Archaic–Early Basketmaker Era

Ancestral Puebloan Eras
Archaic–Early Basketmaker Era 7000 – 1500 BCE
Early Basketmaker II Era 1500 BCE – CE 50
Late Basketmaker II Era CE 50 – 500
Basketmaker III Era CE 500 – 750
Pueblo I Era CE 750 – 900
Pueblo II Era CE 900 – 1150
Pueblo III Era CE 1150 – 1350
Pueblo IV Era CE 1350 – 1600
Pueblo V Era CE 1600 – present

The Archaic–Early Basketmaker Era (7000 - 1500 BC) was an Archaic cultural period of ancestors to the Ancient Pueblo People. They were distinguished from other Archaic people of the Southwest by their basketry which was used to gather and store food. They became reliant on wild seeds, grasses, nuts and fruit for food and changed their movement patterns and lifestyle by maximizing the edible wild food and small game within a geographical region. Manos and metates began to be used to process seeds and nuts. With the extinction of megafauna, hunters adapted their tools, using spears with smaller projectile points and then atlatl and darts. Simple dwellings made of wood, brush and earth provided shelter.

Hunter gatherer culture

Holocene climate changes (beginning about 10,000 BC) resulted in warmer and drier weather, a contributing factor in the extinction of megafauna, such as the mastodon and mammoth that were hunted by the preceding Paleo-Indians. Besides climate change, the large animals may have perished due to increased human population and their improved hunting techniques. By 6000 BC two-thirds of all North American animals weighing more than 100 pounds were extinct and the bison antiquus was the only large animal to survive on the Great Plains.^[1][2]

About 5000 BC Holocene glacial runoff affected Colorado Plateau storm patterns which resulted in significant soil erosion. Between 2500 and 2000 BC there was significant soil build up. When the climate became too arid to produce sufficient food, people relocated until the rate of precipitation increased. Over time there was an increase in drought-resistant plants and the plants that required regular watering did not survive. Woodlands of spruce and fir were replaced by juniper and pinyon trees in the northern Rio Grande valley. Further south, there were fewer juniper and pinyon trees. Both climatic changes resulted in human movement pattern changes to obtain food.^[3]

The Paleo-Indian had a straightforward movement pattern: follow and hunt the big animals. The Archaic individuals followed a new pattern called "making the seasonal rounds" where they moved to familiar places based upon the growing seasons of plants, their major source of food. In the spring, summer and early fall women harvested seeds, nuts, fruit, grasses, juniper berries and mesquite beans. Any surplus food was stored for later use. Men hunted small game like rabbits using traps and snares. During the fall and winter men hunted deer, big horn sheep, bison and antelope with the atlatl and darts.^[1][4][5][6]

Wild foods^[5]

Amaranth	Goosefoot	Pinyon nuts	Ricegrass	Yucca
Seeds and grass	Seeds and greens	Nuts	Seeds	Fruit

Although the number of people increased during the Archaic era, they traveled in small groups^[1] throughout the arid lowlands of juniper and sage to the moister climate of the pinyon forest about 6,000 feet (1,800 m) in elevation.^[7] Different sets of projectile points were found within a regional geographic area, made from local stone, an indication that Archaic people ranged across shorter expanses of land. Since they more fully utilized diverse plant and game resources within a region, they didn't need to travel as far to find food. The different shaped tools may have been used for people to identify themselves. The bands of people likely socialized with neighboring tribes, rather than people from distant lands.^[8]

Based upon the introduction of cultivation, new dwelling types and artifacts, it is believed that people from southern Arizona moved north and integrated with bands of people in the Colorado Plateau.^[1] By the end of the period, some people cultivated food and became less mobile, but agriculture would not be consistently adopted until the 1st century AD in the Early Basketmaker II Era.^[9][10]

Excavation of their campsites and rock shelters revealed that the Archaic-Early Basketmaker people made baskets, tools, gathered wild plants, and killed and processed game. Slab-lined storage cists, found both inside and outside of shelters, were used to store food which indicates a change from a totally nomadic lifestyle.^[9][11]

Basketmaker origin

The population of the Basketmaker people is likely not tied to one particular group of people, but reflective of the migration of agricultural people from the south and adoption of agriculture by local Archaic populations.^[12] For instance, people on the Mogollon Rim of New Mexico had cultivated maize and adopted a less transitory lifestyle before the Early Basketmaker people.^[13]

Projectile points, a basketry style known as "two rod and bundle", and other similarities existed between artifacts of the Early and Late Basketmaker II Eras and the San Pedro stage of the Cochise tradition.^[12]

To adopt the Basketmaker lifestyle, Archaic people would have adopted the cultivation of maize, a less mobile lifestyle and taken up residence in pit-houses. Other differences between the Archaic and Basketmaker cultures were the forms of basketry, symbols used in petroglyphs, burial practices and volume of traded items.^[12]

Shelters

Since the people of the Archaic–Early Basketmaker Era were nomadic hunter gatherers who roamed the Colorado Plateau to hunt game or gather seasonal wild plants, their homes were easily built. The bands of people generally inhabited rock alcoves or lived out in the open in brush shelters and lean-tos.^[9][11][14] The dwellings were made by digging a shallow basin and building a frame of wooden logs in the shape of a cone, dome or tent. The frames were covered with brush and earthen daub that acted as a sealant for protection against the elements. Rocks may have been placed around the base of the shelter or lean-to and fire pits were sometimes used inside the homes.^[11] The shallow-basined lodgings are considered a precursor to the Basketmaker pit-houses.^[15]

In the summer, campsites were made at high elevations: on the top of mesas or ridges. They also had temporary campsites in the mountains, low mesas and ponds formed by spring runoff. Structures, built in the later part of this period, were built at lower elevations. The shallow-basined lodgings are considered a precursor to the Basketmaker pit-houses.^[15]

Material goods

Items found at the Archaic-Early Basketmaker sites include:

• Stone scrapers, lithic scatters (tool-making debris), projectile points, knives, milling tools and debris.
• Crude manos and metates to grind wild nuts and seeds
• Spears, atlatls and darts
• Snares
• Baskets
• Rope and sandals
• Clothing made of hides
• Animal (bighorn sheep, elk, deer) figurines made of twigs
• Bone and wooden artifacts.^[6][9]

Archaic-Early Basketmaker sites

• Chaco Canyon More than 70 campsites are located within the Chaco Canyon of New Mexico that span the period from 7000 to 1500 BC. One site is Atlatl Cave.^[9]

• Chinle Valley Lukachukai and Salina Springs in the Chinle Valley of northeastern Arizona are late Archaic-Early Basketmaker sites.^[16]

• Cove–Red valley area in New Mexico.^[17]

• LaPlata valley of northwestern New Mexico and southwestern Colorado.^[18] For Colorado sites, see Colorado LaPlata sites.

• Mesa Verde region A domed Archaic shelter was found near Mesa Verde, Colorado.^[11]

• Navajo Mountain area Dust Devil cave, dated about 6000 BC, is located on Navajo Mountain in Arizona.^[14]

• Pecos area There were five Archaic-Early Basketmaker sites found in the Pecos River valley that were likely for hunting deer and gathering wild plants. Eight additional hunting sites are located in the nearby mountains, devoid of wild plant gathering evidence. Three pit-houses were found from the latter years of the period. Sporadic sightings of projectile points and other artifacts were also found.^[19]

• Tohatchi Flats in New Mexico.^[20]

• Ute Mountain Ute Mountain sites are classified by Hurley as late Archaic/Early Basketmaker, but the time period is from 500 BC–AD 100, perhaps more indicative of the degree of technology and culture capabilities than the time period.^[21]

Sites that may represent a transition to Basketmaker traditions:

• Upper Gunnison River basin About 8,000 to 3,000 years before present (roughly 6,000 to 1,000 BC) inhabitants lived in dwellings and had storage systems similar to those of the Basketmaker II and San Pedro phase of the Cochise Tradition.^[22]

• Yarmony House Two pit-houses dated about 6140 to 6410 years before present (about 4000 BC) appear similar to Basketmaker pit-houses. One of the dwellings, set within a shallow basin, was 19.7 feet (6.0 m) in diameter with an 11 feet (3.4 m) antechamber, or front room. Within the home were a fire pit, slab-lined storage cists, animal bones, and metates and manos to grind wild food. The number of elk, deer, rabbit and other animal bones, and evidence that they were processed to extract bone marrow and grease, suggests that the site was used during the winter season or another period when food was scarce. The site is located in Eagle County, Colorado.^[23]

References

Indigenous peoples of Colorado Overview Outline of Colorado prehistory Prehistory of Colorado Contemporary peoples native to Colorado People Arapaho Cheyenne Comanche Jicarilla Apache Kiowa Pawnee Shoshone Ute Reservations Southern Ute Indian Reservation Ute Mountain Ute Tribe Major events Battle of Beecher Island Colorado War Comanche Campaign Sand Creek massacre Prehistoric cultures in Colorado Paleo-Indian Clovis culture Cody complex Folsom tradition Goshen complex Hell Gap complex Plainview complex Plano cultures Archaic Apex complex Basketmaker culture Mount Albion complex Oshara Tradition Picosa culture Post-Archaic Ancient Pueblo Peoples Apishapa culture Dismal River culture Fremont culture Panhandle culture Sopris Phase Tipi ring Noted archaeologists Cynthia Irwin-Williams Paul Sidney Martin Waldo Rudolph Wedel Joe Ben Wheat Related articles List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples in Colorado List of prehistoric sites in Colorado Trail of the Ancients

Pre-Columbian North America Periods Lithic Archaic Formative Classic Post-Classic Archaeological cultures Adena Alachua Ancient Pueblo (Anasazi) Baytown Belle Glade Buttermilk Creek Complex Caborn-Welborn Calf Creek Caloosahatchee Clovis Coles Creek Deptford Folsom Fort Ancient Fort Walton Fremont Glades Glacial Kame Hopewell List of Hopewell sites Hohokam Leon-Jefferson Mississippian List of Mississippian sites Mogollon Monongahela Old Cordilleran Oneota Paleo-Arctic Paleo-Indians Patayan Plano Plaquemine Poverty Point Red Ocher Santa Rosa-Swift Creek St. Johns Steed-Kisker Tchefuncte Tocobaga Troyville Archaeological sites Angel Mounds Crystal River Archaeological State Park Bandelier National Monument The Bluff Point Stoneworks Cahokia Chaco Canyon Casa Grande Coso Rock Art District Eaker Effigy Mounds National Monument Etowah Indian Mounds Eva Folsom Site Fort Ancient Fort Center Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument Holly Bluff Site Hopewell Culture National Historical Park Kincaid Mounds Kolomoki Marksville Meadowcroft Rockshelter Mesa Verde Moorehead Circle Moundville Mummy Cave Nodena Site Ocmulgee National Monument Old Stone Fort Parkin Park Pinson Mounds Portsmouth Earthworks Poverty Point Pueblo Bonito Rock Eagle Rock Hawk Russell Cave National Monument Salmon Ruins Serpent Mound Spiro Mounds SunWatch Taos Pueblo Toltec Mounds Town Creek Indian Mound Winterville Wupatki National Monument Miscellaneous Black drink Buhl Woman Calumet Chunkey Clovis point Container Revolution Eastern Agricultural Complex Eden point Effigy mound Falcon dancer Folsom point Green Corn Ceremony Horned Serpent Kennewick Man Kiva Metallurgy Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing Medicine wheel Mound builders N.A.G.P.R.A. Stickball Norse colonization of the Americas Piasa Southeastern Ceremonial Complex Three Sisters agriculture Thunderbird Underwater panther Related Genetic history Indigenous Portal of North America Pre-Columbian era