Animal attacks

Animal attacks are an uncommon cause of human fatalities and injuries. The frequency of animal attacks varies with geographical location and historical period. Attacks described in the following article have occurred in historical times with documentation. Instances of attacks that can be attributed to the animal being confined or 'trapped' prior to an attack have not been included. Serious injuries and fatalities are more likely to be incurred by infants, children and those with limited ability to defend themselves against an animal. A person is more likely to be killed by an animal than they are to die from being hit by lightening.[1]

Animal attacks have been identified as a major public health problem. In 1997 it was estimated that up to 2 million animal bites occur each year in the United States. Injuries caused by animal attacks result in thousands of fatalities worldwide every year.[2] All causes of death are reported to the Center for disease control each year. Medical injury codes are used to identify specific cases.[3] The World Health Organization uses identical coding, though it is unclear whether all countries keep track of fatalities caused by animals.

Alligators

Arthropods

Bees, Wasps, Scorpions, and other stinging or biting arthropods cause fatalities but these are not as often characterized as 'attacks'. It may be difficult to characterize some of these encounters as offensive or defensive. An arthropod 'attack' instead of causing tissue trauma such as cutting, lacerating, crushing or the severing of body parts may instead cause a physiological reaction that results in a human death. These effects are toxic effects and allergic effects.

Listing deaths due stings and allergic reactions from arthropods is not practical but some of the more unusual cases include:

Ants

In 2006 a 68-year-old South Carolina woman died after being attacked by fire ants while gardening.[4] Residents in nursing homes have been attacked.[5]

Jumper jack ants have caused numerous fatalities. In 1931 two adults and an infant were killed in New South Wales allegedly from jack jumper ants or Myrmecia pyriformis.[6] In 1963 another caused by an ant attack documented in Tasmania.[7][8] Identification of venom allergens began in the early 1990s.[9] all in Tasmania and all due to anaphylactic shock.[10][11][12][lower-alpha 1] The fatality rate was one person every four years from the sting.[14]

Bees

Africanized honey bees are known to attack people unprovoked.[15][16][17][18]

Hornets

Giant Asian Hornets in China have killed at least 42 people injured 1,675 more.[19][20]

Yellow Jackets

Bears

162 bear attacks were reported in the United States between 1900 and 1985. This is about two reported bear attacks per year.[24] During the 1990s bears killed around three people a year in the U.S. and Canada.[24][25] A black bear killed three teenagers in Algonquin Park in Canada.[26] The majority of attacks happened in national parks.[27] 1028 incidences of black bears acting aggressively toward people, 107 of which resulted in injury, were recorded from 1964 to 1976 in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.[26] After a 20-year ban, Florida is considering legislation that may permit bear hunting to stop the expanding population of black bears that are a menace in suburban neighborhoods.[28]

Asian black bears

Asian black bears are comparatively more aggressive toward humans than those of Europe or Asia.[29] In India, attacks have increased. These occur near the Himalayan region. Here, attacks increased from 10 in 1988–89 to 21 in 1991–92.[30] Recent bear attacks on humans have been reported from Junbesi National Park and Langtang National Park in Nepal, and occurred in villages as well as in the surrounding forest.[31] Li Guoxing, the second person in history to have received a facial transplant, was a victim of a black bear attack.[32][33]

Between 1979–1989 nine people were killed in Japan .[34] In 2009 one bear attacked a group of tourists in central Japan.[35]

European brown bears

Main article: Eurasian brown bear

Brown bears are considered unpredictable.[36] In 2007, a fatality occurred in Finland from an attack by a European Brown Bear.[37] Typically one or two people are attacked rather groups, with no attacks being recorded against groups of more than seven.[38]

Grizzly bears

A grizzly bear entered the home of a couple and killed a woman in January 2015.[39] Two people were attacked but survived in glacier national Park in 2005.[40]

Beavers

Main article: Beaver attack

Beaver attacks are uncommon but are becoming more frequent. Beavers aggressively defend their territory.[41] They may attack humans when suffering from rabies,[42][43] Beavers will attack on land or water. The front incisors are particularly sharp, and have passed through limbs and caused serious blood loss.[44] One beaver attack was known to be fatal when a 60-year-old fisherman in Europe had his artery bit open in his leg.[43] the attack was described as "the latest in a series of beaver attacks on humans in the country", where a growing beaver population has increased its interactions with people.[43]

Non-fatal beaver attacks have included: an attack on a man swimming in Dobra River, Croatia.[45] an attack in saltwater on a snorkeler off the coast of Canada;[44] the attack and biting of a woman in Virginia by a rabid beaver;[42] and an attack on a Boy Scout leader in Pennsylvania.[46]

Birds

Cassowaries

1926 – a 16-year-old Queensland boy[47][48]

Magpies

Ostriches

In 1997, a woman in South Africa was killed while walking through a field on an ostrich farm.[49]

Roosters

Roosters have been the cause of some fatalities, usually by a bird during a match.[50][51][52][53] Roosters have killed babies.[54][55]

Swan

Swans are large birds and are able to cause significant harm.[56]

Bulls

Cattle have killed people[59] but bulls are more likely to attack and kill people in a variety of contexts. Interacting with the bull is part of some the sports in some cultures. This sometimes results in the death by bull attack.[60]

Bulls attack and kill people on farms.[61][62][63]

During 2010, a man and woman were walking through a field where a bull was pastured. The man was killed.[64]

Chimpanzees

In 2012, villagers living near an African game reserve were attacked by chimpanzees. One girl was killed.[65]

Catfish

1998 through 2007 – Three young Indian men.[66][67][68]

Cats

Though very rare cats have attacked and killed people.[69][70][71][72][73] A medical examiner determined that a cat smothered an infant in 1982 and that previous documented cases were probably substantiated.[74]

Cougars

2009 - A five-year-old boy was attacked while hiking with his family.[75]

Coyotes

Coyote attacks are uncommon and usually cause little harm but have become more frequent. This is especially true in California. Beginning 30 years prior to 2006 one hundred sixty took place mostly in the Los Angeles County region.[76] 41 attacks occurred during 1988–1997, 48 attacks were verified from 1998 through 2003. The majority of these incidents occurred in Southern California.[77] Some coyotes chase joggers and bicyclists, confront people walking their dogs, and stalk small children.[77]

Crocodiles

Main article: Crocodile attack

Crocodile attacks often result in fatalities.[82] Estimates of deaths due to attacks by the The Nile crocodile is estimated be hundreds and possibly thousands yearly.[83][84] Attacks by Nile crocodiles range from 275 to 745 per year. 63% of these are fatal. Only 30 attacks have been recorded per year by saltwater crocodiles, of which 50% are fatal. Fatal attacks are typically made by very large crocodiles are considered to be predatory. The Nile crocodile is considered to be the most prolific predator of humans among wild animals at this time.[85] Crocodile tracking technology is currently under development that would prevent attacks.[86]

Dogs

Main article: Dog bite

The numbers of fatalities from dog attacks have not been firmly established. Some estimates are 20 to 30 times each year,[87][88] while others set the figure somewhere around 186.[89] The National Health and Human Services agency in the United States reports that 9.9% of deaths caused by animals were from dogs.[90]

Dolphins

A bottlenose dolphin pushed a swimmer underwater in the sea off County Cork, Republic of Ireland. The animal ‘lashed out’ at the swimmer twice with its tail. This same animal developed a reputation in the area for acting aggressively toward other swimmers and dolphins.[91]

Elephants

Wild elephants have attacked, harmed and killed people.[92][93] Jacky Boxberger, an Olympic athlete, Bùi Thị Xuân, a Vietnamese woman general and Allen Campbell, a professional elephant trainer were attacked and killed by elephants. Elephants have attacked people in villages in India.[94]

During the past five years there were 37,512 cases of wild elephant attacks with 54 casualties in Pu'er, south China's Yunnan Province[95]

Ferrets

Three infants were severely mutilated by pet ferrets.[96]

Foxes

In 2004, a fox attacked a woman as she exited her home in Scotland.[97]

Hippopotamus

The Hippopotamus is considered by some to be the most dangerous animal in the world,[98] killing up to 300 people each year.[99][100]

Horses

Between 1996 and 2009 the National Institutes for Safety and Health 14 documented deaths resulted from a kick to the chest or abdomen by a horse.[101]

Hyenas

Attacks on humans by spotted hyenas are underreported.[102] A pair of hyenas were responsible for killing 27 people in Mulanje, Malawi in 1962.[103] In 1910 spotted hyenas were observed to kill sufferers of African sleeping sickness as they slept outside in camps.[104]

Komodo dragons

A man was bitten and subsequently lost his big toe to a Komodo dragon.[105][106] Attacks occur infrequently in Indonesia.[107]

Leopards

Main article: Leopard attack

Leopard attacks remain a danger in some areas.[108] One leopard in India killed over 200 people.[108] Leopard attacks usually occur at night.

Lions

Main article: Lion § Man-eating

Lions enter areas occupied by humans.[109] Lion attacks in Tanzania increased from 1990 to 2005. At least 563 villagers were attacked and many eaten over this period. Researchers argue that conservation policy contributes directly to human deaths. Lions have taken people from the center of large towns. Estimates stand at 550–700 people attacked by lions every year.[110]

Racoons

A musician was attacked and had her ankle gnawed upon in Central Park.[111] A blind 10-year-old rescued her friend from an attack.[112] A Washington State jogger was attacked.[113]

Rats

The National Health and Human Services agency in the United States reported 3 fatalities between 1979 and 1990 from rats.[114] When rats attack it is directed typically toward small children or infants.[115][116][117][118]

Sharks

Main article: Shark attack

Twelve unprovoked shark attacks in Australia occurred in 2004 in Australia, two were fatal.[119]

1791 – an identified Aboriginal woman.[120]

Snakes

The National Health and Human Services agency in the United States reported 66 fatalities between 1979 and 1990 from snakes.[114]

African Rock pythons

An African rock python killed two boys in Campbellton, New Brunswick in 2013.[121]

Pythons

Species of python have attacked people and caused human fatalities. These include:

Tigers

Tigers kill more people than any other big cat, and tigers have been responsible for more human deaths through direct attack than any other wild mammal.[128] One hundred twenty-nine people in the Sundarbans from 1969–71.[109][128] The Sundarbans are occupied by 600 royal Bengal tigers[129] who before modern times used to "regularly kill fifty or sixty people a year" attacks continue to increase.[129][130]

Well-known and documented tigers

Wolves

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The total amount of deaths from this 20 year period due to the ant could be higher. One account reports of another fatality in Tasmania and one in New South Wales.[13]

References

  1. ↑ "Injury Facts Chart". National Safety Council. Retrieved 2015-04-09.
  2. ↑ Warrell, D.A. (1993). "Venomous bites and stings in the tropical world". Med J Aust 159: 773–779.
  3. ↑ Langley, Ricky L.; Morrow, William E. (1997). "Deaths resulting from animal attacks in the United States". Wilderness and Environmental Medicine 8: 8–16.
  4. ↑ "Beware of the Bugs: Fire Ants Can Kill Americans". ABC News. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  5. ↑ deShazo RD, Kemp SF, deShazo MD, Goddard J. (2004) Fire ant attacks on patients in nursing homes: an increasing problem. Am J Med. 116(12):843-6. PMID 15178500
  6. ↑ Cleland, J.B. (1931). "Insects in Their Relationship to Injury and Disease in Man in Australia. Series III". The Medical Journal of Australia 2: 711.
  7. ↑ Trica, J.C. (24 October 1964). "Insect Allergy in Australia: Results of a Five-Year Survey". The Medical journal of Australia 2: 659–63. PMID 14213613.
  8. ↑ Clarke, PS (December 1986). "The natural history of sensitivity to jack jumper ants (Hymenoptera formicidae Myrmecia pilosula) in Tasmania.". The Medical journal of Australia 145 (11–12): 564–6. PMID 3796365. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
  9. ↑ Ford, SA; Baldo, BA; Weiner, J; Sutherland, S (March 1991). "Identification of jack-jumper ant (Myrmecia pilosula') venom allergens". Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology 21 (2): 167–71. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.1991.tb00826.x. PMID 2043985.
  10. ↑ Brown, SG; Franks, RW; Baldo, BA; Heddle, RJ (January 2003). "Prevalence, severity, and natural history of jack jumper ant venom allergy in Tasmania". The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 111 (1): 187–92. doi:10.1067/mai.2003.48. PMID 12532117.
  11. ↑ "Jumper Ants (Myrmecia pilosula species group)". Australian Venom Research Unit. University of Melbourne. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
  12. ↑ "Bull and Jumper Ants". Queensland Museum. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
  13. ↑ McGain, Forbes; Winkel, Kenneth D. (August 2002). "Ant sting mortality in Australia". Toxicon 40 (8): 1095–1100. doi:10.1016/S0041-0101(02)00097-1. PMID 12165310.
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  15. ↑ "Neighbors react to killer bee swarm in Desert Hot Springs". KESQ - News Channel 3 (Palm Springs, CA). Retrieved 2015-04-06.
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  19. ↑ "Giant Asian Hornets Are Killing People In China, Breeding In Larger Numbers". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2015-04-14.
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  25. ↑ Fergus, Charles. Wild Guide: Bears, p. 97
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  27. ↑ A Book of Man Eaters by Brigadier General R. G. Burton, Mittal Publications
  28. ↑ "Florida Mulls Return Of Bear Hunts After Increase In Urban Attacks". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2015-04-14.
  29. ↑ Bear Anatomy and Physiology from Gary Brown's The Great Bear Almanac, Lyons & Burford, Publishers, 1993
  30. ↑ "Human-bear interactions" from Status and management of the Asiatic black bear in India by S. Sathyakumar in Asiatic Black Bear Conservation Action Plan, chapter 10 of Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan compiled by Christopher Servheen, Stephen Herrero and Bernard Peyton, published by IUCN/SSC Bear Specialist Group
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  36. ↑ Bear Attacks: Their Causes and Avoidance by Stephen Herrero, Hurtig Publishers Ltd./ Edmonton 1985
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  38. ↑ "Alaska Bear Incident Update: NOLS Students Injured in Bear Attack in Alaska". National Outdoor Leadership School. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  39. ↑ "Fatal Yukon grizzly bear attack continues to mystify officials". Alaska Dispatch News. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
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  55. ↑ "Rooster Kills". The Weekly Examiner. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
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  57. ↑ "Mute Swan Attacks and Kills Man on Kayak in Chicago Pond". Field & Stream. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
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  111. ↑ "Central Park Raccoon Attack Lands Taraka Larson, Brooklyn Woman, In Hospital". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2015-04-14.
  112. ↑ "Piper Rolfe, Legally Blind Vermont Girl, Saves Friend From Vicious Raccoon Attack". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2015-04-14.
  113. ↑ "Michaela Lee, Washington Woman, Attacked By Raccoons". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2015-04-14.
  114. ↑ 114.0 114.1 Langley, p.9
  115. ↑ "Rat Raised to Feed Pennsylvania Family's Snakes Bites, Kills Baby". NBC 10 Philadelphia. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  116. ↑ "Giant rats eat two babies in South Africa townships in separate attacks". Daily Mail Online. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  117. ↑ "Baby with 100 Small Rat bites Bled to Death". Fox News Channel. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  118. ↑ "Rats, muti blamed for mutilated baby's death". News24. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  119. ↑ International Shark Attack File. 2005. SAF Statistics for the Worldwide Locations with the Highest Shark Attack Activity Since 1990, Florida Museum of Natural History
  120. ↑ "aboriginal woman" (PDF). A Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson by Watkin Tench. sharkattackfile.net. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  121. ↑ Than, K., "Strangulation of Sleeping Boys Puts Spotlight on Pythons", National Geographic Daily News, 6 August 2013.
  122. ↑ Kopstein, F. (1927): Over het verslinden van menschen door Python reticulatus ["On the swallowing of humans by P. reticulatus"]. Tropische Natuur 4: 65–67. [Article in Dutch]
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  125. ↑ Woman killed by pet 13-foot python at UPI. Accessed 22 March 2015.
  126. ↑ In Las Vegas, python vs. angry mom with a knife at Las Vegas Sun. Accessed 22 March 2015.
  127. ↑ "12- foot python kills toddler". Examiner. Retrieved 2015-04-08.
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Bibliography

External links