederik Kortlandt.
  54. ↑ "Աբխազիայում պայքարում են հայկական դպրոցների կենսունակության համար [In Abkhazia, Armenians struggle for vitality of their schools]". Yerkir Media TV (in Armenian). 19 May 2011. Archived from the original on 11 June 2014.
  55. ↑ "01.03.2001 Population by district and ethnic group". Sofia: Republic of Bulgaria National Statistical Institute. 2001. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 "Արեվելյան Եվրոպայի հայ համայնքների խնդիրները [Problems of the Armenians in Eastern Europe]" (PDF) (in Armenian). Yerevan: Noravank Foundation. 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  57. ↑ "1989 all-Soviet census: Ethnic structure of Uzbek SSR" (in Russian). Demoscope Weekly. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  58. ↑ Ilkhamov, Alisher (2002). Этнический атлас Узбекистана [Ethnic Atlas of Uzbekistan] (PDF) (in Russian). Open Society Institute. p. 32. ISBN 5-86280-010-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-07.
  59. ↑ "Армянский национальный культурный центр Узбекистана [Armenian national cultural center of Uzbekistan]" (in Russian). Armenian Internet Society. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  60. ↑ Gayane Khachatryan (4 December 2008). "Իմ խորհուրդն է Հայաստանի հայերին՝ մնալ իրենց երկրում [Armenian ambassador in Spain: 'I advice Armenians of Armenia to stay in their country']". Azg Daily (in Armenian). Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  61. ↑ "Armenios, el genocidio olvidado". Diariocrítico. 8 May 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
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  70. ↑ L. Yeghiazaryan, M. Nalbandyan-Margaryan. "Բրազիլահայ համայնք" (PDF). Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri. São Paulo: Armenian Academy of Sciences. p. 69. ...(35-40 հազար), մեր կարծիքով, ավելի մոտ է իրականությանը...
  71. ↑ "Ethnic Composition of the Population of the Republic of Belarus". National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
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  73. ↑ Hakobyan, Tatul (9 November 2008). "Ռոբերտ Քոչարյանը հանդիպեց Բելառուսի հայ համայնքի ներկայացուցիչներին [Robert Kocharyan met with the representatives of the Armenian community of Belarus]". Azg Daily (in Armenian). Retrieved 27 January 2013.
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  76. ↑ "Turkmenistan: Focus on Armenian migrants". IRIN. 6 May 2004. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  77. ↑ Ethnic composition of Kazakhstan 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
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  80. ↑ "Nationality and country of birth by age, sex and qualifications Jan - Dec 2013 (Excel sheet 60Kb)". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
  81. ↑ "The Community". Armenian Community and Church Council of Great Britain. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
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  83. ↑ Ayvazyan 2003, p. 613.
  84. ↑ "Իրաքում ընդհանուր առմամբ մնացել է շուրջ 10 հազար հայ [Around 10 thousand Armenians remain in Iraq]". News.am (in Armenian). 30 November 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  85. ↑ "Հոլանդական լրատվական կայքերից մեկի թուրք լրագրողը հեռացվել է աշխատանքից Հայոց ցեղասպանությունը ժխտելու եւ ներողություն չհայցելու համար [A Turk journalist fired from a Dutch news site for the denial of the Armenian Genocide]". News.am (in Armenian). 14 January 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
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  87. ↑ We have around 6,000 Armenians in Kuwait, says ambassador
  88. ↑ Ayvazyan 2003, p. 150.
  89. ↑ Ghanalanyan, Tigran (17 January 2013). "Չեխիայի հայ համայնքը [The Armenian community of the Czech Republic]" (in Armenian). Noravank Foundation. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  90. ↑ "Հայաստանի նախագահը՝ Շվեդիայում [Armenian President in Sweden]" (in Armenian). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Armenian Service. 7 February 2006. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
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  92. ↑ "Ethnic composition of Romania 2002". Retrieved 4 February 2013.
  93. ↑ Avakian, Florence (26 June 2012). "500th Anniversary of ‘Church of Miracles’ in Romania to Be Celebrated in August". Armenian Mirror-Spectator (in Armenian). Retrieved 22 June 2014.
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  95. ↑ "Հայերը փորձում են Լատվիան օգտագործել որպես ցատկահարթա՞կ դեպի Եվրոպա ճանապարհին [Armenians trying to use Latvia as a springboard on their way to Europe]". News.am (in Armenian). 32 November 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2013. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  96. ↑ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach detaillierter Staatsangehörigkeit" (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  97. ↑ Hovhannisyan, Lilt. Սփյուռքն ու Հայաստանը պետք է կազմակերպվեն. Sobesednik Armenii (in Armenian). Retrieved 27 January 2013.
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  99. ↑ "Eestis elab 192 rahvuse esindajaid". Õhtuleht. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
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  102. ↑ Ayvazyan 2003, p. 149.
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  114. ↑ National Statistical Service of Nagorno-Karabach Republic. "De Jure Population (Urban, Rural) by Age and Ethnicity" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2009. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
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  116. ↑ (Russian) Этнический состав Азербайджана (по переписи 1999 года) Demoscope Weekly "...в пределах 2-3 тысяч..."
  117. ↑ de Waal, Thomas (2003). Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War. New York: New York University Press. p. 104. ISBN 9780814719459.
  118. ↑ Population and Housing Census 2009. Book 2. Part 1. (in tables). Population of Kyrgyzstan. (Перепись населения и жилищного фонда Кыргызской Республики 2009. Книга 2. Часть 1. (в таблицах). Население Кыргызстана) (PDF) (in Russian), Bishkek: National Committee on Statistics, 2010, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-10
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  125. ↑ 125.0 125.1 Ayvazyan 2003, p. 535.
  126. ↑ Ayvazyan 2003, p. 31.
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  128. ↑ "Попис становништва, домаћинстава и станова 2011. у Републици Србији Становништво према националној припадности [Census of Population, Households and Dwellings for 2011. in the Republic of Serbia Population by ethnicity]" (PDF). Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  129. ↑ Avagyan, Sona (11 December 2009). "Սերբիայի 300 հոգանոց հայկական համայնքը ձուլվում է [Serbia's Armenian community of 300 people assimilating]" (in Armenian). Hetq Online. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  130. ↑ Asadrian, Hagop (13 August 2009). "Սքոփիէյի հայ համայնքը պիտի ունենայ իր շաբաթօրեայ դպրոցը [Skopje's Armenian community to have a Saturday school]". Hairenik (in Armenian). Retrieved 22 June 2014.
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