Andriyivskyy Descent

Andriyivskyy Descent
Street
General view of the Andriyivskyy Descent with the Saint Andrew's Church in the background.
Country	Ukraine
Region	Kiev
Location	Podil
- coordinates	50°27′36″N 30°30′59″E / 50.46000°N 30.51639°E / 50.46000; 30.51639Coordinates: 50°27′36″N 30°30′59″E / 50.46000°N 30.51639°E / 50.46000; 30.51639
Length	720 m (2,362 ft)

Andriyivskyy Descent (Ukrainian: Андріївський узвіз, Andriyivs’kyi uzviz; Russian: Андре́евский спуск, Andreyevskiy spusk, literally: Andrew's Descent) is a historic descent connecting Kiev's Upper Town neighborhood and the historically commercial Podil neighborhood. The street, often advertised by tour guides and operators as the "Montmartre of Kiev", is a major tourist attraction of the city.^[1][2][3]

The descent, 720 metres (2,360 ft) in length, is constructed of laid cobblestones. It winds down steeply around the Zamkova Hora hill, ending near the Kontraktova Square in the Podil. The Andriyivskyy Descent is marked by a couple historic landmarks, including the Castle of Richard the Lionheart, the 18th century baroque Saint Andrew's Church, famed Russian writer Mikhail Bulgakov's house, and numerous other monuments.

Recent talk of the descent's reconstruction has been going since 2006, when a local grassroots organization aimed at saving the Andriyivskyy Descent collected more than 1,000 signatures to petition local authorities to take action on the descent's reconstruction.^[4] On June 23, 2009, the Kiev City Council administration approved the reconstruction of the Andriyivskyi Descent,^[5] which was officially announced a year earlier by Mayor Leonid Chernovetsky. The exact timeline for reconstruction has not yet been adopted, although the reconstruction's budget has been drafted in the city's 2010 budget.^[5]

Description

Numerous tourist shops and art galleries line the sidewalks of the Andriyivskyy Descent.

The Andriyivskyy Descent begins on the summit of the Starokyivska Hora (Old Kiev mountain) near the ornate late-baroque Saint Andrew's Church (which gave the street its current name). The street continues on down and descends to the Podil district were it ends at the Kontraktova Square. In the past times, the descent was known as the Borychiv Descent mentioned as "Borichev uvoz" (Old East Slavic: Боричев увоз) by Nestor the Chronicler in his Primary Chronicle and in the 12th century poem, The Tale of Igor's Campaign (Slovo o polku Ihorevim).^[6] The descent's current name is derived from the 18th century, at the time when the Saint Andrew's Church was erected atop the hill.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, the street was mainly inhabited by merchants and craftspeople.^[2] Although they are long gone due to the sweeping demographic changes^[7] in Kiev during times of the late Russian Empire and the Soviet Union, the street is once again thriving thanks to its unique topology, architecture, rich history and also many gift shops and small art galleries showcasing various paintings and sculptures by Ukrainian artists. The descent is one of the favorite spots for tourists.^[2] It is also notable for the many festivals it holds, including various art festivals^[2] and the Kiev Day celebrations on the last weekend of May.^[8]

The street's location in the city and its landmark attraction has made it lately a highly prestigious area, with several new luxurious restaurants. However, the descent's sewer and water systems have not been upgraded within the past 100 years, thereby underlining the need for a new system to be installed.^[9] Although, city authorities have not yet scheduled a new sewer project system to be installed.^[9]

History

St. Andrew's Church seen during World War II. Note the two cupolas on the building adjacent to the church; they have since been removed during Soviet times.

The descent, located between two hills, is the shortest passageway from the historic Old or Upper Town (Ukrainian: Князівська Гора; Kniazivs’ka Hora) to the commercial Podil neighborhood.^[8] One of the hills, known as Uzdyhal’nytsia, was the place where pre-Christian idols once stood (see: Baptism of Kiev), and another hill, called Zamkova Hora, served as a castle hill during the Middle Ages. For many centuries, this passageway was very steep and inconvenient, that's the reason why there are were not any settlements for a long time. The first buildings were erected here only in the 17th century, and the first apartment buildings began appearing towards the end of the 19th century.^[10]

In 1711, by the order of then-Governor of Kiev, the route between the Zamkova and Andriyivskyy mountains were expanded, thus allowing traffic to become more suitable for horses and wagon carriages.^[10] The Andriyivskyy Descent was renamed in 1920 in honor of young revolutionary Georgiy Liver.^[10] In 1944, it was decided to return the street to its prior name; in 1957, the street was renamed back to Andreevsky Spusk—the Russian variant of Andriyivskyy Descent.^[11] In the 1980s, the Andriyivskyy Descent received a thorough reconstruction after years of disrepair.^[12]

On April 9, 2012, construction workers began demolishing legally protected historic structures, even though earlier that year, their safety was guaranteed at several news conferences and the buildings themselves were included in scale models of the "renovated" descent. The destruction of the buildings took place under the guise of "reconstruction" efforts, which began in October 2011. Preliminary reports indicate that the buildings directly across from, and next to the Museum of Bulhakov, (Buildings 10a, 10b, and 9/11) were all razed to the ground. The land was being redeveloped to make room for a new office and business complex to house Rinat Akhmetov's Kyiv operations.^[13][14]

Several hundred protestors, including boxer/politician Vitali Klitschko, gathered outside the main Kyiv office of Akhmetov’s SCM Holdings.^[15] On April 12, Akhmetov claimed he had canceled plans to build a multi-story business center in the buildings’ place, promising instead to build a cultural center and restore the facades.^[15]

Attractions

Plan of the Andriyivskyy Descent with architectural monuments labelled based on their protection status.

The Andriyivskyi Descent contains numerous historic attractions and museums. The 18th century baroque Saint Andrew's Church; the late 19th century Mikhail Bulgakov's house-museum; the 20th century Castle of Richard the Lionheart; the Museum of One Street, chronicling the Andriyivskyy Descent's history; and numerous other monuments attract tourists and Kievans alike to the area.

Saint Andrew's Church

Another attraction of the Andriyivskyy Descent is the baroque Saint Andrew's Church. It is located atop a hill overlooking the Podil neighborhood from the Andriyivskyy Descent. The idea to construct the Saint Andrew's Church came from the Russian Tsaress Elizabeth Petrovna. When she visited Kiev in 1747–1754, she laid the foundation brick of the church with her own hand, after which the church was constructed, to a design by the imperial architect Bartolomeo Rastrelli.^[12]

The Saint Andrew's Church with its side illuminated by the sun in the evening.

As the Tsaress planned to take personal care of the church, the church has no parish, and there is no belltower to call the congregation to divine service. But she died before the construction ended, so the church was never cared for by Elizabeth Petrovna. After Elizabeth's death, the Kiev court took no interest maintaining in the church, last consecrated in 1767. Later, there were not enough funds to maintain the church, which left the maintaining of the church to private and voluntary funds, such as Andrey Muraviov.^[12]

In 1963, Rastrelli's original plans for the building were found in Vienna, Austria.^[12] This made it possible to reconstruct the original images on the building. The plan of restoration was carried out in the 1970s, overlooked by the main architect-restorer, V. Korneyeva.^[16] Since 1968, the church has been opened as a museum to tourists and visitors. The church is now owned by the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church.^[17]

Castle of Richard the Lionheart

The "Castle of Richard the Lionheart" house was built from 1902–1904. It was originally supposed to be called Orlov House in reference to its constructor Dmitry Orlov. But because its owner failed to clear the house construction with the city's authorities, a major scandal arose.^[12] Viktor Nekrasov named the building "The Castle of Richard the Lionheart", after the 12th century English king in his book. It has been established that the modernized Gothic fronts were practically copied from a published design for a Saint Petersburg building by the architect R. Marfeld. But the stunning relief of Andriyivskyy Descent softened the effect of this plagiarism.^[12]

The cellar of the building contained a barber's shop, a grocery store and a butcher shop. The remaining premises were used as apartments for rent. When Dimitri Orlov died in 1911 while building a railroad in the Russian Far East, his widow, left with five children, had to sell off the house to pay her family's debts.^[18] In 1983, renovation works were started on the building to convert it into a hotel.^[18] Since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, various reconstruction works have been largely unsuccessful. As of 2009, the Castle of Richard the Lionheart still stands empty and fenced off in renovation.^[18]

Writer Mikhail Bulgakov's house-museum.

Mikhail Bulgakov's house

Mikhail Bulgakov, a famous Kiev-born Russian writer, and his family lived on the street at two different houses in the early-20th century. In Bulgakov's novel The White Guard the author vividly describes the street and house^[12] (he calls it Aleksey Descent - "Alekseevskiy Spusk") in the turbulent times of the 1917 Russian Revolution. The address, at No.13 Andriyivskyy Descent is still commonly called the Bulgakov House and displays a plaque with the address the writer used in his book (No.13 Alekseevsky Spusk) (see image). Popular writer's statue is also installed near museum.

A museum was opened inside the preserved building to mark the 100th birthday of Mikhail Bulgakov on May 15, 1991.^[12] The upper floor of the museum houses an exhibition of various Bulgakov objects, and the lower floor contains thematic exhibitions.^[12] The house, built in 1888 and designed by architect N. Gardenin, was thoroughly renovated before the opening of the museum.^[12] A memorial plaque with Bulgakov's portrait is now hanging on the front of the building.^[12]

One Street Museum

The One Street Museum is another main attraction of the Andriyivskyy Descent, which houses many of the historic items of the descent, containing more than 6,500 exhibits. They include information about the Saint Andrew's Church, the castle of Richard Lionheart, and the many other buildings of the Descent.^[19]

Also, the museum has a unique collection of various works by Ukrainian philologist P. Zhitetsky, Arabist and professor of the Kiev University T. Kezma, journalist and public figure A.Savenko, Ukrainian writer G.Tyutyunnyk, which have lived in the house No. 34 in the different periods of the twentieth century.^[19] Another important part of the collection in the museum are the is the memorabilia of professors of Kiev Theological Academy A. Bulgakov, S. Golubev, P. Kudryavtsev, F. Titov, A.Glagolev, famed doctors Th. Janovsky and D. Popov, and other prominent local figures.^[19]

The museum also has a large collection of antique books. Book relics of the exposition include a famous Trebnik of the Metropolitan of Kiev Petro Mohyla, rare editions of works written by professors and graduates of the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, unique books written by the Ukrainian Walter Scott, M.Grabovsky, the Defender of Orthodoxy, A.Muravyov, and the works of Mikhail Bulgakov published in his lifetime.

A 19th-century photograph of the descent, showing the St. Andrew's Church and the now destroyed Church of the Tithes in the background.

Monuments

The Andriyivskyy Descent also has a number of monuments. One of them is the monument to Yaroslav the Wise, the Grand Prince of Novgorod and Kiev, which depicts him holding a model of the Saint Sophia Cathedral. Another is the monument to Pronya Prokopovna and Svirid Golohvastov, which was unveiled in 1989, depicting two characters, Pronya Prokopovna and Svirid Golohvastov, from the play Chasing Two Rabbits, which was written by Mykhailo Starytskyi.^[20] Another main monument on the street is dedicated to the famous Ukrainian poet and artist Taras Shevchenko, located to the right of the monument to Yaroslav the Wise.^[21] Most recently, a monument to Mikhail Bulgakov was opened on the Andriyivskyy Descent, the first dedicated to the writer in the former Soviet Union.^[22]

Legends

During its long history, the Andriyivskyy Descent has a couple of legends surround it.

One legend states that when Andrew the Apostle visited the uninhabited mountains in the mid-stream of the Dnieper River (today's Andriyvskyy Descent area), he put up a cross atop of the hill where the descent starts and prophesied a foundation of a great Christian city. Since that time, wooden churches sprang up around in the vicinity, completing his prophecy.^[1]

According to another legend, there was once a sea where the Dnieper River now flows. When Saint Andrew came to Kiev and erected a cross on the place where the Saint Andrew's Church now stands, the sea went away. The only part that remained of the sea is under the mountain on which Kiev sits today. When the church was built there in the 18th century, a spring opened under the altar. The church has no bells, because, according to the legend, when the first bell strikes, the water can revive again and flood the left bank of Kiev.^[1]

Panorama

(From left to right) Panoramic view of the Podil neighborhood, Andriyivskyy Descent, Kiev's Upper Town, and the surrounding area of the Zamkova Hora.

See also

• Volodymyrska Hill

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Andriivskyi Descent, Kiev.

• "Andriyivskyi uzviz". www.uzviz.com.ua (in Ukrainian). 
• "Andriyivskyi uzviz". WWW Encyclopedia Kyiv (in Ukrainian). 
• "Andriyivskyi uzviz / Streets and squares of Kiev / Attratctions of Kiev / Old City". Interesniy Kiev (in Russian). 
• "Andreevsky, which doesn't exist anymore". Museum Zamkova Hora (in Russian).