Andreas Papandreou

Andreas Papandreou
Ανδρέας Παπανδρέου
Andreas Papandreou in 1968
Prime Minister of Greece
In office
13 October 1993 – 17 January 1996
President Konstantinos Karamanlis
Konstantinos Stephanopoulos
Preceded by Constantine Mitsotakis
Succeeded by Costas Simitis
In office
21 October 1981 – 2 July 1989
President Konstantinos Karamanlis
Christos Sartzetakis
Preceded by George Rallis
Succeeded by Tzannis Tzannetakis
Leader of the Official Opposition
In office
11 April 1990 – 13 October 1993
Preceded by All-Party Coalition Government
Succeeded by Miltiadis Evert
In office
12 October 1989 – 23 November 1989
Preceded by Constantine Mitsotakis
Succeeded by All-Party Coalition Government
In office
28 November 1977 – 21 October 1981
Preceded by George Zigdis
Succeeded by George Rallis
President of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement
In office
3 September 1974 – 23 June 1996
Succeeded by Costas Simitis
Personal details
Born Andreas G. Papandreou
5 February 1919
Chios, North Aegean, Greece
Died 23 June 1996 (aged 77)
Athens, Attica, Greece
Nationality Greek
Political party Panhellenic Socialist Movement
Spouse(s) Christina Rasia (1941–1951)
Margaret Chant (1951–1989)
Dimitra Liani (1989–1996)
Relations George Papandreou Sr. (father)
Children George Papandreou
Sofia Papandreou
Nikos Papandreou
Andreas Papandreou Jr.
Emilia Nyblom
Alma mater National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Harvard University
Profession Economist
Academic
Politician
Religion Greek Orthodox
Website Andreas G. Papandreou Foundation

Andreas G. Papandreou (Greek: Ανδρέας Γ. Παπανδρέου;[1] Greek pronunciation: [anˈðreas papanˈðreu]; 5 February 1919 – 23 June 1996) was a Greek economist, a socialist politician and a dominant figure in Greek politics. The son of Georgios Papandreou, Andreas was a Harvard-trained academic. He served two terms as Prime Minister of Greece (21 October 1981 to 2 July 1989; and 13 October 1993 to 22 January 1996).

His assumption of power in 1981 influenced the course of Greek political history, ending an almost 50-year-long system of power dominated by conservative forces; the achievements of his successive governments include the official recognition of the Greek Resistance against the Axis, the establishment of the National Health System and the Supreme Council for Personnel Selection (ASEP), the passage of Law 1264/1982 which secured the right to strike and greatly improved the rights of workers, the constitutional amendment of 1985–1986 which strengthened parliamentarism and reduced the powers of the indirectly elected President, the conduct of an assertive and independent Greek foreign policy, the expansion in the power of local governments, many progressive reforms in Greek Law, and granting permission to the refugees of the Greek Civil War to return home in Greece.[2][3][4] The Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), which he founded and led, was the first non-communist political party in Greek history with a mass-based organization, and introduced an unprecedented level of political and social participation in Greek society.[4] In a poll conducted by Kathimerini in 2007, 48% of those polled called Papandreou the "most important Greek Prime Minister".[5] In the same poll, the first four years of Papandreou's government after Metapolitefsi were voted as the best government Greece ever had.[6]

Early life and career

Papandreou was born on the island of Chios, Greece, the son of Zofia (Sofia) Mineyko (1883–1981) and the leading Greek liberal politician George Papandreou. His maternal grandfather was Polish-born public figure Zygmunt Mineyko, and his maternal grandmother was Greek. Before university, he attended Athens College a leading private school in Greece. He attended the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens from 1937 until 1938 when, during the Fascist Metaxas dictatorship, he was arrested for purported Trotskyism. Following representations by his father, he was allowed to leave for the US.[7]

In 1943, Papandreou received a PhD in Economics from Harvard University. Immediately after getting his PhD, Papandreou joined America's war effort and volunteered for the US Navy, serving as an examiner of models for repairing warships, and as a hospital corpsman at the Bethesda Naval Hospital for war wounded[8][9] becoming a United States citizen. He returned to Harvard in 1946 and served as a lecturer and associate professor until 1947. He then held professorships at the University of Minnesota, Northwestern University, the University of California, Berkeley (where he was chair of the Department of Economics), Stockholm University and York University in Toronto. In 1948, he entered into a relationship with University of Minnesota journalism student Margaret Chant.[10] After Chant obtained a divorce, and after his own divorce from Christina Rasia, his first wife, Papandreou and Chant were married in 1951. They had three sons and a daughter. Papandreou also had, with Swedish actress and TV presenter Ragna Nyblom, a daughter out of wedlock, Emilia Nyblom, who was born in 1969 in Sweden.[11][12]

Political career

Andreas Papandreou in 1968

Papandreou returned to Greece in 1959, where he headed an economic development research program, by invitation of Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis. In 1960, he was appointed Chairman of the Board of Directors and General Director of the Athens Economic Research Center, and Advisor to the Bank of Greece. In 1963, his father George Papandreou, head of the Center Union, became Prime Minister of Greece. Andreas became his chief economic advisor. He renounced his American citizenship and was elected to the Greek Parliament in the Greek legislative election, 1964.[13] He immediately became Minister to the First Ministry of State (in effect, assistant Prime Minister).

Papandreou took publicly a neutral stand on the Cold War and wished for Greece to be more independent from the United States. He also criticized the massive presence of American military and intelligence in Greece, and sought to remove senior officers with anti-democratic tendencies from the Greek military.

In 1965, while the "Aspida" conspiracy within the Hellenic Army, alleged by the political opposition to involve Andreas personally, was being investigated, George Papandreou moved to fire the defense minister and assume the post himself. Constantine II of Greece refused to endorse this move and essentially forced George Papandreou's resignation. Greece entered a period of political polarisation and instability, which ended with the coup d'état of 21 April 1967.

When the Greek Colonels led by Georgios Papadopoulos seized power in April 1967, Andreas was incarcerated. Gust Avrakotos, a high ranking CIA officer in Greece who was close to the colonels who led the coup, advised them to "shoot the motherfucker because he's going to come back to haunt you".[14] His father George Papandreou was put under house arrest. George, already at advanced age, died in 1968. Under heavy pressure from American academics and intellectuals, such as John Kenneth Galbraith, a friend of Andreas since their Harvard days, the military regime released Andreas on condition that he leave the country.[15] Papandreou then moved to Sweden with his wife, four children, and mother. There he accepted a post at Stockholm University. In Paris, while in exile, Andreas Papandreou formed an anti-dictatorship organization, the Panhellenic Liberation Movement (PAK), and toured the world rallying opposition to the Greek military regime. Despite his former American citizenship and academic career in the United States, Papandreou held the Central Intelligence Agency responsible for the 1967 coup and became increasingly critical of the Federal government of the United States.

In the early 1970s, during the latter phase of the dictatorship in Greece, Papandreou, along with most leading Greek politicians, in exile or in Greece, opposed the process of political normalisation attempted by Georgios Papadopoulos and his appointed PM, Spyros Markezinis. On 6 August 1974, Andreas Papandreou called an extraordinary meeting of the National Congress of PAK in Winterthur, Switzerland, which decided its dissolution without announcing it publicly.[16]

Papandreou returned to Greece after the fall of the junta in 1974, during metapolitefsi, and formed a new "radical" party, the Panhellenic Socialist Movement, or PASOK. Most of his former PAK companions, as well as members of other anti-dictatorial groups such as the Democratic Defense joined in the new party. He also testified in the first of the Greek Junta Trials about the alleged involvement of the junta with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

In the Greek legislative election, 1974, PASOK received only 13.5% of the vote, but in 1977 it polled 25%, and Papandreou became Leader of the Opposition.

The "Change"

At the Greek legislative election, 1981, PASOK won a landslide victory over the conservative New Democracy party, and Papandreou became Greece's first socialist Prime Minister. The party's main slogan was Allagi (change).

In office, Papandreou backtracked from much of his campaign rhetoric and followed a more conventional approach. Greece did not withdraw from NATO, United States troops and military bases were not ordered out of Greece, and Greek membership in the European Economic Community continued, largely because Papandreou proved very capable of securing monetary aid for Greece. In domestic affairs, Papandreou's government immediately carried out a massive programme of wealth redistribution upon coming into office that immediately increased the availability of entitlement aid to the unemployed and lower wage earners. Pensions, together with average wages and the minimum wage, were increased in real terms, and changes were made to labour laws which up until 1984 made it difficult for employers to make workers redundant. The impact of the PASOK Government’s social and economic policies was such that it was estimated in 1988 that two-thirds of the decrease in inequality that occurred in Greece between 1974 and 1982 took place between 1981 and 1982.[17]

During its time in office, Papandreou's government carried through sweeping reforms of social policy by introducing a welfare state,[18] significantly expanding welfare measures,[19] expanding health care coverage (the "National Health System" was instituted, which made modern medical procedures available in rural areas for the first time,[20]) promoting state-subsidized tourism for lower-income families, index-linking pensions,[21] and funding social establishments for the elderly. Rural areas benefited from improved state services, the rights and income of low paid workers were considerably improved, and refugees from the Civil War living in exile were allowed to return with impunity.[22]

A more progressive taxation scheme was introduced and budgetary support for artistic and cultural programmes was increased.[23] The government also introduced a wage indexation system[24] which helped to close the gap modestly between the highest and lowest paid workers, while the share of GNP devoted to social welfare, social insurance, and health was significantly increased.[25] Other major policy changes included the establishment of parental leave for both parents and child care centres, maternity allowances, community health centres, and the encouragement of women to join agricultural cooperatives as full members, an option which previously had not been open to women.[26]

As part of Papandreou’s "Contract with the People," new liberalising laws were introduced which decriminalised adultery, abolished (in theory) the dowry system, eased the process for obtaining a divorce, and enhanced the legal status of women.[20] In 1984, for instance, women were guaranteed equal pay for equal work.[23] Papandreou also introduced various reforms in the administration and curriculum of the Greek educational system, allowing students to participate in the election process for their professors and deans in the university, and abolishing tenure. The university system was expanded, with the number of students doubling between 1981 and 1986, while the system was reorganised to provide the departments with more power and permit greater participation in their management. The effect of these reforms was however, limited by poor research facilities, a shortage of qualified teaching staff, a lack of resources, and often inefficient administration.[27]

In a move strongly opposed by the Church of Greece, Papandreou introduced, for the first time in Greece, the process of civil marriage. Prior to the institution of civil marriages in Greece, the only legally recognized marriages were those conducted in the Church of Greece. Couples seeking a civil marriage had to get married outside Greece, generally in Italy. Also, under PASOK, the Greek State also appropriated real estate properties previously owned by the Church.

A major part of Papandreou's allagi (change) involved driving out the "old families" ("tzakia" literally: fireplaces using the traditional Greek expression for the genealogy of families), which dominated Greek politics and economy and belonged to the traditional Greek Right.

Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou on official visit with United States President William J. Clinton, Washington, April 1994. Dimitra Liani in the background

Papandreou was comfortably re-elected in the Greek legislative election, 1985 with 46% of the vote, and won still further popularity in March 1987 by his strong leadership during a Greek-Turkish crisis in the Aegean Sea, but from the summer of 1988, his premiership became increasingly clouded by controversy, as the Bank of Crete scandal exploded. In 1989, he divorced his wife Margaret Papandreou and married Dimitra Liani.

"Koskotas scandal", trial and return to power

The same year he was indicted by the Hellenic Parliament in connection with a US$200 million Bank of Crete embezzlement scandal, and was accused of facilitating the embezzlement by ordering state corporations to transfer their holdings to the Bank of Crete, where the interest was allegedly skimmed off to benefit PASOK, and possibly some of its highest functionaries.

Following the many repercussions of the so-called Koskotas scandal, the Greek legislative election, June 1989 elections produced a deadlock, leading to a prolonged political crisis. In the subsequent Greek legislative election, November 1989 Papandreou's PASOK's won 40% of the popular vote, compared to the rival New Democracy's 46%, and, due to changes made in electoral law one year before the elections by the then reigning PASOK administration, New Democracy was not able to form a government. The Greek legislative election, 1990 followed.

In the wake of three consecutive elections between 1989 and 1990, the New Democracy leader, Constantine Mitsotakis, eventually received sufficient support to form a government. In January 1992, Papandreou himself was cleared of any wrongdoing in the Koskotas scandal after a 7–6 vote in the specially convened High Court trial, ordered by the Hellenic Parliament, with the support of both main parties, New Democracy and PASOK.

Papandreou confounded his critics by winning the Greek legislative election, 1993, and returned to power; however, his fragile health kept him from exercising firm political leadership. He was hospitalized with advanced heart disease and renal failure on 21 November 1995 and finally retired from office on 16 January 1996. He died on 23 June 1996, with his funeral procession producing crowds, ranging from "hundreds of thousands"[28] to "millions"[29] to bid farewell to Andreas. In 1999, Papandreou was posthumously awarded the Swedish Order of the Polar Star.

Economic policies

The expenditure programme of the Papandreou government during 1981–1990 has been described as excessive by its conservative critics.[30] The excessive expenditures were not accompanied by corresponding revenue increases and this led to increases in budget deficits and the public debt.[30] Many economic indicators worsened during 1981–1990 and the economic policies of his government were condemned as a failure by his critics.[31][32][33] On the other hand, according to his supporters they were very successful, drastically increasing the purchasing power of the vast majority of Greeks, with personal incomes growing by 26% in real terms during the course of the 1980s.[19] Papandreou's increased spending in his early years in power (1981–1985) was necessary in order to heal the deep wounds of the Greek society, a society that was still deeply divided by the brutal memories of the Civil War and the right-wing repression that followed;[34] furthermore, the postwar government philosophy of the Greek conservatives simply saw the state as a tool of repression, with very little money spent on health and education.[35]

International politics

Papandreou was praised for conducting an independent and multidimensional foreign policy, and proved to be a master of the diplomatic game, thus increasing the importance of Greece in the international system;[36] he was co-creator in 1982 and subsequently an active participant in a movement promoted by the Parliamentarians for Global Action, the Initiative of the Six, which included, besides the Greek PM, Mexico's president Miguel de la Madrid, Argentina's President Raúl Alfonsín, Sweden's PM Olof Palme, Tanzania's president Julius Nyerere and India's Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.[37] The movement's stated objective was the "promotion of peace and progress for all mankind". After various initiatives, mostly directed at pressuring the United States and the Soviet Union to stop nuclear testing and reduce the level of nuclear arms, it eventually disbanded.[38]

Papandreou's rhetoric was at times antagonistic to the United States.[39] He was the first western prime minister to visit General Wojciech Jaruzelski in Poland.[39] According to the Foreign Affairs magazine Papandreou went on record as saying that since the USSR is not a capitalist country "one cannot label it an imperialist power."[39] According to Papandreou, "the Soviet Union represent[ed] a factor that restrict[ed] the expansion of capitalism and its imperialistic aims".[39] This antagonistic stance made him extremely popular, because the previous conservative governments were seen by the Greek people as slavishly loyal to US interests.[40]

Papandreou's government was the first in post-war Greece that redirected the nation's defense policy to suit its own security needs, and not those of the United States. According to historian Marion Sarafis, from 1947 until 1981, the US had more influence in Greece's military policy than the indigenous Greek high command, largely due to the decisive role played by the US in the Greek Civil War.[41]

Papandreou supported the causes of various national liberation movements in the world, and agreed for Greece to host representatives offices of many such organisations.[42] He supported the cause of Palestinian liberation, met repeatedly with PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat and condemned Israeli policies in the occupied territories.[43]

Papandreou's image and influence in Greek popular culture

Among both his supporters and his opponents, Papandreou was referred to simply by his first name, "Andreas", a unique situation in Greek political history, and a testament to his charisma and popularity.[44] Andreas was also famous for wearing his business suits with turtleneck sweaters (Ζιβάγκο in Greek),[40] instead of the traditional white shirt and tie; he thus created a huge fashion, mainly but not exclusively among his political supporters. His first appearance in the Greek Parliament with a black turtleneck instead of shirt and tie caused a massive uproar in the conservative press, who considered him disrespectful of Parliament; however, the whole issue only added to his popularity.[45]

Legacy

Papandreou's grave in the First Cemetery of Athens.

Papandreou exercised a more independent foreign policy elevating Greece's profile among non-aligned nations. He affirmed Greece's independence in setting her own policy agenda, both internally and externally, free from any foreign domination.

His opponents on the left, on the other hand, including the KKE, accused him of supporting, in practice, the agenda of NATO and the United States.

Andreas Papandreou is widely acknowledged as having shifted political power from the traditional conservative Greek Right, which had dominated Greek politics for decades, to a more populist and centre-left locus. This included the so-called pariahs in politics as of the end of the Greek Civil War, which were given a chance to prove themselves in democratically elected governments.[46] This shift in the Greek political landscape helped heal some of the old civil war wounds;[46] Greece became more pluralistic, and more in line with the political system of other western European countries.[46] Papandreou also systematically pursued inclusionist politics which ended the sociopolitical and economic exclusion of many social classes in the post-civil war era.[46]

It is also acknowledged that Papandreou, along with Karamanlis, played a leading role in establishing Democracy in Greece during metapolitefsi.[47] He is described as both prudent and a realist, despite his appearance as a leftist ideologue and charismatic orator.[47] His choices to remain in the European Union and NATO, both of which he vehemently opposed for many years, proved his pragmatical approach.[47] Even his approach of negotiating the removal of the US bases from Greece was diplomatic, because although it was agreed to remove them, some of the bases remained.[47] His skillful handling of these difficult policies had the effect of providing common policy goals to the political forces of Greece.[47] Complementing this political realism, Andreas' ability to publicly say no to the Americans gave Greeks a sense of national independence and psychological self-worth.[48] Perhaps his most important achievement was the establishment of political equality among Greeks; during his years in power the defeated left-wingers of the Civil War were no longer treated like second-class citizens and a vital part of national memory was reclaimed.[49]

Papandreou's successor in office, Costas Simitis, broke with a number of Papandreou's approaches.

Papandreou's son, George Papandreou, was elected leader of PASOK in February 2004 and Prime Minister during the October 2009 general elections. A common slogan among PASOK followers in political rallies, invokes Andreas' legacy with the chant "Andrea, zis! Esi mas odigis!" ("Andreas, you are still alive! You're leading us!").

In two separate polls, conducted in 2007 and 2010, Andreas Papandreou was voted as the best Prime Minister of Greece since the restoration of democracy in 1974.[50][51]

Theodore Katsanevas

Until their divorce in 2000, Papandreou's daughter Sofia was married to the academic and politician Theodore Katsanevas.[52][53] In Papandreou's will, he accused Katsanevas as a "disgrace to the family" (Greek: όνειδος της οικογένειας) [53][54][55][56][57][58][59] and that "his aim was to politically inherit the history of struggle of Georgios Papandreou and Andreas Papandreou".[54][60][61][62]

Decorations and awards

References

  1. ↑ "Andreas Papandreou website".
  2. ↑ Jacobs, Francis (1989) Western European political parties: a comprehensive guide. Addison-Wesley Longman Limited. ISBN 0582001137. pp. 123–130
  3. ↑ Pantazopoulos, Andreas (2001). Gia to lao kai to Ethnos: i stigmi Andrea Papandreou 1965–1989. pp. 63–121
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Clogg, Richard (1987) Political Parties in Greece: the search for legitimacy. Duke University Press. ISBN 0822307944. pp. 122–148
  5. ↑ Μαυρής, Γιάννης (30 December 2007). "Τομή στη Μεταπολίτευση το 1981". Kathimerini. Retrieved 25 September 2011.
  6. ↑ "Μεγάλες αλλαγές αλλά και μεγαλύτερες κοινωνικές ανισότητες". Kathimerini. 30 December 2007. Retrieved 25 September 2011.
  7. ↑ Clogg, Richard (24 June 1996). "Papandreou Obituary". Independent.co.uk. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  8. ↑ To Ethnos, Είναι βοηθός καθηγητή στο Πανεπιστήμιο Χάρβαρντ και εκείνη την περίοδο υπηρετεί ως εθελοντής του αμερικανικού Πολεμικού Ναυτικού (εξετάζει μοντέλα για τον κατάλληλο χρόνο επισκευής πλοίων)
  9. ↑ "Andreas Papandreou Foundation retrieved 18 September 2007". Agp.gr. 24 September 1999. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  10. ↑ "Phantis wiki". Wiki.phantis.com. 19 June 2006. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  11. ↑ "Expressen, 8 November 2011". Expressen.se. 5 November 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  12. ↑ "Aftonbladet, 28 August 2002". Aftonbladet.se. 28 August 2002. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  13. ↑ "Greece's leftist leader has strong U.S. ties". Anchorage Daily News. 19 October 1981.
  14. ↑ Crile, George (2003) Charlies Wilson's War, Grove Press, ISBN 0802141242. p. 52
  15. ↑ Papandreou, Andreas (1970) Democracy at Gunpoint, Doubleday.
  16. ↑ To Vima newspaper, 11 July 1999(Greek)
  17. ↑ Eardley, Tony et al. (1996) Social Assistance in OECD Countries. Volume II: Country Reports at the Wayback Machine (archived October 8, 2011). UK Department of Social Security Research Report No. 47. ISBN 011762408X
  18. ↑ Kefala, Eleni (2007) Peripheral (post) modernity: the syncretist aesthetics of Borges, Piglia, Kalokyris and Kyriakidis. Peter Lang. ISBN 0820486396
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Sassoon, Donald (1997) Looking left: European socialism after the Cold War. I.B. Taurus. ISBN 1860641792
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Greece The PASOK Domestic Program". The Library of Congress Country Studies. 24 March 2007.
  21. ↑ Gunther, Richard; Diamandouros, Nikiforos P. and Sōtēropoulos, Dēmētrēs A. (2007) Democracy and the state in the new Southern Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199202826
  22. ↑ "Athens in the European Union I. The Return of Democracy (1973–2004)". anagnosis.gr.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Boggs, Carl (2005) The socialist tradition: from crisis to decline. Psychology Press. ISBN 0415906709
  24. ↑ Koliopoulos, John S. and Veremis, Thanos M. (2009). Modern Greece: A History since 1821. John Wiley & Sons. p. 175. ISBN 9781444314830.
  25. ↑ Kofas, Jon V. (2005) Independence from America: global integration and inequality. Ashgate. ISBN 0754645088.
  26. ↑ Bottomley, Gillian (1992). From Another Place: Migration and the Politics of Culture. Cambridge University Press. p. 117. ISBN 9780521410144.
  27. ↑ Maravall, José María (1997). Regimes, Politics, and Markets: Democratization and Economic Change in Southern and Eastern Europe. Oxford University Press. p. 183. ISBN 9780198280835.
  28. ↑ "Greece gives a last sad farewell to Papandreou". New York Times. 27 June 1996.
  29. ↑ Avriani, 27 June 1996
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Haralambopoulos, Akis (1997) Review of the Greek Economy. Hellenic Resources Institute
  31. ↑ Bohlen, Celestine (16 January 1996). "Ailing Papandreou Resigns, Asking Quick Election of Successor". The New York Times. p. 5. But his economic policy was widely regarded as a failure that continues to cripple Greece's growth
  32. ↑ The Bumpy Road to Convergence By Karl Aisinger Austrian Institute of Economic Research
  33. ↑ Peripherality and integration the experience of Greece as a member of the European Union By Velissaris Baliotas, Economist, Eurotechniki K.E.K., Volos, GREECE, 1997
  34. ↑ Παράλογες αυτές οι μεγάλες αυξήσεις; Ίσως! Η Ελλάδα όμως άλλαξε μέσα σε τέσσερα χρόνια, η φτώχεια εξαλείφθηκε και ολόκληρες περιθωριοποιημένες ομάδες του πληθυσμού ενσωματώθηκαν σε μια κοινωνία αποκτώντας ελπίδα και όραμα.tovima.gr
  35. ↑ Μεγάλη η αύξηση, αλλά συνεχίστηκε όλα τα επόμενα χρόνια και περισσότερο μάλιστα την τριετία 1990–1993 της ΝΔ, διότι δεν πρέπει ποτέ να ξεχνάμε ότι το μικρό και νοικοκυρεμένο κράτος των δεκαετιών του '50 και του '60 ήταν ένα κράτος που ήταν μόνο χωροφύλακας, χωρίς δαπάνες στην παιδεία, στην υγεία και γενικά χωρίς ενδιαφέρον για την κοινωνία.
  36. ↑ Duke, Simon (1989) United States military forces and installations in Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198291329.
  37. ↑ Macedonia newspaper, 24 June 1996(Greek)
  38. ↑ Roche, Douglas (1996). "The Middle Powers Initiative". Peace Magazine.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 Loulis, John C. (1 December 1984). "Foreign Affairs magazine, Winter 1984/85". Foreignaffairs.org. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Kariotis, Theodore C. (1992) The Greek socialist experiment: Papandreou's Greece 1981–1989, Pella Publ., ISBN 0918618487
  41. ↑ Sarafis, Marion (1990) Background to contemporary Greece, vol. 1, ISBN 0850363934, pp. 70–71
  42. ↑ "GREECE GRANTS DIPLOMATIC STATUS TO P.L.O. OFFICE". The New York Times. 17 December 1981. p. 6.
  43. ↑ Kaminaris, Spiros Ch. (June 1999). "Greece and the Middle East". Middle East Review of International Affairs 3 (2).
  44. ↑ Clogg, 2002
  45. ↑ Chilcote, Ronald H. (1990) Transitions from dictatorship to democracy: comparative studies of Spain, Portugal, and Greece. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0844816752
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 Recent Social Trends in France, 1960–1990 Michel Forsé Quote: "The coming into office of PASOK signified both socially and politically the end of the post civil war era. Certainly this is true already for the period after the collapse of dictatorship (1974) but it is systematized by PASOK. Essentially this means that the forms of political and as such social and economic exclusion that had distinguished the post civil war times vanish for good." p 13 ISBN 0-7735-0887-2
    also Recent Social Trends in Greece, 1960–2000 By Dimitris Charalambis, Laura Maratou-Alipranti, Andromachi Hadjiyanni Translated by Dimitris Charalambis, Laura Maratou-Alipranti, Andromachi Hadjiyanni Contributor Dimitris Charalambis, Laura Maratou-Alipranti, Andromachi Hadjiyanni Published by McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP, 2004 ISBN 0-7735-2202-6, ISBN 978-0-7735-2202-2, 701 pages retrieved 15 August 2008
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 47.4 Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy Οι ηγετικοί ρόλοι του Κωνσταντίνου Καραμανλή και του Ανδρέα Παπανδρέου στη διαδικασία εδραίωσης της δημοκρατίας μετά το 1974 Κουλουμπής Θεόδωρος (Καθημερινή) 6 Νοεμβρίου 2005 Quote: "Το χρήσιμο συμπέρασμα, λοιπόν, σχετικά με τον Παπανδρέου είναι το εξής: ενώ ήταν ιδεολόγος και χαρισματικός ρήτορας αριστερού τύπου στην θεωρία, στην πράξη αποδείχθηκε συνετός και πραγματιστής. Και αυτό φαίνεται από τις επιλογές του να παραμείνει στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση, που τόσο έντονα είχε αμφισβητήσει λίγα χρόνια νωρίτερα, και να παραμείνει στο ΝΑΤΟ που τόσο απόλυτα είχε καταδικάσει. Επίσης με πραγματιστικό τρόπο χειρίστηκε τις διαπραγματεύσεις για τις αμερικανικές βάσεις: δήθεν συμφωνήθηκε η «αποχώρηση» των βάσεων, αλλά οι βάσεις παρέμειναν. Με αυτόν τον τρόπο άνοιξε ο δρόμος της ταύτισης των μεγάλων πολιτικών δυνάμεων στον τόπο μας γύρω από ένα κοινό στρατηγικό στόχο" (In Greek)
  48. ↑ Miller, James Edward (2009) The United States and the making of modern Greece. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0807887943. p. 210.
  49. ↑ Carabott, Philip and Sfikas, Thanassis D. (2004) The Greek Civil War: essays on a conflict of exceptionalism and silences. Ashgate. ISBN 0754641317. pp. 262–266
  50. ↑ Kathimerini tis Kyriakis, 30 December 2007, "Τομή στην Μεταπολίτευση το 1981"
  51. ↑ Real News, 3 January 2010, Βασίλης Θωμόπουλος, "Πρωτιά για Ανδρέα και Αλλαγή"
  52. ↑ Efimeros, Kostas (13 February 2014). "How a Greek politician is attempting to rewrite history by suing Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia he doesn't understand". thepressproject.net. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 "Katsanevas Papandreou – Disinherited children contest Papandreou's will Greek premier had left entire estate to widow". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Reactions to Papandreou's will, Athens News Agency, 13 September 1996
  55. ↑ "Papandreous' legacy – SFGate". Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  56. ↑ "Διαμάντια & σκουπίδια – ολιτισμός". tovima.gr. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  57. ↑ "Διαθήκη εκ του διατίθημι". protagon.gr. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  58. ↑ "Η διαθήκη σε... δίκη". tovima.gr. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  59. ↑ "Atene: il fattore Mimi' s' abbatte sul voto". archiviostorico.corriere.it. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  60. ↑ "Οι διαθήκες του Ανδρέα Παπανδρέου". Ριζοσπάστης. 13 September 1996. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  61. ↑ Andreas Papandreou's wills opened Dimitra Liani receives archives, Athens News Agency, 13 September 1996
  62. ↑ Two wills of the late Andreas Papandreou submitted to the Court, Antenna News in English, 13 September 1996

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Political offices
Preceded by
George Rallis		 Prime Minister of Greece
1981–1989 		Succeeded by
Tzannis Tzannetakis
Preceded by
Constantine Mitsotakis		 Prime Minister of Greece
1993–1996 		Succeeded by
Costas Simitis
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Evangelos Averoff		 Minister for National Defence of Greece
21 October 1981 – 25 April 1986 		Succeeded by
Ioannis Charalambopoulos
Party political offices
New political party President of PASOK
1974–1996 		Succeeded by
Costas Simitis