Annapurna

Annapurna
Annapurna South from Annapurna Base Camp (4,130 m) before sunrise.
Elevation	8,091 m (26,545 ft) Ranked 10th
Prominence	2,984 m (9,790 ft)[1][2] Ranked 94th
Parent peak	Cho Oyu
Listing	Eight-thousander Ultra
Location
Annapurna Nepal
Location	Gandaki Zone, Nepal
Range	Himalayas
Coordinates	28°35′46″N 83°49′13″E / 28.59611°N 83.82028°E / 28.59611; 83.82028Coordinates: 28°35′46″N 83°49′13″E / 28.59611°N 83.82028°E / 28.59611; 83.82028
Climbing
First ascent	3 June 1950 Maurice Herzog and Louis Lachenal (First winter ascent 3 February 1987 Jerzy Kukuczka and Artur Hajzer)
Easiest route	snow/ice climb

Annapurna (Sanskrit, Nepali, Newar: अन्नपुर्ण) is a massif in the Himalayas in north-central Nepal that includes one peak over 8,000 metres (26,000 ft), thirteen peaks over 7,000 metres (23,000 ft), and sixteen more over 6,000 metres (20,000 ft).^[3] The massif is 55 kilometres (34 mi) long, and is bounded by the Kali Gandaki Gorge on the west, the Marshyangdi River on the north and east, and by Pokhara Valley on the south. At the western end the massif encloses a high basin called the Annapurna Sanctuary. Annapurna I is the tenth highest mountain in the world at 8,091 metres (26,545 ft) above sea level.

The entire massif and surrounding area are protected within the 7,629 square kilometres (2,946 sq mi) Annapurna Conservation Area, the first and largest conservation area in Nepal. The Annapurna Conservation Area is home to several world-class treks, including the Annapurna Circuit.

The Annapurna peaks are among the world's most dangerous mountains to climb, although in more recent history, using figures from only 1990 and after, Kangchenjunga has a higher fatality rate.^[4] By March 2012, there had been 191 summit ascents of Annapurna I, and 61 climbing fatalities on the mountain.^[5] This fatality-to-summit ratio (32%) is the highest of any of the eight-thousanders. In particular, the ascent via the south face is considered, by some, the most difficult of all climbs. In October 2014, at least 39 people were killed as a result of snowstorms and avalanches on and around Annapurna, in Nepal's worst ever trekking disaster.^[6]

Annapurna is a Sanskrit name which literally means "full of food", but is normally translated as Goddess of the Harvests. According to Devdutt Pattanaik, Annapoorna devi is "... the universal and timeless kitchen-goddess ... the mother who feeds. Without her there is starvation, a universal fear: This makes Annapurna a universal goddess ... Her most popular shrine is located in Varanasi, on the banks of the Ganges River." Her association with the giving of food (wealth) led her in time to be transformed into Lakshmi, the Goddess of Wealth.^[7]

Geography

The Annapurna massif contains six major peaks over 7,200 m (23,620 ft):

The Annapurna Himal from the northeast. Left to right: Annapurna II and IV (close together); a major col; Annapurna III and Gangapurna; Annapurna I.

Climbing expeditions

The Annapurna massif, view from aircraft

The south face of Annapurna I

Annapurna I

Annapurna I was the first 8,000-metre (26,200 ft) peak to be climbed.^[5] Maurice Herzog and Louis Lachenal, of a French expedition led by Herzog (including Lionel Terray, Gaston Rébuffat, Marcel Ichac, Jean Couzy, Marcel Schatz, Jacques Oudot, Francis de Noyelle), reached the summit on 3 June 1950.^[8] Ichac made a documentary of the expedition, called Victoire sur l'Annapurna. Its summit was the highest summit attained for three years, until the first successful ascent of Mount Everest. (However, higher non-summit points—at least 8,500 metres (27,900 ft)—had already been attained on Everest in the 1920s.)

The south face of Annapurna was first climbed in 1970 by Don Whillans and Dougal Haston, members of a British expedition led by Chris Bonington which included the alpinist Ian Clough, who was killed by a falling serac during the descent. They were, however, beaten to the second ascent of Annapurna by a matter of days by a British Army expedition led by Henry Day.

In 1978, the American Women's Himalayan Expedition, a team led by Arlene Blum, became the first United States team to climb Annapurna I. The first summit team, composed of Vera Komarkova and Irene Miller, and Sherpas Mingma Tsering and Chewang Ringjing, reached the top at 3:30 pm on October 15, 1978. The second summit team, Alison Chadwick-Onyszkiewicz and Vera Watson, died during this climb.^[9]

On 3 February 1987, Polish climbers Jerzy Kukuczka and Artur Hajzer made the first winter ascent of Annapurna I.^[10]

The first solo ascent of the south face was made in October 2007 by Slovenian climber Tomaž Humar;^{[11][12][13][14]} he climbed to the Roc Noir and then to Annapurna East (8,047m).^[15]

On 8 and 9 October 2013 Swiss climber Ueli Steck soloed the Lafaille route^[15] on the main and highest part of the face;^[16] this was his third attempt on the route and has been called "one of the most impressive Himalayan climbs in history",^[17] with Steck taking 28 hours to make the return trip from Base Camp to summit and back again.^[18]

Annapurna

Fatality rate

Annapurna I has the greatest fatality rate of all the 14 eight-thousanders: as of March 2012, there have been 52 deaths during ascents, 191 successful ascents, and nine deaths upon descent, which means that "for every three thrill-seekers that make it safely up and down Annapurna I, one dies trying."^[5] That same ratio is at or above six-to-one for all of the other eight-thousanders, except for K2 and Nanga Parbat.^[5] Climbers killed on the peak include Britons Ian Clough in 1970 and Alex MacIntyre in 1982, Russian Anatoli Boukreev in 1997, Spaniard Iñaki Ochoa in 2008,^[19] and Korean Park Young-seok, lost in 2011.^[20]

Annapurna II

Annapurna II, the eastern anchor of the range, was first climbed in 1960 by a British/Indian/Nepalese team led by J. O. M. Roberts via the West Ridge, approached from the north. The summit party comprised Richard Grant, Chris Bonington, and Sherpa Ang Nyima. In terms of elevation, isolation (distance to a higher summit, namely Annapurna I, 30.5 km or 19.0 mi) and prominence (2,437 m or 7,995 ft), Annapurna II does not rank far behind Annapurna I. It is a fully independent peak, despite the close association with Annapurna I which its name seems to imply.

Yugoslavians from Slovenia repeated this ascent in 1969, also climbing Annapurna IV. Kazmir Draslar and Majija Malezic reached the summit.^[21] In 1973 Japanese shortcut the route by climbing directly up the north face between IV and V before continuing along the west ridge. Katsuyuki Kondo reached the top in a remarkable solo performance.^[22]

In 1983, Tim Macartney-Snape planned and participated in an expedition to Annapurna II (7,937 m or 26,040 ft) successfully reaching the summit via the first ascent of the south spur. The descent was delayed by a blizzard and the expedition ran out of food during the last five days. They were reported missing and when the expedition eventually returned they received significant publicity.^[23]

On Feb 2, 2007; Philipp Kunz, Lhakpa Wangel, Temba Nuru and Lhakpa Thinduk made the 1st winter ascent. The team followed the route of the first ascent from the north.^[22]

Annapurna III

Annapurna III was first climbed in 1961 by an Indian expedition led by Capt. Mohan Singh Kohli via the Northeast Face. The summit party comprised Mohan Kohli, Sonam Gyatso, and Sonam Girmi.

Annapurna IV

Annapurna IV, near Annapurna II, was first climbed in 1955 by a German expedition led by Heinz Steinmetz via the North Face and Northwest Ridge. The summit party comprised Steinmetz, Harald Biller, and Jürgen Wellenkamp.

Rockfalls from Annapurna IV are thought to have blocked the Seti River, creating a temporary dam.^[24]

Annapurna IV

The rockfall that temporarily blocked the river^[25]

The other peaks

Gangapurna was first climbed in 1965 by a German expedition led by Günther Hauser, via the East Ridge. The summit party comprised 11 members of the expedition.

Annapurna South (also known as Annapurna Dakshin, or Moditse) was first climbed in 1964 by a Japanese expedition, via the North Ridge. The summit party comprised S. Uyeo and Mingma Tsering.

Hiunchuli (6,441 m/21,126 ft) is a satellite peak extending east from Annapurna South, Hiunchuli was first climbed in 1971 by an expedition led by U.S. Peace Corps Volunteer Craig Anderson.

Mount Machhapuchchhre (6,993 m or 22,943 ft) is another important peak though it just misses the 7,000 metre mark. Mount Machhapuchchhre and Hiunchuli are prominently visible from the valley of Pokhara. These peaks are the "gates" to the Annapurna Sanctuary leading to the south face of Annapurna I. Mount Machhapuchchhre was climbed in 1957 (except the final 50 metres for its local religious sanctity) by Wilfrid Noyce and A. D. M. Cox. Since then it has been off limits.

• Annapurna
• 

  Bragha, Annapurna2

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  Annapurna south face

• 

  Millet fields in the Annapurna region play a major part in local agriculture.

• 

  Marsyangdi Valley

Trekking

The Annapurna Conservation Area (7,629 km²) is a well known trekking region. There are three major trekking routes in the Annapurna region: the Jomson Trek to Jomsom and Muktinath (increasingly disturbed by a road-building project^[26]); the Annapurna Sanctuary route to Annapurna base camp; and the Annapurna Circuit, which circles the Annapurna Himal itself and includes the Jomsom route.^[27] The town of Pokhara usually serves as a starting point for these treks, and is also a good starting place for other short treks of one to four days, such as routes to Ghorepani or Ghandruk.

The Mustang district, a former kingdom bordering Tibet, is also geographically a part of the Annapurna region, but treks to upper Mustang are subject to special restrictions.

About two-thirds of all trekkers in Nepal visit the Annapurna region. The area is easily accessible, guest houses in the hills are plentiful, and treks here offer incredibly diverse scenery, with both high mountains and lowland villages. Also, because the entire area is inhabited, trekking in the region offers unique cultural exposure and experience.

2014 trekking disaster

In October 2014, at least 43 people were killed, and some 175 injured, as a result of snowstorms and avalanches on and around Annapurna, including trekkers from Nepal, Israel, Canada, India, Slovakia and Poland. Between 10 and 50 people were thought likely to be missing.^[28][29] It was believed that about 100 trekkers had left a guest house at 4,800 metres (15,700 ft), to climb to the top of Thorong La pass and then descend.^[29]

The authorities were criticised for not giving sufficient warning of the approaching bad weather.^[29] By 18 October, some 289 people were reported as having been rescued. An official from the Nepal Ministry of Tourism said on 18 October that helicopters were looking for survivors and bodies in snowy areas at up to 5,790 metres (19,000 ft), and were trying to reach 22 hikers stranded at Thorong La. The incident was said to be Nepal's worst-ever trekking disaster.^[6]

Gallery

• 

  South face of Mount Annapurna

• 

  South face of Mount Annapurna

• 

  South face of Mount Annapurna

• 

  South face of Mount Annapurna [Note: first four photos are all of Annapurna South, not Annapurna I South Face - the photo from ABC shows the correct south face of Annapurna I]

• 

  Morning view of Mount Annapurna

See also

• Tilicho lake
• Mount Everest
• Dhaulagiri

Footnotes

References

• Arlene Blum, 1980. Annapurna: A Woman's Place. (Sierra Club Books, San Francisco) ISBN 0-87156-236-7.
• Maurice Herzog, 1953. Annapurna: First Conquest of an 8000-meter Peak. Translated from the French by Nea Morin and Janet Adam Smith (E.P Dutton & Co., New York).
• Pattanaik, Devdutt (2009). 7 Secrets from Hindu Calendar Art. Westland. ISBN 978-81-89975-67-8.

Further reading

• Herzog, Maurice, Annapurna, Jonathan Cape, 1952.
• Ohmori, Koichiro, Over the Himalaya, Cloudcap Press, 1998. ISBN 0-938567-37-3
• Neate, Jill High Asia: An Illustrated History of the 7000 Metre Peaks, Mountaineers Books, ISBN 0-89886-238-8
• Terray, Lionel, Conquistadors of the Useless, Chapter 7, Victor Gollancz Ltd., 1963 ISBN 0-89886-778-9

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Annapurna.

• Annapurna on Summitpost
• Annapurna on Himalaya-Info.org (German)