Annobón Province

Annobón
Province
Flag

Annobón (or Annabon, Anabon; from Ano Bom Portuguese for "good year"), also known as Pagalu or Pigalu, is an island of Equatorial Guinea. Part of the Cameroon Line archipelago, it is located in the South Atlantic Ocean at 1°25′S 5°38′E / 1.417°S 5.633°E / -1.417; 5.633Coordinates: 1°25′S 5°38′E / 1.417°S 5.633°E / -1.417; 5.633, about 220 miles (350 km) west of Gabon and 110 miles (180 km) south west of São Tomé Island. It measures about 4 miles (6.4 km) long by 2 miles (3.2 km) wide (6.4 by 3.2 km), with an area of about 6¾ square miles (17.5 km²). In the 2013 census, it had 20,741 inhabitants, a significant population increase from the 5,008 registered at the time of the 2001 census. The island's main industries are fishing and timber.

Geography

Annobón is an extinct volcano of which just the 598 m (1961 ft) peak (called Quioveo) rises above sea level. It is characterised by a succession of lush valleys and steep mountains, covered with rich woods and luxuriant vegetation. It has a central crater lake named Lago A Pot. A number of tiny rocky islets lie off the main island, including Santarém to the south.

The island constitutes the small Annobón Province, one of the provinces of Equatorial Guinea. Its capital is the northern town of San Antonio de Palé, and the island's other municipality is Mabana (Also known as San Antonio or San Pedro). It has three community councils (Consejos de Poblados): Anganchi, Aual and Mabana. The roadstead is relatively safe, and some passing vessels take advantage of it in order to obtain water and fresh provisions, of which Annobon offers an abundant supply. However, there is no regular shipping service to the rest of Equatorial Guinea, and ships call as infrequently as every few months.

Annobón is often described as being "in the Gulf of Guinea", like the neighbouring islands of São Tomé and Príncipe, but the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) boundary line for the Gulf of Guinea actually runs north of it.^[1]

History

The island was discovered by the Portuguese on 1 January 1473 – its name arises from its discovery on New Year's Day. It was apparently uninhabited until colonised under the Portuguese from 1474, primarily by Africans from Angola via São Tomé Island.

The island was passed to Spain by the Treaty of El Pardo (1778), together with Fernando Pó (now Bioko) and the Guinea coast between the Niger and the Ogooué as part of an exchange in which Portugal received Spanish recognition of its annexation of territory in Brazil beyond the line of the Treaty of Tordesillas. The Spanish colony thus formed would eventually be known as Spanish Guinea.

The island's populace was opposed to the arrangement and hostile toward the Spaniards. After the handover and when the Spanish flag was hoisted to affirm Spanish sovereignty, the islanders revolted against the newcomers, considered them heretics because they had dogs in their flag (the real design represents lions) expelled them according to a tradition of throwing witches to the sea.^[2] A state of anarchy ensued, leading, it is said, to an arrangement by which the island was administered by a body of five natives, each of whom held the office of governor during the period that elapsed until ten ships landed at the island. In the latter part of the 19th century, the authority of Spain was re-established. The island briefly became part of the Elobey, Annobón, and Corisco colony until 1909.

During the final years of the rule of Francisco Macías Nguema, the first President of Equatorial Guinea, the island was called Pigalu or Pagalu (from Portuguese papagaio, meaning "parrot"). In 1993, the central government isolated the island, expelled cooperators and humanitarian organizations, and the population felt prejudice against them in Equatorial Guinea. The population rebelled and attacked the governor's residence. The government replied with two people being killed without judgement. International pressure eased hostilities, and political prisoners released. The violence may had to do with the possibility of separatist tendencies in Annobón.^[2]

The island's inhabitants are of mixed Portuguese and Angolan descent, with some Spanish admixture. The early anti-Spanish sentiment, combined with the isolation from mainland Equatorial Guinea and the proximity of São Tomé and Príncipe — which is just 175 kilometres (109 mi) from the island — has helped preserve the island's cultural ties with Portugal. Its culture is very similar to that of São Tomé and the Afro-Portuguese peoples throughout Africa.^[2]

Spanish is the official language, used mostly in administration and education, with the Portuguese creole as the main language, with noncreolized Portuguese used at church. The population is Catholic, and the practiced Catholicism is that of the 16th century, distinct from contemporary Catholicism.^[3] It was mostly due to this small island that Equatorial Guinea asked for observer status just after the CPLP (the Portuguese-speaking commonwealth) was formed in 1996, which led to a visit to Equatorial Guinea, in 1998, by the Portuguese foreign minister, Jaime Gama.^[2] Its historic, ethnographic and religious identity is reflected in its provincial flag. In 2006, Equatorial Guinea achieved observer status with the hand of São Tomé and Príncipe, it kept lobbying to become a full member, contrary to international pressure that wanted to isolate the country due to human rights violations, becoming a full member in 2014 with very active support of Portuguese-speaking Africa, with the Portuguese language being restored as an official language.^[3][4]

Flora and fauna

Originally, this small equatorial island 335 kilometres (208 mi) from the Gabonese coast was uninhabited and had great biological diversity. With colonisation, islanders used rafts or "cayucos" (canoe-like boats), and hunted humpback whales, whale calves, and other Cetaceans with harpoons near to the island.

Today the Ojo Blanco (Annobón White-eye, Zosterops griseovirescens) and the Monarca del Paraíso de Annobón (Annobón Paradise-flycatcher, Terpsiphone smithii) are endemic passeri (songbirds), as is the São Tomé Island or Malherbi pigeon (Columba malherbii). There are 29 species of bird on the island as well as 2 bat species (1 endemic); reptiles (5 species endemics): 1 snake, 3 geckos, 2 scincid lizards, 3 marine turtles; river fish: 18 species (1 endemic); mosquitoes, scorpions, and huge centipedes. Introduced domestic animals include: fish, guinea fowl, rats, dogs, and cats. The island has no indigenous mammalian predators. Sharks are found in the surrounding sea.

There are 208 species of vascular plant (of which 15% are endemic) including the "point up" baobab, ceiba (used for cayuco construction), ficus, ferns and tree ferns, and great moss masses.

Language

The island's main language is a Portuguese creole known as the Annobonese language (Fá d'Ambô) or Falar de Ano Bom (Portuguese for Annobon Speech).^[5] The Portuguese creole has vigorous use in Annobón. Spanish is not much spoken in Annobón. It is common in all domains except government and education where Spanish is used. Noncreolized Portuguese used as liturgical language by local Catholics.^[6] In February 2012, Equatorial Guinea's foreign minister signed an agreement with the IILP (Instituto Internacional da Língua Portuguesa) on the promotion of Portuguese in Equatorial Guinea.^[4][7] The adoption of Portuguese followed the announcement on 13 July 2007 by the President of Equatorial Guinea and a 2010 Constitutional Law which established Portuguese has an official language of the Republic.^[8][9][10]

Noted writers

The Annobonese Juan Tomás Ávila Laurel is a writer who has issued reflections on his home island. He writes in Spanish.

Oil reserves

Annobon is of strategic importance to Equatorial Guinea as through its ownership the Equatorial Guinean government claims to extensive maritime territory to the south of its neighbour, São Tomé and Príncipe (which itself lies to the south of Equatorial Guinea's main land mass). Oil in the Gulf of Guinea represents more than 80% of Equatorial Guinea's economy, though supplies from current reserves are predicted by some sources to run out before 2020. Although no drilling is currently taking place in São Tomé, there are estimated to be 34 billion barrels (5.4×10⁹ m³) of oil within its marine borders. Equatorial Guinea claims the right to explore for and produce hydrocarbons in a huge area of sea surrounding Annobón that stretches from 1°N to almost 5°S, and from 2°E to 7°E; an area larger than the entire land and sea borders of the rest of Equatorial Guinea.

Waste dumping

According to many different sources,^[11] there is evidence of large-scale dumping of toxic waste on the remote island of Annobon, at least during the 1980s and 1990s. The German edition of Der Spiegel on 28 August 2006 reported that the government of Equatorial Guinea sold permits to UK and US companies to bury 10 million metric tons of toxic waste and 7 million metric tons radioactive waste on the island of Annobón. Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, president of Equatorial Guinea, supposedly receives 200 million US dollars per year for renewed permits, while the population of Annobón lives in extreme poverty. The report also showed evidence that the whole island's ecosystem is about to collapse due to the massive waste dumping.

See also

• St. Matthew Island (phantom island)

References

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Annobon". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Annobón.

• Gulf of Guinea Conservation Group
• http://www.icex.es/staticFiles/GuineaEcuatorial_6814_.pdf
• http://www.iradier.org/colaboracion5.htm
• Ghuty Mamae: La esencia de Annobón

Provinces of Equatorial Guinea Annobón Bioko Norte Bioko Sur Centro Sur Kié-Ntem Litoral Wele-Nzas

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