Apportionment Act of 1792
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| Long title | An Act for apportioning Representatives among the several States, according in the first enumeration. |
|---|---|
| Enacted by | the 2nd United States Congress |
| Effective | March 4, 1793 |
| Citations | |
| Statutes at Large | 1 Stat. 253 |
| Legislative history | |
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The Apportionment Act of 1792 (1 Stat. 253) was a federal statute concerning the apportionment of seats in the U.S. House of Representatives. It was passed by the 2nd Congress on April 10, 1792, and signed into law by President George Washington on April 14, 1792. The Act established upon the population enumeration provided by the 1790 Census, the number of members of the House of Representatives at 105, effective with the 3rd Congress on March 4, 1793, and that those seats be apportioned among the several states accordingly.
The Act was originally passed by the House in February 1792 and the Senate in March 1792. The original version was subsequently vetoed by Washington on April 5, 1792.[1] This marked the first presidential veto in American history.[2] A new version of the Act was subsequently passed by Congress and signed by the president.
Background
Article I, Section 2, Clause 3 of the Constitution stipulates that the apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives is to be effected on the basis of population.[3]
Text
An Act apportioning Representatives among the several States, according to the first enumeration.Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That from and after the third day of March one thousand seven hundred and ninety-three, the House of Representatives shall be composed of members elected agreeably to a ratio of one member for every thirty-three thousand persons in each state, computed according to the rule prescribed by the constitution; that is to say:
Within the state of New Hampshire, four; within the state of Massachusetts, fourteen; within the state of Vermont, two; within the state of Rhode Island, two; within the state of Connecticut, seven; within the state of New York, ten; within the state of New Jersey, five; within the state of Pennsylvania, thirteen; within the state of Delaware, one; within the state of Maryland, eight; within the state of Virginia, nineteen; within the state of Kentucky, two; within the state of North Carolina, ten; within the state of South Carolina, six; and within the state of Georgia, two members.APPROVED, April 14, 1792.[4]
Legislative history
An earlier apportionment bill was vetoed by President George Washington on 5 April 1792 as unconstitutional, marking the first use of the U.S. President's veto power. Washington made two objections in a letter to the House describing the reason for his veto. The first objection made in the letter was that the bill did not have a uniform ratio to reach the numbers of representatives to population set forth in the bill. Secondly, the bill "allotted to eight of the States more than one for every thirty thousand" as delimited by Article I Section II of the United States Constitution.[5] The next day, the House attempted to override the President's veto but failed to reach the two thirds vote required and on 10 April efforts began to revise the bill a third time.[6]
Review
On March 26, the bill was presented to the President. There was great disagreement among Washington's advisors, and therefore he called upon Edmund Randolph, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, and Henry Knox to give him their opinions of the bill. Randolph and Jefferson both said, as the bill established the total number of representatives, 120, by dividing the aggregate of the federal census by 30,000, it was unconstitutional. The Constitution required, they argued, the choice of a common divisor and the division of the population residing in each state by that number to establish the size of the United States House of Representatives. Also, because the bill gave an additional member to the eight states with the largest fraction left over after dividing by 30,000 was, according to Randolph, "repugnant to the spirit of the constitution". Jefferson urged that Washington veto it because it was unconstitutional and introduced principles that were liable to be abused in the future.[1]
Contrary to Jefferson and Randolph, both Knox and Hamilton urged that he approve the bill. Knox argued on 3 April that the Constitution was unclear about "whether the numbers of representatives shall be apportioned on the aggregate number of all the people of the United States, or on the aggregate numbers of the people of each state." As the constitutionality of the bill was, Knox said, "only doubted not proved but the equity of the measure apparent, it would appear rather a delicate measure for the President to decide the question contrary to the bill as passed." Hamilton wrote Washington on the following day that, while he had not yet read the bill, it seemed to him that the bill "performs every requisition of the constitution; and it will not be denied that it performs this in the manner most consistent with equality." Like Knox, Hamilton believed that "In cases where two constructions may reasonably be adopted, and neither can be pronounced inconsistent with the public good, it seems proper that the legislative sense should prevail" and the bill should be signed into law.[1]
Veto
After considering both sides of the argument, Washington decided that Jefferson and Randolph were correct, and Washington agreed that the bill was unconstitutional. Even so, Washington feared that by vetoing it he would increase geographical tensions by siding with the south, as Jefferson and Randolph were both from Virginia. Further discussion with Randolph, Jefferson, and James Madison, however, allayed Washington's concerns, and on 5 April the president decided to return the bill to the House of Representatives with the two objections that "there is no one proportion or divisor which, applied to the respective numbers of the States will yield the number and allotment of representatives proposed by the Bill" and that "the Bill has allotted to eight of the States, more than one [representative] for thirty thousand." Congress, after receiving Washington's veto message, the first in U.S. history, threw out the original bill and decided, on 10 April 1792, to apportion representatives at "the ratio of one for every thirty-three thousand persons in the respective States".[1]
See also
- United States congressional apportionment
- Apportionment bill
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 The Papers of George Washington
- ↑ Washington exercises first presidential veto
- ↑ "Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution 2:§§ 630--35, 641--47, 673--80". The Founder's Constitution. The University of Chicago Press. 2000.
- ↑ https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/1790_Apportionment.pdf
- ↑ The Library of Congress: Annals of Congress, House of Representatives, 2nd Congress, 1st Session, p.539. Retrieved on 2008-10-3.
- ↑
- James, Edmund J. 1897. "The First Apportionment of Federal Representatives in the United States." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 9 (Jan.): 10-12.
Further reading
- Celler, Emanuel. 1952. "Congressional Apportionment. Past, Present, and Future." Law and Contemporary Problems 17 (2): 268-275.
- James, Edmund J. 1897. "The First Apportionment of Federal Representatives in the United States." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 9 (Jan.): 10-12.