Anacrusis

For the Progressive/Thrash Metal group, see Anacrusis (band). For the family of moths, see Anacrusis (genus).

Beginning of BWV 736, with an anacrusis shown in red.

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In poetry and music, and by analogy in other fields, an anacrusis (plural anacruses) is a brief introduction.

Poetry

In poetry, a set of extrametrical syllables at the beginning of a verse is said to stand in anacrusis (Ancient Greek: ἀνάκρουσις "pushing up"). The technique is seen Old English poetry;^[1] in lines of iambic pentameter, the technique applies a variation on the typical pentameter line causing it to appear at first glance as trochaic.

Music

In music, an anacrusis (also known as a pickup) is a note or sequence of notes which precedes the first downbeat in a bar.^[2]

Western standards for musical notation often include the recommendation that when a piece of music begins with an anacrusis, the notation should omit a corresponding number of beats from the final bar in order to keep the length of the entire piece at a whole number of bars.

If anacrusis is present, the first bar after the anacrusis is assigned bar number 1.

Examples

In the song "Happy Birthday to You", the anacrusis forms the Happy and the accent is on the first syllable of Birthday.

$\relative g' { \key g \major \time 3/4 \partial 8*2 d8 d8 e4-> d4 g4 fis2-> d8 d8 \bar "|" } \addlyrics { Hap -- py birth -- day to you. Hap -- py... }$

In The Star-Spangled Banner, the word O! in the first line is an anacrusis in both the music and the anapestic meter of the poem:

x	/	x	x	/ x	x	/	x	x	/
Oh,	say,	can	you	see,	by the	dawn's	ear-	ly	light. . .
	˘	˘	¯	˘	˘ ¯	˘	˘	¯	˘ . . .

At the beginning of the Beatles' "Yellow Submarine", "In the" is the anacrusis, while "town" falls on the downbeat.

Other fields

In academic publishing, the term is sometimes used in an article to mark an introductory idea standing between the abstract and the introduction proper.^[3]

References