Archail

Archail
The Village
Archail
Location within Provence-A.-C.d'A. region  Archail
Coordinates: 44°07′20″N 6°20′06″E / 44.1222°N 6.335°E / 44.1222; 6.335Coordinates: 44°07′20″N 6°20′06″E / 44.1222°N 6.335°E / 44.1222; 6.335
Country	France
Region	Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Department	Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Arrondissement	Digne-les-Bains
Canton	La Javie
Intercommunality	Haute Bléone
Government
• Mayor (2008–2020)	Maurice Ferrary
Area1	12.99 km2 (5.02 sq mi)
Population (2009)2	14
• Density	1.1/km2 (2.8/sq mi)
INSEE/Postal code	04009 / 04420
Elevation	759–1,984 m (2,490–6,509 ft) (avg. 920 m or 3,020 ft)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. 2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once.

Archail is a French commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of south-eastern France.

It is the second least populated commune in the department.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Archailois or Archailoises.^[1]

Geography

Archail is located some 8 km north-east of Digne and some 5 km south of Le Brusquet. By road from Digne it is 14 km by a winding mountain road. The village is located in a wooded basin at an altitude of 920m.^[2] Access to the commune is by the D22 road which runs east from Marcoux to Draix and which passes through the northern tip of the commune. A local road runs off the D22 in the northern tip of the commune and continues south through the commune to the village. The commune is mountainous and heavily forested but there is a small area of farmland south-west of the village.^[3]

Geology

Much of the commune consists of rounded hills of eroded black marl. The Pic de Couar (1,988m) is spectacular as is the Pas d'Archail (1,667m). The Ravine and Torrent of l'Areste is in the south in the hills.

Hydrology

A vast number of streams rise in the commune including: The Bouinenc^[4] (13.8 kilometres long), the Sauzeries Ravine^[5] (9 km long), the Mouiroués Ravine^[6] (8 km long), and its tributary, the Escure Stream^[7] (5.7 km long). These all flow north to join the Bouinenc which continues west to join the Bléone.^[3]

Natural and technological hazards

None of the 200 communes of the department is in a no seismic risk zone. The Canton of La Javie to which Archail belongs is in Zone 1b (low risk) according to the deterministic classification of 1991 and based on its seismic history. The Canton is in Zone 4 (medium risk) according to the probabilistic classification EC8 2011.^[8] The commune of Archail is also exposed to two other natural hazards:^[8]

• forest fire,
• landslide.

Neighbouring communes and villages^[3]

		Le Brusquet	Draix
	Marcoux
	Archail
	Digne

Toponymy

The area appears for the first time in texts around 1200 in the form Archallo. The origin of the name is Celtic-Ligurian and means in front of the rocks.^[9] The Historical Atlas of Provence also indicates a spelling of Arcalhum.^[10]

History

In Antiquity the Bodiontiques (Bodiontici) inhabited the Bléone valley and so were the Gallic people who lived in what is now the commune of Archail. The Bodiontiques were defeated by Augustus at the same time as the other people present on the Tropaeum Alpium (before 14 BC) and were attached to the province of Alpes-Maritimes during its creation.^[11]

According to Daniel Thiery, the community was reported in the Polyptych of Wadalde (Bishop of Marseille) in 814 under the name Argario.^[12]

The community of Archail was under the Viguerie of Digne.^[12] In 1193 the lordship of Archail (Argal) was given by the two lords of Saint-Julien to the Chapter of Digne.^[12] The lordship was divided between the Bishops of Digne and the Chapter of Digne before the French Revolution.^[10] These new lords strengthened their new possession and collected the population in a central location.^[12]

As with many of the communes in the department, Archail had a school well before the Jules Ferry laws: in 1863 it already had a school that provided primary education for boys in the main town.^[13] No instruction was given to girls: neither the Falloux Laws (1851), which required the opening of a girls' school in communes with more than 800 inhabitants,^[14] nor the first Duruy Law (1867), which lowered the threshold to 500 inhabitants, related to Archail^[15] and it was only through the Ferry laws that Archail girls were able to regularly study.

Between 1973 and 1979 the commune was merged with Draix under the name Archail-Draix.^[16]

Administration

List of Successive Mayors^[17]

From	To	Name	Party	Position
1945		Jean-Baptiste Giraud[18]
1946	2001	Jean Paul Ferrary[19]
2001	2020	Maurice Ferrary

(Not all data is known)

Demography

In 1315 there were 25 fires in Archail. The censuses of 1471 and 1765 under the Ancien Régime reported 6 and 74 inhabitants respectively.^[10]

In 2009 the commune had 14 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.^{[Note 1]}

Evolution of the Population (See database)

1793	1800	1806	1821	1831	1836	1841	1846	1851
85	88	89	96	101	106	100	108	104

1856	1861	1866	1872	1876	1881	1886	1891	1896
115	115	113	97	94	89	104	98	81

1901	1906	1911	1921	1926	1931	1936	1946	1954
92	75	70	37	40	36	34	30	26

1962	1968	1975	1982	1990	1999	2006	2009	-
18	18	-	10	6	7	8	14	-

Sources : Ldh/EHESS/Cassini until 1962, INSEE database from 1968 (population without double counting and municipal population from 2006)

The demographic history of Archail after the bloodletting of the 14th and 15th centuries was of a long growth trend until the beginning of the 19th century and was marked by a period of "stretches" where the population remained stable and relatively high. This period was particularly long in Archail - from 1821 to 1891. Although the rural exodus began late in Archail, it was nonetheless a longstanding trend and quick. After thirty years of hindsight and the First World War, the town recorded the loss of half of its population from the historic maximum of 1856-1861.^[20] The decline continued until the 21st century when the population of Archail increased between 2005 and 2010 - the first time in a century.

Economy

Overview

In 2009, the active population was 7 people with no unemployed.^[21] 6 out of 7 of these workers are employees^[22] and work outside the commune.

As at 1 January 2011 the commune had only four active establishments: one in the construction sector, and three in the services sector, which offered the only job in the commune.^[23]

Agriculture

At the end of 2010 there was no commercial operation in the primary sector (agriculture, forestry, fisheries).^[23][24] There are nevertheless artificial meadows irrigated from the irrigation reservoir above the village at the foot of the Pic du Couar which was dug in the 1980s under the leadership of the Mayor [ref. needed] and the sheep farmer.

Service activities

At the end of 2010 the tertiary sector (trade, service) consisted of 3 establishments with 1 job.^[23]

According to the Departmental Observatory of Tourism, tourism is very important for the community, with more than 5 tourists welcomed per resident.^[25] Most of the accommodation capacity is non-market^[26] and is composed solely of secondary homes:^[27] 18 secondary homes are three quarters of the commune housing.^[28]

Sites and Monuments

• Old houses in beautiful condition.
• The Parish Church of Our Lady of the Assumption and Saint George^[12] was built in 1828.^[29] Its origin can be traced back to the 13th century.^[12] The church contains many items that are registered as historical objects:
  • A Processional Banner (19th century)^[30]
  • A Painting: Saint Charles Borromée (1842)^[31]
  • A Statue: Saint Charles Borromée (19th century)^[32]
  • A Painting: Donation of the Rosary (19th century)^[33]
  • A Thurible (18th century)^[34]
  • A Monstrance (19th century)^[35]
  • A Statue: Saint Joseph (19th century)^[36]
  • A Statue: The Coronation of the Virgin (19th century)^[12][37]

• The Notre Dame Chapel, situated on a hill in the middle of the cemetery, is the oldest parish church in the community: its foundation is older than the current village church.^[12] Residents participated in the rebuilding of the chapel in 1994.^[12] Until the Revolution and the Empire, this chapel was the focus of a pilgrimage in August, which attracted people in surrounding communities, and which ended with games and a Ball.^[12]

Cultural life

The association Les Ateliers du Couar hosts May Art every year in May with many artists-exhibitors (ceramics, paintings, sculptors, photographers) and various other events related to images in all their forms and in association with many artistic expressions (literature, poetry, cinema, theatre etc.). The theme is rural and historical heritage and messages are conveyed through various modes such as the creation of an Artist's book on transhumance.

This association publishes Les Cahiers du Couar with four numbers:

• "Banaste of words and images for a summer pasture. Transhumance 2005 at the foot of White Horse"
• the Robines;
• In September 2008: the Couar Workbook No. 3 on "Water"
• In October 2009: the Couar Workbook No. 4 on honey and lavender.

Notable People linked to the commune

• Jean-Pierre Alexandre Dieudé (1743-1819), born in Archail, general of the armies of the Republic and the Empire.

See also

• Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

Bibliography

• Raymond Collier: La Haute-Provence monumental and artistic, Digne, Jean Louis Printing, 1986, 559 p. (French)
• Ed. Edward Baratier, Georges Duby, and Ernest Hildesheimer: Historical Atlas. Provence, County of Venaissin, Principality of Orange, County of Nice, Principality of Monaco, Librairie Armand Colin, Paris, 1969 (French)

External links

• Ateliers du Couar website (French)
• Archail on the National Geographic Institute website (French)
• Archail on Lion1906
• Archail on Google Maps
• Archail on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website (French)
• Archail on the 1750 Cassini Map
• Archail on the INSEE website (French)
• INSEE (French)

Notes and references

Notes

1. ↑ At the beginning of the 21st century, the methods of identification have been modified by Law No. 2002-276 of 27 February 2002, the so-called "law of local democracy" and in particular Title V "census operations" allows, after a transitional period running from 2004 to 2008, the annual publication of the legal population of the different French administrative districts. For communes with a population greater than 10,000 inhabitants, a sample survey is conducted annually, the entire territory of these communes is taken into account at the end of the period of five years. The first "legal population" after 1999 under this new law came into force in 1 January 2009 and was based on the census of 2006.

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Archail.

Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department Aiglun Allemagne-en-Provence Allons Allos Angles Annot Archail Aubenas-les-Alpes Aubignosc Authon Auzet Banon Barcelonnette Barles Barras Barrême Bayons Beaujeu Beauvezer Bellaffaire Bevons Beynes Blieux Bras-d'Asse Braux La Bréole La Brillanne Brunet Le Brusquet Le Caire Castellane Le Castellard-Melan Le Castellet Castellet-lès-Sausses Céreste Le Chaffaut-Saint-Jurson Champtercier Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban Châteaufort Châteauneuf-Miravail Châteauneuf-Val-Saint-Donat Châteauredon Chaudon-Norante Clamensane Claret Clumanc Colmars La Condamine-Châtelard Corbières Cruis Curbans Curel Dauphin Demandolx Digne-les-Bains Draix Enchastrayes Entrages Entrepierres Entrevaux Entrevennes L'Escale Esparron-de-Verdon Estoublon Faucon-de-Barcelonnette Faucon-du-Caire Fontienne Forcalquier Le Fugeret Ganagobie La Garde Gigors Gréoux-les-Bains Hautes-Duyes L'Hospitalet Jausiers La Javie Lambruisse Larche Lardiers Le Lauzet-Ubaye Limans Lurs Majastres Malijai Mallefougasse-Augès Mallemoisson Mane Manosque Marcoux Méailles Les Mées Melve Méolans-Revel Meyronnes Mézel Mirabeau Mison Montagnac-Montpezat Montclar Montfort Montfuron Montjustin Montlaux Montsalier Moriez La Motte-du-Caire Moustiers-Sainte-Marie La Mure-Argens Nibles Niozelles Noyers-sur-Jabron Les Omergues Ongles Oppedette Oraison La Palud-sur-Verdon Peipin Peyroules Peyruis Piégut Pierrerue Pierrevert Pontis Prads-Haute-Bléone Puimichel Puimoisson Quinson Redortiers Reillanne Revest-des-Brousses Revest-du-Bion Revest-Saint-Martin Riez La Robine-sur-Galabre La Rochegiron La Rochette Rougon Roumoules Saint-André-les-Alpes Saint-Benoît Sainte-Croix-à-Lauze Sainte-Croix-du-Verdon Saint-Étienne-les-Orgues Sainte-Tulle Saint-Geniez Saint-Jacques Saint-Jeannet Saint-Julien-d'Asse Saint-Julien-du-Verdon Saint-Jurs Saint-Laurent-du-Verdon Saint-Lions Saint-Maime Saint-Martin-de-Brômes Saint-Martin-les-Eaux Saint-Martin-lès-Seyne Saint-Michel-l'Observatoire Saint-Paul-sur-Ubaye Saint-Pierre Saint-Pons Saint-Vincent-les-Forts Saint-Vincent-sur-Jabron Salignac Saumane Sausses Selonnet Senez Seyne Sigonce Sigoyer Simiane-la-Rotonde Sisteron Soleilhas Sourribes Tartonne Thèze Thoard Thorame-Basse Thorame-Haute Les Thuiles Turriers Ubraye Uvernet-Fours Vachères Valavoire Valbelle Val-de-Chalvagne Valensole Valernes Vaumeilh Venterol Verdaches Vergons Le Vernet Villars-Colmars Villemus Villeneuve Volonne Volx