Arkaim

Arkaim
Аркаим (Russian)
Shown within European Russia
Location	Bredinsky District, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia
Region	Kazakh Steppe
Coordinates	52°37′37″N 59°33′40″E / 52.62694°N 59.56111°E / 52.62694; 59.56111Coordinates: 52°37′37″N 59°33′40″E / 52.62694°N 59.56111°E / 52.62694; 59.56111
Type	Settlement
Area	2 ha (4.9 acres)
History
Periods	Bronze Age
Cultures	Sintashta culture
Site notes
Archaeologists	Gennadii Zdanovich
Ownership	Public
Public access	Yes

Arkaim (Russian: Аркаим) is an archaeological site situated in the Southern Urals steppe, 8.2 kilometres (5.1 mi) north-to-northwest of Amurskiy, and 2.3 km (1.4 mi) south-to-southeast of Alexandronvskiy, two villages in the Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, just to the north from the Kazakhstan border.

The site is generally dated to the 17th century BC. Earlier dates, up to the 20th century BC, have been proposed. It was a settlement of the Sintashta-Petrovka culture.

Discovery and excavation

The site was discovered in 1987 by a team of Chelyabinsk scientists who were preparing the area to be flooded in order to create a reservoir, and examined in rescue excavations led by Gennadii Zdanovich. At first their findings were ignored by Soviet authorities, who planned to flood the site as they had flooded Sarkel earlier, but the attention attracted by news of the discovery forced the Soviet government to revoke its plans for flooding the area. It was designated a cultural reservation in 1991, and in May 2005 the site was visited by President Vladimir Putin.

Settlement

Although the settlement was burned and abandoned, much detail is preserved. Arkaim is similar in form but much better preserved than neighbouring Sintashta, where the earliest chariot was unearthed. The site was protected by two circular walls. There was a central square, surrounded by two circles of dwellings separated by a street. The settlement covered ca. 20,000 m² (220,000 sq ft). The diameter of the enclosing wall was 160 m (520 ft). It was built from earth packed into timber frames, and reinforced with unburned clay brick, with a thickness of 4–5 m (13–16 ft). and a height of 5.5 m (18 ft). The settlement was surrounded with a 2 m (6 ft 7 in)-deep moat.

There are four entrances into the settlement through the outer and inner wall with the main entrance to the west. The dwellings were between 110–180 m² (1,200–1,900 sq ft) in area. The outer ring of dwellings number 39 or 40, with entrances to a circular street in the middle of the settlement. The inner ring of dwellings number 27, arranged along the inner wall, with doors to the central square of 25 by 27 m (82 by 89 ft). The central street was drained by a covered channel. Zdanovich estimates that approximately 1,500 to 2,500 people could have lived in the settlement.

Surrounding Arkaim's walls, were arable fields, 130–140 m by 45 m (430–460 ft by 150 ft), irrigated by a system of canals and ditches. Remains of millet and barley seeds were found.

The 17th century BC date suggests that the settlement was about co-eval to, or just post-dating, the Indo-Aryan migration into South Asia and Mesopotamia (the Gandhara grave culture appearing in the Northern Pakistan from ca. 1600 BC, the Indo-European Mitanni rulers reached Anatolia before 1500 BC, both roughly 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) removed from the Sintashta-Petrovka area), and that it was either an early Iranian culture, or an unknown branch of Indo-Iranian that did not survive into historical times.

In pseudoarchaeology and national mysticism

Installation art at the Arkaim site.

Since its discovery, Arkaim has attracted public and media attention in Russia, from a broad range of the population, including a significant number of esoteric, New Age and pseudoscientific organizations. ^[1]

One of the major researchers of Arkaim, Fyodor Petrov, acknowledged that he uncritically and non-scientifically supported the neopaganist views on Arkaim. His confession was published as an afterword to the book by Andrey Gupalo (Андрей Гупало «Духовное поле Аркаима»), which, in part, detailed how the archaeological results were "dovetailed" into the neopagan and esoteric theories. ^[2]

A popular comedian turned cinematographer Mikhail Zadornov shot a pseudoscientific film "Аркаим. Стоящий у Солнца" ("Arkaim. Standing by the Sun").

Swastika City

In order to gain publicity, the early investigators described Arkaim as "Swastika City", "Mandala City", and "the ancient capital of early Aryan civilization, as described in the Avesta and Vedas". The swastika description refers to the floor plan of the site, which (with some imagination) may appear similar to the swastika symbol, albeit with rounded arms (similar to the lauburu) attached to a central ring instead of a cross.

Observatory

The similarity of latitude, date, and size led some (Bystrushkin 2003) to compare Arkaim with Stonehenge in England. According to their claims, the Neolithic observatory at Stonehenge allowed for observation of 15 astronomical phenomena using 22 elements, whereas the contemporaneous observatory at Arkaim allowed for observation of 18 astronomical phenomena using 30 elements. The precision of measurements in Stonehenge is estimated at 10 arc-minutes to a degree, that in Arkaim being put at 1 arc-minute. The interpretation as an observatory for either Stonehenge or Arkaim is not universally accepted.

Klyosov findings

Biochemist Anatole Klyosov conducted genetic researches, from which he hypothesised that the inhabitants of Arkaim and the other surrounding areas tentatively called the "Country of Towns", came from the Andronovo culture at about 2000 BC (4000 Ybp) and abandoned the area at about 1600 BC; "the population apparently moved to Northern India" <...> "under the name of Aryans".^[3]

See also

• List of archaeoastronomical sites by country

References

External links

• Google maps location by coordinates for Arkaim
• Archaeology and ethnic politics: the discovery of Arkaim
• General information
• Magnetic phenomena in Arkaim