Arabized Berber

Moroccan man of Berber type.

Arabized Berber denotes an inhabitant of the Maghreb region in northwestern Africa whose native language is a local dialect of Arabic (known as Darija), with a mostly Arabic lexicon and significant Berber substrates.[1]

The expression holds that most populations in North Africa are of Berber origin, including those inhabiting Morocco, Algeria, Western Sahara, Tunisia, Libya and Mauritania. The widespread language shift from Berber to Arabic in these areas was thus ultimately accompanied by a shift from a Berber ethnic identity to an Arab one after conversion to Islam.[2] This shift happened, at least partially, due to the privileged status that the Arabic language has generally been given in the states of North Africa, from the Arab conquest in 652 up until the European conquest in the twentieth century. After independence, states have also consistently favoured the Arabic language over the local Berber languages.[3][4][5][6]

Historical perspective

Further information: Sa`ada and Murabtin and Barbary Coast

Medieval Arabic sources frequently refer to North Africa (excluding Egypt) as Bilad Al Barbar or 'Land of the Berbers' (Arabic: بلادالبربر) prior to the Umayyad Arab conquests of the Maghreb. This designation may have given rise to the term Barbary Coast which was used by Europeans until the 19th century to refer to coastal Northwest Africa. The duration of Arab rule in North Africa was very short. Also the numbers of Arab tribes that migrated toward North Africa was very small. But the cultural impact of Islam was big as it was the only boost for the spread of the Arabic language.

Since the populations were partially affiliated with the Arab Muslim culture, North Africa was starting to be referred to by the Arabic speakers as Al-Maġrib (meaning "The West") since it was considered as the western part of the known world. For historical references, medieval Arab and Muslim historians and geographers used to refer to Morocco as Al-Maghrib al Aqşá ("The Farthest West"), disambiguating it from neighboring historical regions called Al-Maghrib al Awsat ("The Middle West", Algeria) and Al-Maghrib al Adna ("The Nearest West", Tunisia).[7]

The notion that Arabs were slow to colonize non-Arab lands is attested by the very low number of cities they founded. Unlike most of the great conquering nations, the Arabs did not have an urban tradition and did not feel at home in an urban environment. None of the major Moroccan cities have been built by the Arab rulers, with most of them having been built and settled by Berbers, either before or after the arrival of Islam. Even though many of these cities have often been linguistically Arabized (like Fes or Marrakesh), from a historic point of view it is accepted that the core population of North Africa is Berber. More than rural areas, the cities were a melting pot of different ethnicities, so the city dwellers are more likeliy to have non-pure Berber ancestry (Black African, Punic, European, Arab, Jewish...etc.).

By tracing the history of certain Maghrebian areas, historians are able to make assertions about its inhabitants. For instance, even though Casablanca (Berber name: Anfa) and Rabat were both built and originally settled by Berbers, we know that the area's original inhabitants were ousted by the Almohads and subsequently resettled with nomadic Banu Hilal Arabs. Other, traditionally Berber, cities like Tangiers, Meknes and Marrakesh have never had such a drastic repopulation, so that we can assume that its inhabitants today are of Berber stock. It should be noted that although these cities have for centuries now been linguistically Arabized, their culture and identity often have not been through that process. The cities of Tangiers, Tetouan, Meknes and Marrakesh still have a strong regional Berber aspect to them and their inhabitants do not necessarily consider themselves to be ethnically Arab, even though their language might be today's Moroccan-Arabic.

Berberists and linguistic Arabization

Main article: Berberism

According to Berber nationalists, although a North African may only speak Maghrebi Arabic as opposed to a Berber language, this person is still essentially Berber since he or she is ancestrally of Berber origin.

It is a response from Berber activists to those Algerians, Moroccans, Tunisians and Libyans who self-identify as "Arab" because of their Arabic tongue. North Africa was gradually Arabized with the spread of Islam in the 7th century AD, when the liturgical language Arabic was first brought to the Maghreb. However, the identity of northwestern Africa remained Berber for a long time thereafter. Additionally, even though the process of Arabization began with these early invasions, many large parts of North Africa were only recently Arabized like the Aurès (Awras) mountains in the 19th and 20th centuries. Although, the fertile plains of North Africa seem to have been (at least partly) Arabized in the 11th century with the emigration of the Banu Hilal tribes from Arabia. The mass education and promotion of Arabic language and culture through schools and mass media, during the 20th century, by the Arabist governments of North Africa, is regarded as the strongest Arabization process in North Africa ever.

Population genetics

Various population genetics studies along with historians such as Gabriel Camps and Charles-André Julien lend support to the idea that the bulk of the gene pool of modern Northwest Africans, irrespective of linguistic group, is derived from the Berber populations of the pre-Islamic period.[8]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ http://www.mondeberbere.com/culture/chafik/maghreb/substratberbere.PDF
  2. ↑ http://www.springerlink.com/content/w218230060723252/
  3. ↑ ↑ Rando et al., 1998; Brakez et al., 2001; Kéfi et al., 2005
  4. ↑ ↑ Turchi et al. 2009, Polymorphisms of mtDNA control region in Tunisian and Moroccan populations: An enrichment of forensic mtDNA databases with Northern Africa data [archive]
  5. ↑ ↑ Côrte-Real et al., 1996; Macaulay et al., 1999
  6. ↑ ↑ Fadhlaoui-Zid et al., 2004; Cherni et al., 2005; Loueslati et al., 2006
  7. ↑ Yahya, Dahiru (1981). Morocco in the Sixteenth Century. Longman. p. 18.
  8. ↑ Arredi et al. A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa