Amitriptyline

Amitriptyline

Systematic (IUPAC) name
3-(10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene-5-ylidene)-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine
Clinical data
Trade names	Amitrip, Elevil, Endep, Levate
AHFS/Drugs.com	monograph
MedlinePlus	a682388
Licence data	US FDA:link
Pregnancy category	AU: C US: C (Risk not ruled out)
Legal status	AU: Prescription Only (S4) CA: ℞-only UK: Prescription-only (POM) US: ℞-only
Routes of administration	Oral, intramuscular
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	30–60% due to first pass metabolism
Protein binding	96%[1][2][3][4]
Metabolism	Hepatic (CYP2D6)[1][2][3][4]
Half-life	22.4 hr (26 hr for active metabolite, nortriptyline)[1][2][3][4]
Excretion	Renal[1][2][3][4]
Identifiers
CAS Registry Number	50-48-6 Y 549-18-8 (hydrochloride)
ATC code	N06AA09
PubChem	CID 2160
IUPHAR ligand	200
DrugBank	DB00321 Y
ChemSpider	2075 Y
UNII	1806D8D52K Y
KEGG	D07448 Y
ChEBI	CHEBI:2666 Y
ChEMBL	CHEMBL629 Y
Chemical data
Formula	C20H23N
Molecular mass	277.403 g/mol
SMILES c3cc2c(/C(c1c(cccc1)CC2)=C\CCN(C)C)cc3
InChI InChI=1S/C20H23N/c1-21(2)15-7-12-20-18-10-5-3-8-16(18)13-14-17-9-4-6-11-19(17)20/h3-6,8-12H,7,13-15H2,1-2H3  Y Key:KRMDCWKBEZIMAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N  Y
Y (what is this?)  (verify)

Amitriptyline /ˌæmɪˈtrɪptɪliːn/^[5] (Elavil, Endep, Levate, and many others) is the most widely used tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). Amitriptyline is chemically basic and is in the form of hydrochloride salt (pKa 9.4) in the market.^[6] It is used to treat a number of mental disorders, including major depressive disorder and anxiety, and less commonly psychosis, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and bipolar disorder. Other uses include prevention of migraines, postherpetic neuralgia, neuropathic pain such as fibromyalgia, and less commonly insomnia.^[7]

Side effects may include seizures, an increased risk of suicide in those less than 25 years of age, urinary retention, and a number of heart issues. They should not be taken with MAO inhibitors or cisapride.^[7] In the United States and Australia, they are pregnancy category C which means that may cause problems during pregnancy.^[8] Use during breastfeeding does not appear to be a problem.^[9]

It was originally developed by Merck, first synthesized in 1960 and first approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on 7 April 1961.^[10][11] It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.^[12]

Medical uses

Amitriptyline is used for a number of medical conditions including major depressive disorder (MDD) which is its only FDA-labeled indication.^[1] This is also a TGA- and MHRA-labelled indication.^[13][14] Some evidence suggests amitriptyline may have superior efficacy compared to other antidepressants,^[15] including the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs),^[16] although it is rarely used as a first-line antidepressant nowadays due to its high degree of toxicity in overdose and generally poorer tolerability than the newer antidepressants such as the SSRIs and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors.^[13]

It is TGA-labeled for migraine prophylaxis, also in cases of neuropathic pain disorders,^[13] fibromyalgia^[17] and nocturnal enuresis.^[13][18] Amitriptyline is a popular off-label treatment for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).^[19] Although it is most frequently reserved for severe cases of abdominal pain in patients with IBS because it needs to be taken regularly to work and has a generally poor tolerability profile, although a firm evidence base supports its efficacy in this indication.^[19] Amitriptyline can also be used as an anticholinergic drug in the treatment of early-stage Parkinson's disease if depression also needs to be treated.^[20]

Investigational uses

• Eating disorders:^[2] The few randomized controlled trials investigating its efficacy in eating disorders have been discouraging.^[21]
• Insomnia: Owing to the development of tolerance and the potential for adverse effects such as constipation, its use in the elderly for this indication is recommended against.^[13]
• Urinary incontinence. An accepted use for amitriptyline in Australia is the treatment of urinary urge incontinence.^[13]
• Cyclic vomiting syndrome^[22][23]
• Chronic cough^[24]
• Preventive treatment for patients with recurring biliary dyskinesia (sphincter of Oddi dysfunction)^[25]
• Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (in addition to, or sometimes in place of ADHD stimulant drugs)^[26]

Adverse effects

Common (≥1% frequency) side effects include dizziness, headache, weight gain, side effects common to anticholinergics, but more such effects than other TCAs, cognitive effects such as delirium and confusion, mood disturbances such as anxiety and agitation, cardiovascular side effects such as orthostatic hypotension and sinus tachycardia, sexual side effects such as loss of libido and impotence, and sleep disturbances such as drowsiness and insomnia.^{[1][2][3][4][13][14]}

Contraindications

The known contraindications of amitriptyline are:^[4]

Interactions

Amitriptyline is known to interact with:^[3]

• Monoamine oxidase inhibitors as it can potentially induce a serotonin syndrome
• CYP2D6 inhibitors and substrates such as fluoxetine due to the potential for an increase in plasma concentrations of the drug to be seen
• Guanethidine as it can reduce the antihypertensive effects of this drug
• Anticholinergic agents such as benztropine, hyoscine (scopolamine) and atropine, because the two might exacerbate each other's anticholinergic effects, including paralytic ileus and tachycardia
• Antipsychotics due to the potential for them to exacerbate the sedative, anticholinergic, epileptogenic and pyrexic (fever-promoting) effects. Also increases the risk of neuroleptic malignant syndrome
• Cimetidine due to the potential for it to interfere with hepatic metabolism of amitriptyline and hence increasing steady-state concentrations of the drug
• Disulfiram due to the potential for the development of delirium
• ECT may increase the risks associated with this treatment
• Antithyroid medications may increase the risk of agranulocytosis
• Thyroid hormones have a potential for increased adverse effects such as CNS stimulation and arrhythmias.
• Analgesics, such as tramadol, due to the potential for an increase in seizure risk
• Medications subject to gastric inactivation (e.g. levodopa) due to the potential for amitriptyline to delay gastric emptying and reduce intestinal motility
• Medications subject to increased absorption given more time in the small intestine (e.g. anticoagulants)
• Serotoninergic agents such as the SSRIs and triptans due to the potential for serotonin syndrome.

Overdose

The symptoms and the treatment of an overdose are largely the same as for the other TCAs, including the presentation of serotonin syndrome and adverse cardiac effects. The British National Formulary notes that amitriptyline can be particularly dangerous in overdose,^[14] thus it and other tricyclic antidepressants are no longer recommended as first-line therapy for depression. Alternative agents, SSRIs and SNRIs, are safer in overdose, though they are no more efficacious than TCAs. English folk singer Nick Drake died from an overdose of Tryptizol in 1974.

The possible symptoms of amitriptyline overdose include:^[3]

The treatment of overdose is mostly supportive as no specific antidote for amitriptyline overdose is available.^[3] Activated charcoal may reduce absorption if given within 1–2 hours of ingestion.^[3] If the affected person is unconscious or has an impaired gag reflex, a nasogastric tube may be used to deliver the activated charcoal into the stomach.^[3] ECG monitoring for cardiac conduction abnormalities is essential and if one is found close monitoring of cardiac function is advised.^[3] Body temperature should be regulated with measures such as heating blankets if necessary.^[3] Likewise, cardiac arrhythmias can be treated with propranolol and should heart failure occur, digitalis may be used.^[3] Cardiac monitoring is advised for at least five days after the overdose.^[3] Amitriptyline increases the CNS depressant action, but not the anticonvulsant action of barbiturates; therefore, an inhalation anaesthetic or diazepam is recommended for control of convulsions.^[3] Dialysis is of no use due to the high degree of protein binding with amitriptyline.^[3]

Mechanism of action

Receptor	Ki [nM][Note 1] (amitriptyline)[27][28]	Ki [nM][Note 2] (nortriptyline)[27][28]
SERT	3.13	16.5
NET	22.4	4.37
DAT	5380	3100
5-HT1A	450	294
5-HT1B	840	-
5-HT2A	4.3	5
5-HT2C	6.15	8.5
5-HT6	103	148
5-HT7	114	-
H1	1.1	15.1
H3	1000	-
H4	33.6	-
M1	12.9	40
M2	11.8	110
M3	25.9	50
M4	7.2	84
M5	19.9	97
α1	24	55
α2	690	2030
D1	89	-
D2	1460	2570
D3	206	-
D5	170	-
σ	300	2000

Amitriptyline acts primarily as a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, with strong actions on the serotonin transporter and moderate effects on the norepinephrine transporter.^[29][30] It has negligible influence on the dopamine transporter and therefore does not affect dopamine reuptake, being nearly 1,000 times weaker on it than on serotonin.^[30] It is metabolised to nortriptyline — a more potent and selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor — which may complement its effects on norepinephrine reuptake.^[3]

Amitriptyline additionally functions as a 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2C, 5-HT₃, 5-HT₆, 5-HT₇, α₁-adrenergic, H₁, H₂,^[31] H₄,^[32][33] and mACh receptor antagonist, and σ₁ receptor agonist.^{[34][35][36][37]} It has also been shown to be a relatively weak NMDA receptor negative allosteric modulator at the same binding site as phencyclidine.^[38] Amitriptyline inhibits sodium channels, L-type calcium channels, and K_v1.1, K_v7.2, and K_v7.3 voltage-gated potassium channels, and therefore acts as a sodium, calcium, and potassium channel blocker as well.^[39][40]

Recently, amitriptyline has been demonstrated to act as an agonist of the TrkA and TrkB receptors.^[41] It promotes the heterodimerization of these proteins in the absence of NGF and has potent neurotrophic activity both in-vivo and in-vitro in mouse models.^[41][42] These are the same receptors BDNF activates, an endogenous neurotrophin with powerful antidepressant effects, and as such this property may contribute significantly to its therapeutic efficacy against depression. Amitriptyline also acts as a functional inhibitor of acid sphingomyelinase.^[43]

Pharmacokinetics

Amitriptyline is a highly lipophilic molecule having a log P (octanol/water, pH 7.4) of 3.0,^[44] while the intrinsic log P of the free base was reported as 5.04.^[45]

Amitriptyline is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is extensively metabolised on first pass through the liver.^[3] It is metabolised mostly by CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and CYP2C19-mediated N-demethylation into nortriptyline,^[3] which is another tricyclic antidepressant in its own right.^[46] It is 96% bound to plasma proteins, nortriptyline is 93-95% bound to plasma proteins.^[3][47] It is mostly excreted in the urine (around 30-50%) as metabolites either free or as glucuronide and sulfate conjugates.^[3] Small amounts are also excreted in feces.^[2]

Pharmacogenetics

Since amitriptyline is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 and CYP2C19, genetic variations within the genes coding for these enzymes can affect its metabolism, leading to changes in the concentrations of the drug in the body.^[48] Increased concentrations of amitriptyline may increase the risk for side effects, including anticholinergic and nervous system adverse effects, while decreased concentrations may reduce the drug's efficacy.^[49][50][51]

Individuals can be categorized into different types of CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 metabolizers depending on which genetic variations they carry. These metabolizer types include poor, intermediate, extensive, and ultrarapid metabolizers. Most individuals (about 77-92%) are extensive metabolizers,^[51] and have "normal" metabolism of amitriptyline. Poor and intermediate metabolizers have reduced metabolism of the drug as compared to extensive metabolizers; patients with these metabolizer types may have an increased probability of experiencing side effects. Ultrarapid metabolizers use amitriptyline much faster than extensive metabolizers; patients with this metabolizer type may have a greater chance of experiencing pharmacological failure.^[49][50][51]

The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium recommends avoiding amitriptyline in patients who are CYP2D6 ultrarapid or poor metabolizers, due to the risk for a lack of efficacy and side effects, respectively. The consortium also recommends considering an alternative drug not metabolized by CYP2C19 in patients who are CYP2C19 ultrarapid metabolizers. A reduction in starting dose is recommended for patients who are CYP2D6 intermediate metabolizers and CYP2C19 poor metabolizers. If use of amitriptyline is warranted, therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended to guide dose adjustments.^[51] The Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group also recommends selecting an alternative drug or monitoring plasma concentrations of amitriptyline in patients who are CYP2D6 poor or ultrarapid metabolizers, and selecting an alternative drug or reducing initial dose in patients who are CYP2D6 intermediate metabolizers.^[52]

Brand names

Brand names include (just including those used in English-speaking countries with † to indicate discontinued brands):^[46][53]

See also

• Benzocycloheptenes
• Cyclobenzaprine
• Nortriptyline
• Octriptyline
• Butriptyline (branched chain)

Notes

References

Further reading

• PubChem Substance Summary: Amitriptyline National Center for Biotechnology Information.
• TREPILINE-10 TABLETS; TREPILINE-25 TABLETS South African Electronic Package Inserts. 12 May 1978. Revised February 2004.
• SAROTEN RETARD 25 mg Capsules; SAROTEN RETARD 50 mg Capsules South African Electronic Package Inserts. December 1987. Updated May 2000.
• AMITRIP Amitriptyline hydrochloride 10 mg, 25 mg and 50 mg Capsules Medsafe NZ Physician Data Sheet. November 2004.
• Endep Consumer Medicine Information, Australia. December 2005.
• MedlinePlus Drug Information: Amitriptyline. US National Institutes of Health. January 2008.

Antidepressants (N06A)   Specific reuptake inhibitors and/or receptor modulators SSRIs Citalopram Escitalopram Fluoxetine# Fluvoxamine Indalpine‡ Paroxetine Sertraline Zimelidine‡ SNRIs Desvenlafaxine Duloxetine Levomilnacipran Milnacipran Tofenacin Venlafaxine NRIs Reboxetine Viloxazine NDRIs Amineptine‡ Nomifensine‡ SARIs Etoperidone Nefazodone‡ Trazodone SMSs Vilazodone Vortioxetine Others Agomelatine Amisulpride Buprenorphine Bupropion Etryptamine‡ Ketamine Lurasidone Medifoxamine‡ Metryptamine‡ Oxaflozane‡ Tandospirone Teniloxazine Tianeptine   Tricyclic antidepressants TCAs Amineptine‡ Amitriptyline# Amitriptylinoxide Butriptyline‡ Clomipramine# Demexiptiline‡ Desipramine Dibenzepin Dimetacrine‡ Dosulepin Doxepin Imipramine Imipraminoxide‡ Iprindole‡ Lofepramine Melitracen Metapramine‡ Nitroxazepine Nortriptyline Noxiptiline Opipramol Pipofezine Propizepine‡ Protriptyline Quinupramine‡ Tianeptine Trimipramine TeCAs Amoxapine Maprotiline Mianserin Mirtazapine Setiptiline Others Tiazesim   Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Non-selective Irreversible: Benmoxin‡ Iproclozide‡ Iproniazid‡ Isocarboxazid Mebanazine‡ Nialamide‡ Octamoxin‡ Phenelzine Pheniprazine‡ Phenoxypropazine‡ Pivhydrazine‡ Safrazine‡ Tranylcypromine Reversible: Caroxazone‡ MAOA-selective Reversible: Eprobemide Metralindole Minaprine‡ Moclobemide Pirlindole Toloxatone Harmine Harmaline Harmane MAOB-Selective Irreversible: Selegiline Rasagiline Ladostigil Mofegiline Lazabemide   Adjunctive therapies Atypical antipsychotics Buspirone Lithium (lithium carbonate, lithium citrate) Thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4)) #WHO-EM ‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: †Phase III §Never to phase III Index of psychology and psychiatry Description Mental processes Disorders Mental and behavioral ADHD OCD Tourette's Mood Developmental pervasive dyslexia and specific Substance-related alcohol Emotional and behavioral Symptoms and signs eponymous Evaluation and testing Treatment Psychotherapy CBT Drugs depression antipsychotics anxiety dementia hypnotics and sedatives psychostimulants, ADHD and nootropics

Neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia pharmacotherapies Monoaminergics SNRIs (e.g., duloxetine, milnacipran) TCAs (e.g., amitriptyline, nortriptyline, dosulepin) Tapentadol Tramadol Ion channel blockers Anticonvulsants (e.g., gabapentin, pregabalin, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, lamotrigine) Lacosamide Local anesthetics (e.g., lidocaine) Mexiletine TCAs (e.g., amitriptyline, nortriptyline, desipramine) Ziconotide Others Alpha lipoic acid Benfotiamine Botulinum toxin A Bupropion Cannabinoids (e.g., cannabis, dronabinol, nabilone) NMDAR antagonists (e.g., ketamine, dextromethorphan, methadone) Opioids (e.g., hydrocodone, morphine, oxycodone, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, tapentadol) Sodium oxybate (GHB)

Channelergics Blockers Calcium (Ca2+) L-type-selective: Dihydropyridines: Amlodipine Aranidipine Azelnidipine Barnidipine Clevidipine Cronidipine Darodipine Dexniguldipine Elgodipine Elnadipine Felodipine Flordipine Furnidipine Iganidipine Isradipine Lacidipine Lemildipine Lercanidipine Levamlodipine Levniguldipine Manidipine Mepirodipine Mesudipine Nicardipine Nifedipine Niguldipine Niludipine Nilvadipine Nimodipine Nisoldipine Nitrendipine Olradipine Oxodipine Palonidipine Pranidipine Riodipine Ryodipine Sagandipine Sornidipine Teludipine Tiamdipine Trombodipine Vatanidipine Watanidipine; Diltiazem derivatives: Clentiazem Diltiazem Iprotiazem Nictiazem Siratiazem; Phenylalkylamines: Anipamil Dagapamil Devapamil Dexverapamil Emopamil Falipamil Gallopamil Levemopamil Nexopamil Norverapamil Ronipamil Tiapamil Verapamil; Others: AH-1058 Brinazarone Budiodarone Celivarone Cyproheptadine Dronedarone Fantofarone SR-33805 N-type-selective: ω-Conotoxins ω-Conotoxin GVIA Caroverine Huwentoxin XVI Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID) PD-173212 Ralfinamide Safinamide Z160 Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA) P-type-selective: ω-Agatoxin IVA ω-Agatoxin IVB R-type-selective: SNX-482 T-type-selective: ABT-639 ML-218 Niflumic acid NNC 55-0396 ProTx I Z944 Zonisamide Non-selective: ω-Agatoxin TK ω-Conotoxin MVIIC Benidipine Bepridil Cilnidipine Cinnarizine Dotarizine Efonidipine Flunarizine Lamotrigine Levetiracetam Lomerizine Loperamide Mibefradil NP078585 Ruthenium red TROX-1 α2δ subunit-selective (gabapentinoids): 4-Methylpregabalin Atagabalin Gabapentin Gabapentin enacarbil Imagabalin Mirogabalin PD-200,347 PD-217,014 PD-299,685 Pregabalin Others/unsorted: Bencyclane Berbamine Bevantolol Canadine Carboxyamidotriazole Cycleanine Dauricine Dimeditiapramine Diproteverine Enpiperate Eperisone Ethadione Ethosuximide Fasudil Fendiline Fostedil JTV-519 Lidoflazine Magnesium Manoalide Mesuximide Monatepil Naftopidil Ochratoxin A Osthol Otilonium bromide Paramethadione Phensuximide Pinaverium Prenylamine Rhynchophylline Sesamodil Silperisone Sipatrigine Terodiline Tetrahydropalmatine Tetrandrine Tolperisone Trimethadione Valperinol Potassium (K+) 3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine) 4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine) Adekalant Almokalant Amiodarone Azimilide Bretylium Bunaftine Charybdotoxin Clamikalant Conotoxins Dofetilide Dronedarone E-4031 Ibutilide Inakalant Linopirdine Maurotoxin Nifekalant Paxilline Pinokalant ShK-186 Sotalol Tedisamil Terikalant Tetraethylammonium Vernakalant GIRK blockers: Tipepidine Sodium (Na+) Antiarrhythmics: Ajmaline Aprindine Disopyramide Dronedarone Encainide Flecainide Lidocaine Lorajmine Lorcainide Mexiletine Moricizine Pilsicainide Prajmaline Procainamide Propafenone Quinidine Sparteine Tocainide Anticonvulsants: Carbamazepine Eslicarbazepine acetate Ethotoin Fosphenytoin Lacosamide Licarbazepine Mephenytoin Oxcarbazepine Oxitriptyline Phenacemide Pheneturide Phenytoin Rufinamide Sipatrigine Topiramate Sodium valproate Valnoctamide Valproate pivoxil Valproate semisodium Valproic acid Valpromide Zonisamide Diuretics: Amiloride Benzamil Triamterene Local anesthetics: pFBT Amylocaine Articaine Benzocaine Bupivacaine (Levobupivacaine, Ropivacaine) Butacaine Butamben Chloroprocaine Cinchocaine Cocaine Cyclomethycaine Dimethocaine Diphenhydramine Etidocaine Hexylcaine Iontocaine Lidocaine Mepivacaine Meprylcaine Metabutoxycaine Orthocaine Piperocaine Prilocaine Procaine Propoxycaine Proxymetacaine Risocaine Tetracaine Trimecaine Analgesics: AZD-3161 CNV1014802 DSP-2230 GDC-0276 NKTR-171 PF-04531083 PF-05089771 Ralfinamide RG7893 (GDC-0287) TV-45070 Toxins: Conotoxins Neosaxitoxin Saxitoxin Tetrodotoxin Others: Buprenorphine Menthol Safinamide Tricyclic antidepressants Chloride (Cl−) Bumetanide DIDS Flufenamic acid Furosemide Glibenclamide Lonidamine Meclofenamic acid Mefenamic acid Mepacrine Niflumic acid Piretanide Talniflumate Tolfenamic acid Trifluoperazine Openers Calcium (Ca2+) Bay K8644 Potassium (K+) Aprikalim Bimakalim Cromakalim Diazoxide Emakalim Flupirtine Levcromakalim Mazokalim Minoxidil Naminidil Nicorandil Pinacidil Retigabine Rilmakalim Rottlerin Sarakalim Index of the circulatory system Description Anatomy Arteries head and neck arms chest abdomen legs Veins head and neck arms chest abdomen and pelvis legs Development Cells Physiology proteins Disease Congenital Neoplasms and cancer Lymphatic vessels Injury Vasculitis Other Symptoms and signs eponymous Treatment Procedures Drugs beta blockers channel blockers diuretics nonsympatholytic vasodilatory antihypertensives peripheral vasodilators renin–angiotensin system sympatholytic antihypertensives vasoprotectives

Cholinergics   Receptor ligands mACh Agonists: 77-LH-28-1 AC-42 AC-260,584 Aceclidine Acetylcholine AF30 AF150(S) AF267B AFDX-384 Alvameline AQRA-741 Arecoline Bethanechol Butyrylcholine Carbachol CDD-0034 CDD-0078 CDD-0097 CDD-0098 CDD-0102 Cevimeline Choline cis-Dioxolane Ethoxysebacylcholine Itameline LY-593,039 L-689,660 LY-2,033,298 McNA343 Methacholine Milameline Muscarine NGX-267 Ocvimeline Oxotremorine PD-151,832 Pilocarpine RS86 Sabcomeline SDZ 210-086 Sebacylcholine Suberyldicholine Talsaclidine Tazomeline Thiopilocarpine Vedaclidine VU-0029767 VU-0090157 VU-0152099 VU-0152100 VU-0238429 WAY-132,983 Xanomeline YM-796 Antagonists: 3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate 4-DAMP Aclidinium bromide Anisodamine Anisodine Antihistamines (first-generation) (e.g., brompheniramine, chlorphenamine, cyproheptadine, dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, mepyramine (pyrilamine), phenindamine, pheniramine, promethazine, tripelennamine, triprolidine) Atropine Atropine methonitrate Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, zotepine) Benactyzine Benzatropine (benztropine) Benzydamine BIBN 99 Biperiden Bornaprine CAR-226,086 CAR-301,060 CAR-302,196 CAR-302,282 CAR-302,368 CAR-302,537 CAR-302,668 CS-27349 Cyclobenzaprine Cyclopentolate Darifenacin DAU-5884 Dimethindene Dexetimide DIBD Dicyclomine (dicycloverine) Ditran EA-3167 EA-3443 EA-3580 EA-3834 Etanautine Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine) Flavoxate Himbacine HL-031,120 Ipratropium bromide J-104,129 Hyoscyamine Mamba toxin 3 Mamba toxin 7 Mazaticol Mebeverine Methoctramine Metixene N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate Orphenadrine Otenzepad Oxybutynin PBID PD-102,807 PD-0298029 Phenglutarimide Phenyltoloxamine Pirenzepine Piroheptine Procyclidine Profenamine RU-47,213 SCH-57,790 SCH-72,788 SCH-217,443 Scopolamine (hyoscine) Solifenacin Telenzepine Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) Tiotropium bromide Tolterodine Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, butriptyline, clomipramine, desipramine, dosulepin (dothiepin), doxepin, imipramine, lofepramine, nortriptyline, protriptyline, trimipramine) Trihexyphenidyl Tripitamine Tropatepine Tropicamide Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine, thioridazine) WIN-2299 Xanomeline Zamifenacin nACh Agonists: 5-HIAA A-84,543 A-366,833 A-582,941 A-867,744 ABT-202 ABT-418 ABT-560 ABT-894 Acetylcholine Altinicline Anabasine Anatoxin-a AR-R17779 Butinoline Butyrylcholine Carbachol Choline Cotinine Cytisine Decamethonium Desformylflustrabromine Dianicline Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Epibatidine Epiboxidine Ethanol Ethoxysebacylcholine EVP-4473 EVP-6124 Galantamine GTS-21 Ispronicline Ivermectin Levamisole Lobeline MEM-63,908 (RG-3487) Morantel Nicotine (tobacco) NS-1738 PHA-543,613 PHA-709,829 PNU-120,596 PNU-282,987 Pozanicline Rivanicline RJR-2429 Sazetidine A SB-206553 Sebacylcholine SIB-1508Y SIB-1553A SSR-180,711 Suberyldicholine Suxamethonium (succinylcholine) TC-1698 TC-1734 TC-1827 TC-2216 TC-5214 TC-5619 TC-6683 Tebanicline Tropisetron UB-165 Varenicline WAY-317,538 XY-4083 Antagonists: 18-MAC 18-MC α-Bungarotoxin α-Conotoxin ABT-126 Alcuronium Allopregnanolone Amantadine Anatruxonium AQW051 Atracurium Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental) Bupropion Chandonium Chlorisondamine Cisatracurium Coclaurine Coronaridine Cyclopropane Dacuronium Decamethonium Desflurane Dextromethorphan Dextropropoxyphene Dextrorphan Diadonium DHβE Dihydrochandonium Dimethyltubocurarine (metocurine) Dipyrandium Dizocilpine (MK-801) Doxacurium Encenicline Enflurane Esketamine Fazadinium Gallamine Halothane Hexafluronium Hexamethonium (benzohexonium) Hydroxybupropion Ibogaine Isoflurane Ketamine Kynurenic acid Laudexium (laudolissin) Levacetylmethadol Levomethadone Malouetine ME-18-MC Mecamylamine Memantine Methadone Methorphan (racemethorphan) Methyllycaconitine Metocurine Mivacurium Morphanol (racemorphan) Neramexane Nitrous oxide Pancuronium bromide Pempidine Pentamine Pentolinium Phencyclidine Pipecuronium Progesterone Promegestone Radafaxine Rapacuronium Reboxetine Rocuronium Sevoflurane Surugatoxin Thiocolchicoside Toxiferine Tramadol Trimetaphan camsilate (trimethaphan camsylate) Tropeinium Tubocurarine Vanoxerine Vecuronium Xenon   Transporter ligands CHT Inhibitors: Hemicholinium-3 (hemicholine) Triethylcholine Enhancers: Coluracetam VAChT Inhibitors: Vesamicol   Enzyme inhibitors ChAT 1-(-Benzoylethyl)pyridinium 2-(α-Naphthoyl)ethyltrimethylammonium 3-Chloro-4-stillbazole 4-(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine Acetylseco hemicholinium-3 Acryloylcholine AF64A B115 BETA CM-54,903 N,N-Dimethylaminoethylacrylate N,N-Dimethylaminoethylchloroacetate AChE Reversible: Carbamates: Aldicarb Bendiocarb Bufencarb Carbaryl Carbendazim Carbetamide Carbofuran Chlorbufam Chloropropham Ethienocarb Ethiofencarb Fenobucarb Fenoxycarb Formetanate Furadan Ladostigil Methiocarb Methomyl Miotine Oxamyl Phenmedipham Pinmicarb Pirimicarb Propamocarb Propham Propoxur; Stigmines: Distigmine bromide Eptastigmine Ganstigmine Neostigmine Phenserine Physostigmine Pyridostigmine bromide Quilostigmine Rivastigmine Terestigmine; Others: Acotiamide Ambenonium Donepezil Caffeine Edrophonium Galantamine Huperzine A Ipidacrine Minaprine Tacrine Zanapezil Irreversible: Organophosphates: Acephate Azinphos-methyl Bensulide Cadusafos Chlorethoxyfos Chlorfenvinphos Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos-methyl Coumaphos Cyclosarin Demeton Demeton-S-methyl Diazinon Dichlorvos Dicrotophos Diisopropyl fluorophosphate Diisopropylphosphate Dimethoate Dioxathion Disulfoton EA-3148 Echothiophate Ethion Ethoprop Fenamiphos Fenitrothion Fenthion Fosthiazate GV Isofluorophate Isoxathion Malaoxon Malathion Methamidophos Methidathion Metrifonate Mevinphos Monocrotophos Naled Novichok agent Omethoate Oxydemeton-methyl Paraoxon Parathion Parathion-methyl Phorate Phosalone Phosmet Phoxim Pirimiphos-methyl Sarin Soman Tabun Tebupirimfos Temefos Terbufos Tetrachlorvinphos Tribufos Trichlorfon VE VG VM VR VX; Others: Demecarium Onchidal (Onchidella binneyi) BChE Cymserine Note: Many of the AChE inhibitors listed above also act as BChE inhibitors.   Others Precursors Choline (lecithin) Citicoline Cyprodenate Dimethylethanolamine Glycerophosphocholine Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine) Phosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylethanolamine Phosphorylcholine Pirisudanol Cofactors Acetic acid Acetylcarnitine Acetyl-coA Vitamin B5 Others Acetylcholine releasing agents: α-Latrotoxin β-Bungarotoxin; Acetylcholine release inhibitors: Botulinum toxin (Botox); Acetylcholinesterase reactivators: Asoxime Obidoxime Pralidoxime Index of the central nervous system Description Anatomy meninges cortex association fibers commissural fibers lateral ventricles basal ganglia diencephalon mesencephalon pons cerebellum medulla spinal cord tracts Physiology neutrotransmission enzymes intermediates Development Disease Cerebral palsy Meningitis Demyelinating diseases Seizures and epilepsy Headache Stroke Sleep Congenital Injury Neoplasms and cancer Other paralytic syndromes ALS Symptoms and signs head and neck eponymous lesions Tests CSF Treatment Procedures Drugs general anesthetics analgesics addiction epilepsy cholinergics migraine Parkinson's vertigo other

Histaminergics Receptor (ligands) H1 Agonists: 2-Pyridylethylamine Betahistine Histamine HTMT UR-AK49 Antagonists: First-generation: 4-Methyldiphenhydramine Alimemazine Antazoline Azatadine Bamipine Benzatropine (benztropine) Bepotastine Bromazine Brompheniramine Buclizine Captodiame Carbinoxamine Chlorcyclizine Chloropyramine Chlorothen Chlorphenamine Chlorphenoxamine Cinnarizine Clemastine Clobenzepam Clocinizine Cyclizine Cyproheptadine Dacemazine Decloxizine Deptropine Dexbrompheniramine Dexchlorpheniramine Dimenhydrinate Dimetindene Diphenhydramine Diphenylpyraline Doxylamine Embramine Etodroxizine Etybenzatropine (ethylbenztropine) Etymemazine Flunarizine Histapyrrodine Homochlorcyclizine Hydroxyethylpromethazine Hydroxyzine Isopromethazine Isothipendyl Meclozine Medrylamine Mepyramine (pyrilamine) Mequitazine Methafurylene Methapyrilene Methdilazine Moxastine Orphenadrine Oxatomide Oxomemazine Phenindamine Pheniramine Phenyltoloxamine Pimethixene Piperoxan Pipoxizine Promethazine Propiomazine Pyrrobutamine Talastine Thenalidine Thenyldiamine Thiazinamium Thonzylamine Tolpropamine Tripelennamine Triprolidine Second/third-generation: Acrivastine Alinastine Astemizole Azelastine Bamirastine Barmastine Bepiastine Bepotastine Bilastine Cabastinen Carebastine Cetirizine Clemastine Clemizole Clobenztropine Desloratadine Dorastine Ebastine Efletirizine Emedastine Epinastine Fexofenadine Flezelastine Ketotifen Latrepirdine Levocabastine Levocetirizine Linetastine Loratadine Mapinastine Mebhydrolin Mizolastine Moxastine Noberastine Octastine Olopatadine Perastine Pibaxizine Piclopastine Rocastine Rupatadine Setastine Talastine Temelastine Terfenadine Vapitadine Zepastine Non-generational: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, clozapine, iloperidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone, zotepine) Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, loxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine, oxaprotiline) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, butriptyline, clomipramine, desipramine, dosulepin (dothiepin), doxepin, imipramine, iprindole, lofepramine, nortriptyline, protriptyline, trimipramine) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, flupenthixol, fluphenazine, loxapine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, thioridazine, thiothixene) Unknown/unsorted: Belarizine Elbanizine Flotrenizine Napactadine Tagorizine Trelnarizine Trenizine H2 Agonists: Amthamine Betazole Dimaprit Histamine HTMT Impromidine UR-AK49 Antagonists: Bisfentidine Burimamide Cimetidine Dalcotidine Donetidine Ebrotidine Etintidine Famotidine Lafutidine Lamtidine Lavoltidine (loxtidine) Lupitidine Metiamide Mifentidine Niperotidine Nizatidine Osutidine Oxmetidine Pibutidine Quisultazine (quisultidine) Ramixotidine Ranitidine Roxatidine Sufotidine Tiotidine Tuvatidine Venritidine Xaltidine H3 Agonists: α-Methylhistamine Cipralisant Histamine Imetit Immepip Immethridine Methimepip Proxyfan Antagonists: A-349,821 A-423,579 ABT-239 ABT-652 AZD5213 Betahistine Burimamide Ciproxifan Clobenpropit Conessine GSK-189,254 Impentamine Iodophenpropit Irdabisant JNJ-5207852 MK-0249 NNC 38-1049 PF-03654746 Pitolisant SCH-79687 Thioperamide VUF-5681 H4 Agonists: 4-Methylhistamine α-Methylhistamine Histamine VUF-8430 Antagonists: JNJ-7777120 JNJ-38518168 Mianserin Thioperamide VUF-6002 Transporter (inhibitors) VMATs TAAR1 inactive Amiodarone APP AZIK Bietaserpine Deserpidine Dihydrotetrabenazine Efavirenz GBR-12935 GZ-793A Ibogaine Ketanserin Lobeline Methoxytetrabenazine NBI-98854 Reserpine Rose bengal SD-809 Tetrabenazine Vanoxerine (GBR-12909) TAAR1 active Amphetamine Methamphetamine MDMA Phenethylamine Enzyme (inhibitors) HDC Catechin Meciadanol Naringenin Tritoqualine HNMT Amodiaquine Diphenhydramine Harmaline Metoprine Quinacrine SKF-91,488 Tacrine DAO Aminoguanidine Others Precursors L -Histidine Cofactors Vitamin B6 Index of the respiratory system Description Anatomy nose larynx lower thorax Physiology Development Disease Congenital Neoplasms and cancer Chest trauma Infection common cold pneumonia tuberculosis Other Symptoms and signs eponymous Treatment Procedures mechanical ventilation Drugs nasal throat obstructive airway diseases cough and cold histaminergics pulmonary arterial hypertension other Surgery

Monoaminergics Histaminergics Receptor (ligands) H1 Agonists: 2-Pyridylethylamine Betahistine Histamine HTMT UR-AK49 Antagonists: First-generation: 4-Methyldiphenhydramine Alimemazine Antazoline Azatadine Bamipine Benzatropine (benztropine) Bepotastine Bromazine Brompheniramine Buclizine Captodiame Carbinoxamine Chlorcyclizine Chloropyramine Chlorothen Chlorphenamine Chlorphenoxamine Cinnarizine Clemastine Clobenzepam Clocinizine Cyclizine Cyproheptadine Dacemazine Decloxizine Deptropine Dexbrompheniramine Dexchlorpheniramine Dimenhydrinate Dimetindene Diphenhydramine Diphenylpyraline Doxylamine Embramine Etodroxizine Etybenzatropine (ethylbenztropine) Etymemazine Flunarizine Histapyrrodine Homochlorcyclizine Hydroxyethylpromethazine Hydroxyzine Isopromethazine Isothipendyl Meclozine Medrylamine Mepyramine (pyrilamine) Mequitazine Methafurylene Methapyrilene Methdilazine Moxastine Orphenadrine Oxatomide Oxomemazine Phenindamine Pheniramine Phenyltoloxamine Pimethixene Piperoxan Pipoxizine Promethazine Propiomazine Pyrrobutamine Talastine Thenalidine Thenyldiamine Thiazinamium Thonzylamine Tolpropamine Tripelennamine Triprolidine Second/third-generation: Acrivastine Alinastine Astemizole Azelastine Bamirastine Barmastine Bepiastine Bepotastine Bilastine Cabastinen Carebastine Cetirizine Clemastine Clemizole Clobenztropine Desloratadine Dorastine Ebastine Efletirizine Emedastine Epinastine Fexofenadine Flezelastine Ketotifen Latrepirdine Levocabastine Levocetirizine Linetastine Loratadine Mapinastine Mebhydrolin Mizolastine Moxastine Noberastine Octastine Olopatadine Perastine Pibaxizine Piclopastine Rocastine Rupatadine Setastine Talastine Temelastine Terfenadine Vapitadine Zepastine Non-generational: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, clozapine, iloperidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone, zotepine) Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, loxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine, oxaprotiline) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, butriptyline, clomipramine, desipramine, dosulepin (dothiepin), doxepin, imipramine, iprindole, lofepramine, nortriptyline, protriptyline, trimipramine) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, flupenthixol, fluphenazine, loxapine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, thioridazine, thiothixene) Unknown/unsorted: Belarizine Elbanizine Flotrenizine Napactadine Tagorizine Trelnarizine Trenizine H2 Agonists: Amthamine Betazole Dimaprit Histamine HTMT Impromidine UR-AK49 Antagonists: Bisfentidine Burimamide Cimetidine Dalcotidine Donetidine Ebrotidine Etintidine Famotidine Lafutidine Lamtidine Lavoltidine (loxtidine) Lupitidine Metiamide Mifentidine Niperotidine Nizatidine Osutidine Oxmetidine Pibutidine Quisultazine (quisultidine) Ramixotidine Ranitidine Roxatidine Sufotidine Tiotidine Tuvatidine Venritidine Xaltidine H3 Agonists: α-Methylhistamine Cipralisant Histamine Imetit Immepip Immethridine Methimepip Proxyfan Antagonists: A-349,821 A-423,579 ABT-239 ABT-652 AZD5213 Betahistine Burimamide Ciproxifan Clobenpropit Conessine GSK-189,254 Impentamine Iodophenpropit Irdabisant JNJ-5207852 MK-0249 NNC 38-1049 PF-03654746 Pitolisant SCH-79687 Thioperamide VUF-5681 H4 Agonists: 4-Methylhistamine α-Methylhistamine Histamine VUF-8430 Antagonists: JNJ-7777120 JNJ-38518168 Mianserin Thioperamide VUF-6002 Transporter (inhibitors) VMATs TAAR1 inactive Amiodarone APP AZIK Bietaserpine Deserpidine Dihydrotetrabenazine Efavirenz GBR-12935 GZ-793A Ibogaine Ketanserin Lobeline Methoxytetrabenazine NBI-98854 Reserpine Rose bengal SD-809 Tetrabenazine Vanoxerine (GBR-12909) TAAR1 active Amphetamine Methamphetamine MDMA Phenethylamine Enzyme (inhibitors) HDC Catechin Meciadanol Naringenin Tritoqualine HNMT Amodiaquine Diphenhydramine Harmaline Metoprine Quinacrine SKF-91,488 Tacrine DAO Aminoguanidine Others Precursors L -Histidine Cofactors Vitamin B6 Index of the respiratory system Description Anatomy nose larynx lower thorax Physiology Development Disease Congenital Neoplasms and cancer Chest trauma Infection common cold pneumonia tuberculosis Other Symptoms and signs eponymous Treatment Procedures mechanical ventilation Drugs nasal throat obstructive airway diseases cough and cold histaminergics pulmonary arterial hypertension other Surgery Dopaminergics   Receptor ligands DR Agonists: Adamantanes: Amantadine Memantine Rimantadine; Aminotetralins: 7-OH-DPAT 8-OH-PBZI Rotigotine UH-232; Benzazepines: 6-Br-APB Fenoldopam SKF-38,393 SKF-77,434 SKF-81,297 SKF-82,958 SKF-83,959; Ergolines: Bromocriptine Cabergoline Dihydroergocryptine Epicriptine Lisuride LSD Pergolide; Dihydrexidine derivatives: 2-OH-NPA A-86929 Adrogolide (ABT-431, DAS-431) Ciladopa Dihydrexidine Dinapsoline Dinoxyline Doxanthrine; Others: A-68930 A-77636 A-412997 ABT-670 ABT-724 Aplindore Apomorphine Aripiprazole Bifeprunox BP-897 Captodiame CY-208,243 Dizocilpine Etilevodopa Flibanserin Ketamine Melevodopa Modafinil Pardoprunox Phencyclidine PD-128,907 PD-168,077 PF-219,061 Piribedil Pramipexole Propylnorapomorphine Pukateine Quinagolide Quinelorane Quinpirole RDS-127 Ro10-5824 Ropinirole Rotigotine Roxindole Salvinorin A SKF-89,145 Sumanirole Terguride Umespirone WAY-100,635 Antagonists: Typical antipsychotics: Acepromazine Azaperone Benperidol Bromperidol Clopenthixol Chlorpromazine Chlorprothixene Droperidol Flupentixol Fluphenazine Fluspirilene Haloperidol Levosulpiride Loxapine Mesoridazine Methotrimeprazine Nemonapride Penfluridol Perazine Periciazine Perphenazine Pimozide Prochlorperazine Promazine Sulforidazine Sulpiride Sultopride Thioridazine Thiothixene Trifluoperazine Triflupromazine Trifluperidol Zuclopenthixol; Atypical antipsychotics: Amisulpride Asenapine Blonanserin Cariprazine Carpipramine Clocapramine Clorotepine Clozapine Gevotroline Iloperidone Lurasidone Melperone Molindone Mosapramine Olanzapine Paliperidone Perospirone Piquindone Quetiapine Remoxipride Risperidone Sertindole Tiospirone Zicronapine Ziprasidone Zotepine; Antiemetics: AS-8112 Alizapride Bromopride Clebopride Domperidone Metoclopramide Thiethylperazine; Others: Amoxapine Buspirone Butaclamol Ecopipam EEDQ Eticlopride Fananserin Hydroxyzine L-745,870 Nafadotride Nuciferine PNU-99,194 Raclopride Sarizotan SB-277,011-A SCH-23,390 SKF-83,959 Sonepiprazole Spiperone Spiroxatrine Stepholidine Tetrahydropalmatine Tiapride UH-232 Yohimbine NAMs: SB-269,652   Transporter modulators DAT Inhibitors: Piperazines: DBL-583 GBR-12783 GBR-12935 GBR-13069 GBR-13098 Nefazodone Vanoxerine; Piperidines: 3,4-Dichloropethidine 4-Fluoropethidine 4-Iodopethidine Benocyclidine (BTCP) Desoxypipradrol Dextromethylphenidate Difemetorex Ethylphenidate Methylnaphthidate Methylphenidate Pethidine (meperidine) Phencyclidine Pipradrol; Pyrrolidines: Diphenylprolinol MDPV Naphyrone Prolintane Pyrovalerone; Tropanes: 3-CPMT) 3α-Bis-(4-fluorophenyl)methoxytropane AHN-1055 AHN-2005 Altropane Benzatropine (benztropine) Brasofensine CFT Cocaine Dichloropane Difluoropine Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine) FE-β-CPPIT FP-β-CPPIT Ioflupane (123I) Iometopane JHW-007 RTI-112 RTI-113 RTI-121 RTI-126 RTI-150 RTI-177 RTI-229 RTI-336 Tenocyclidine Tesofensine Troparil Tropoxane WF-11 WF-23 WF-31 WF-33; Others: (S)-Duloxetine Adrafinil Armodafinil Amfonelic acid Amineptine Bromantane BTQ BTS-74,398 Bupropion Chaenomeles speciosa Ciclazindol Dasotraline Desmethylsertraline Diclofensine Dimethocaine Diphenylpyraline Dizocilpine (MK-801) DOV-102677 DOV-21947 DOV-216303 Efavirenz EXP-561 Fencamfamine Fezolamine Fluorenol GYKI-52,895 Indatraline Ketamine Lefetamine Levophacetoperane Liafensine LR-5182 Manifaxine Mazindol Medifoxamine Mesocarb Metaphit Modafinil Nefopam Nomifensine NS-2359 O-2172 Oroxylin A Perafensine Pridefrine Radafaxine Rimcazole SEP-228431 SEP-228432 Sertraline Sibutramine Tametraline Tedatioxetine Tripelennamine Venlafaxine Enhancers: Luteolin Modulators: Agonist-like: SoRI-9804 SoRI-20040; Antagonist-like: SoRI-20041 VMATs Inhibitors: Amiodarone Amphetamines (e.g., amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA) APP AZIK Bietaserpine Deserpidine Dihydrotetrabenazine Efavirenz GBR-12935 GZ-793A Ibogaine Ketanserin Lobeline Methoxytetrabenazine NBI-98854 Reserpine Rose bengal SD-809 Tetrabenazine Vanoxerine (GBR-12909)   Releasing agents   Morpholines: Fenbutrazate Fenmetramide Morazone Morforex Phendimetrazine Phenmetrazine Pseudophenmetrazine; Oxazolines: 4-MAR Aminorex Clominorex Cyclazodone Fenozolone Fluminorex Pemoline Thozalinone; Phenethylamines (also amphetamines, cathinones, etc): 2-OH-PEA 4-CAB 4-FA 4-FMA 4-MA 4-MMA Alfetamine Amfecloral Amfepentorex Amfepramone Amphetamine (Dextroamphetamine Levoamphetamine) Amphetaminil β-Me-PEA BDB BOH Benzphetamine Buphedrone Bupropion Butylone Cathine Cathinone Clobenzorex Clortermine D-Deprenyl DMA DMMA Dimethylamphetamine Dimethylcathinone Ephedrine Ethcathinone EBDB Ethylone Etilamfetamine Famprofazone Fenethylline Fenproporex Flephedrone Fludorex Furfenorex Hordenine 4-Hydroxyamphetamine Iofetamine Lophophine Mefenorex Mephedrone Methamphetamine (Dextromethamphetamine, Levomethamphetamine) Methcathinone Methedrone MMDA MMDMA MBDB MDA MDEA MDMA MDMPEA MDOH MDPEA Methylone Morforex Ortetamine pBA pCA pIA Pholedrine Phenethylamine Pholedrine Phenpromethamine Prenylamine Propylamphetamine Pseudoephedrine Tiflorex Tyramine Xylopropamine Zylofuramine; Piperazines: 2C-B-BZP BZP MBZP MDBZP MeOPP; Others: 2-ADN 2-AI 2-AT 4-BP 5-IAI Clofenciclan Cyclopentamine Cypenamine Cyprodenate Feprosidnine Gilutensin Heptaminol Hexacyclonate IAP Indanorex Isometheptene Methylhexanamine Naphthylisopropylamine Octodrine Phthalimidopropiophenone Propylhexedrine (Levopropylhexedrine) Tuaminoheptane   Enzyme inhibitors PAH 3,4-Dihydroxystyrene TH 3-Iodotyrosine Aquayamycin Bulbocapnine Metirosine Oudenone AAAD Benserazide Carbidopa DFMD Genistein Methyldopa MAO Nonselective: Benmoxin Caroxazone Echinopsidine Furazolidone Hydralazine Indantadol Iproclozide Iproniazid Isocarboxazid Isoniazid Linezolid Mebanazine Metfendrazine Nialamide Octamoxin Paraxazone Phenelzine Pheniprazine Phenoxypropazine Pivalylbenzhydrazine Procarbazine Safrazine Tranylcypromine; MAO-A selective: Amiflamine Bazinaprine Befloxatone Brofaromine Cimoxatone Clorgiline Eprobemide Esuprone Harmala alkaloids Methylene Blue Metralindole Minaprine Moclobemide Pirlindole Sercloremine Tetrindole Toloxatone Tyrima; MAO-B selective: D-Deprenyl Ethanol Ladostigil Lazabemide Milacemide Nicotine Pargyline‡ Rasagiline Safinamide Selegiline (L-deprenyl) COMT Entacapone Nitecapone Opicapone Tolcapone DBH Disulfiram Dopastin Fusaric acid Nepicastat Tropolone   Others Precursors L-Phenylalanine → L-Tyrosine → L-DOPA (levodopa) Cofactors Ferrous iron (Fe2+) Tetrahydrobiopterin Vitamin B3 (Niacin Nicotinamide → NADPH) Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Pyridoxamine Pyridoxal → Pyridoxal phosphate) Vitamin B9 (Folic acid → Tetrahydrofolic acid) Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) Zinc (Zn2+) Neurotoxins Amphetamine DMDHIQ+ Methamphetamine MPP+ MPTP NMDHIQ+ NMNorsal (2-MDTIQ) NMSal Norsalsolinol Oxidopamine (6-OHDA) Rotenone Salsolinol Others Activity enhancers: BPAP PPAP; Levodopa prodrugs: XP21279 See also: Adrenergics • Melatonergics • Serotonergics • List of dopaminergic drugs Serotonergics   5-HT1 receptor ligands 5-HT1A Agonists: 8-OH-DPAT Adatanserin Amphetamine Antidepressants (e.g., etoperidone, nefazodone, trazodone, vilazodone, vortioxetine) Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, clozapine, lurasidone, quetiapine, ziprasidone) Azapirones (e.g., buspirone, eptapirone, gepirone, perospirone, tandospirone) Bay R 1531 Befiradol BMY-14802 Cannabidiol Dimemebfe Dopamine Ebalzotan Eltoprazine Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, lisuride, LSD, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) F-11461 F-12826 F-13714 F-14679 F-15063 F-15599 Flesinoxan Flibanserin Lesopitron LY-293284 LY-301317 mCPP MKC-242 Naluzotan NBUMP Osemozotan Oxaflozane Pardoprunox Piclozotan Rauwolscine Repinotan Roxindole RU-24969 S-14506 S-14671 S-15535 Sarizotan Serotonin (5-HT) SSR-181507 Sunepitron Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MT, bufotenin, DMT, indorenate, N-Me-5-HT, psilocin, psilocybin) U-92016A Urapidil Vilazodone Xaliproden Yohimbine Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., iloperidone, risperidone, sertindole) AV965 Beta blockers (e.g., alprenolol, cyanopindolol, iodocyanopindolol, oxprenolol, pindobind, pindolol, propranolol, tertatolol) BMY-7378 CSP-2503 Dotarizine Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) Flopropione GR-46611 Isamoltane Lecozotan Mefway Metitepine (methiothepin) MIN-117 MPPF NAN-190 Robalzotan S-15535 SB-649915 SDZ 216-525 Spiperone Spiramide Spiroxatrine UH-301 WAY-100135 WAY-100635 Xylamidine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine)) 5-HT1B Agonists: CGS-12066A CP-93129 CP-94253 CP-135807 Eltoprazine Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) mCPP RU-24969 Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan) TFMPP Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, DMT) Vortioxetine Antagonists: AR-A000002 Elzasonan Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) GR-127935 Isamoltane LY-393558 Metitepine (methiothepin) SB-216641 SB-224289 SB-236057 Yohimbine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., cabergoline, ergometrine (ergonovine), lisuride) 5-HT1D Agonists: CP-135807 CP-286601 Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, LSD, methysergide) GR-46611 L-694247 L-772405 mCPP PNU-109291 PNU-142633 Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., almotriptan, avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, frovatriptan, naratriptan, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-Et-DMT, 5-MT, 5-(nonyloxy)tryptamine, DMT) Antagonists: Alniditan BRL-15572 Elzasonan Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) GR-127935 Ketanserin LY-310762 LY-367642 LY-393558 LY-456219 LY-456220 Metitepine (methiothepin) Mianserin Ritanserin Yohimbine Ziprasidone Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., lisuride, lysergol, pergolide) 5-HT1E Agonists: BRL-54443 Ergolines (e.g., methysergide) Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., eletriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., tryptamine) Antagonists: Metitepine (methiothepin) Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine), lysergol, methylergometrine (methylergonovine) 5-HT1F Agonists: BRL-54443 Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, lysergol, methylergometrine (methylergonovine) methysergide) Lasmiditan LY-334370 Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., eletriptan, naratriptan, sumatriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-MT) Antagonists: Mianserin Metitepine (methiothepin)   5-HT2 receptor ligands 5-HT2A Agonists: 25H/NB series (e.g., 25I-NBF, 25I-NBMD, 25I-NBOH, 25I-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, 25TFM-NBOMe, 2CBCB-NBOMe, 25CN-NBOH, 2CBFly-NBOMe) 2Cs (e.g., 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, 2C-T-21) 2C-B-FLY 2CB-Ind 5-Methoxytryptamines (5-MeO-DET, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-DPT, 5-MT) α-Alkyltryptamines (e.g., 5-Cl-αMT, 5-Fl-αMT, 5-MeO-αET, 5-MeO-αMT, α-Me-5-HT, αET, αMT) AL-34662 AL-37350A Bromo-DragonFLY Dimemebfe DMBMPP DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Efavirenz Ergolines (e.g., ALD-52, bromocriptine, cabergoline, ergine (LSA), ergotamine, lisuride, LA-SS-Az, LSB, LSD, LSD-Pip, LSH, LSP, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), pergolide) Jimscaline MDxx (e.g., MDA, MDMA, MDOH, MMDA) Medifoxamine O-4310 Oxaflozane PHA-57378 PNU-22394 PNU-181731 RH-34 Phenethylamines (e.g., lophophine, mescaline) Piperazines (e.g., BZP, mCPP, quipazine, TFMPP) Serotonin (5-HT) TCB-2 TFMFly Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine) Antagonists: 5-I-R91150 5-MeO-NBpBrT AC-90179 Adatanserin Altanserin AMDA APD-215 Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amperozide, aripiprazole, asenapine, blonanserin, carpipramine, clocapramine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, gevotroline, iloperidone, melperone, mosapramine, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, zicronapine, ziprasidone, zotepine) Cinanserin CSP-2503 Cyproheptadine Deramciclane Dotarizine Eplivanserin Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, LY-53857, LY-215840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) Etoperidone Fananserin Flibanserin Glemanserin Irindalone Ketanserin KML-010 Lubazodone LY-393558 Mepiprazole Metitepine (methiothepin) MIN-101 Nantenine Nefazodone Pimavanserin Pirenperone Pizotifen Pruvanserin Rauwolscine Ritanserin S-14671 Sarpogrelate Setoperone Spiperone Spiramide SR-46349B Teniloxazine Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, aptazapine, esmirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, loxapine, perphenazine, pimozide, pipamperone, prochlorperazine, thioridazine, thiothixene, trifluoperazine) Volinanserin Xylamidine Yohimbine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., dihydroergotamine, ergometrine (ergonovine), nicergoline) 5-HT2B Agonists: 4-Methylaminorex Aminorex Amphetamines (eg., chlorphentermine, cloforex, dexfenfluramine, fenfluramine, levofenfluramine, norfenfluramine) BW-723C86 DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Ergolines (e.g., cabergoline, dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) MDxx (e.g., MDA, MDMA, MDOH, MMDA) Piperazines (e.g., mCPP) PNU-22394 Ro60-0175 Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, α-Me-5-HT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine) Antagonists: Agomelatine Asenapine Cyproheptadine EGIS-7625 Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, bromocriptine, lisuride, LY-53857, LY-272015, mesulergine) Ketanserin LY-393558 Metadoxine Metitepine (methiothepin) Pirenperone Propranolol PRX-08066 Rauwolscine Ritanserin RS-127445 Sarpogrelate SB-200646 SB-204741 SB-206553 SB-215505 SB-221284 SB-228357 SDZ SER-082 Tegaserod Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin) Yohimbine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine)) 5-HT2C Agonists: 2Cs (e.g., 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, 2C-T-21) 5-Methoxytryptamines (5-MeO-DET, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-DPT, 5-MT) α-Alkyltryptamines (e.g., 5-Cl-αMT, 5-Fl-αMT, 5-MeO-αET, 5-MeO-αMT, α-Me-5-HT, αET, αMT) A-372159 AL-38022A Alstonine CP-809101 Dimemebfe DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Ergolines (e.g., ALD-52, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergine (LSA), ergotamine, lisuride, LA-SS-Az, LSB, LSD, LSD-Pip, LSH, LSP, pergolide) Lorcaserin MDxx (e.g., MDA, MDMA, MDOH, MMDA) Medifoxamine MK-212 Org 12962 Org 37684 Oxaflozane PHA-57378 Phenethylamines (e.g., lophophine, mescaline) Piperazines (e.g., aripiprazole, BZP, mCPP, quipazine, TFMPP) PNU-22394 PNU-181731 Ro60-0175 Ro60-0213 Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine) Vabicaserin WAY-629 WAY-161503 YM-348 Antagonists: Adatanserin Agomelatine Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, iloperidone, melperone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone, zotepine) Captodiame CEPC Cinanserin Cyproheptadine Deramciclane Dotarizine Eltoprazine Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, bromocriptine, LY-53857, LY-215840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) Etoperidone Fluoxetine FR-260010 Irindalone Ketanserin Ketotifen Latrepirdine Metitepine (methiothepin) Nefazodone Pirenperone Pizotifen Propranolol Ritanserin RS-102221 S-14671 SB-200646 SB-206553 SB-221284 SB-228357 SB-242084 SB-243213 SDZ SER-082 Tedatioxetine Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, aptazapine, esmirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, nortriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine, pimozide, pipamperone, thioridazine) Xylamidine Unknown/unsorted: Efavirenz Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine), methylergometrine (methylergonovine))   5-HT3 5-HT4 5-HT5 5-HT6 5-HT7 ligands 5-HT3 Agonists: Alcohols (e.g., butanol, ethanol, trichloroethanol) m-CPBG Phenylbiguanide Piperazines (e.g., BZP, mCPP, quipazine) RS-56812 Serotonin (5-HT) SR-57227 SR-57227A Tryptamines (e.g., 2-Me-5-HT, 5-CT, bufotenidine (5-HTQ)) Volatiles/gases (e.g., halothane, isoflurane, toluene, trichloroethane) YM-31636 Antagonists: Alosetron AS-8112 Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine) Azasetron Batanopride Bemesetron (MDL-72222) Cilansetron CSP-2503 Dazopride Dolasetron Galanolactone Granisetron ICS-205930 Lerisetron Memantine Ondansetron Palonosetron Ramosetron Renzapride Ricasetron Tedatioxetine Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin, mirtazapine) Thujone Tropanserin Tropisetron Typical antipsychotics (e.g., loxapine) Volatiles/gases (e.g., nitrous oxide, sevoflurane, xenon) Vortioxetine Zacopride Zatosetron Unknown/unsorted: LY-53857 Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) 5-HT4 Agonists: 5-MT BIMU8 Cinitapride Cisapride CJ-033466 Dazopride Metoclopramide Mosapride Prucalopride PRX-03140 Renzapride RS-67333 RS-67506 Serotonin (5-HT) SL65.0155 Tegaserod Velusetrag Zacopride Antagonists: GR-113808 GR-125487 L-Lysine Piboserod RS-39604 RS-67532 SB-203186 SB-204070 5-HT5A Agonists: Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), ergotamine, LSD) Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT) Valerenic Acid Antagonists: Asenapine Latrepirdine Metitepine (methiothepin) Ritanserin SB-699551 Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., metergoline, methysergide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) 5-HT6 Agonists: Ergolines (e.g., dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, lisuride, LSD, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide) Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 2-Me-5-HT, 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, Bufotenin, E-6801, E-6837, EMD-386088, EMDT, LY-586713, N-Me-5-HT, tryptamine) WAY-181187 WAY-208466 Antagonists: ABT-354 Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, iloperidone, olanzapine, tiospirone) AVN-101 AVN-211 AVN-322 AVN-397 BGC20-760 BVT-5182 BVT-74316 Cerlapirdine EGIS-12233 GW-742457 Idalopirdine Ketanserin Latrepirdine Metitepine (methiothepin) MS-245 PRX-07034 Ritanserin Ro04-6790 Ro 63-0563 SB-258585 SB-271046 SB-357134 SB-399885 SB-742457 Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, nortriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine) Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), bromocriptine, lergotrile, pergolide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) 5-HT7 Agonists: 8-OH-DPAT AS-19 Bifeprunox E-55888 Ergolines (e.g., LSD) LP-12 LP-44 RU-24969 Sarizotan Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., frovatriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT, 5-MT, bufotenin, N-Me-5-HT) Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, olanzapine, risperidone, sertindole, tiospirone, ziprasidone, zotepine) Butaclamol DR-4485 EGIS-12233 Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), amesergide, bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, LY-53857, LY-215840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) Ketanserin LY-215840 Metitepine (methiothepin) Ritanserin SB-258719 SB-258741 SB-269970 SB-656104 SB-656104A SB-691673 SLV-313 SLV-314 Spiperone SSR-181507 Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, imipramine) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., acetophenazine, chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, fluphenazine, loxapine, pimozide) Vortioxetine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., lisuride, pergolide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine)   Reuptake inhibitors SERT Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): Alaproclate Citalopram Dapoxetine Desmethylcitalopram Escitalopram Femoxetine Fluoxetine Fluvoxamine Indalpine Ifoxetine Litoxetine Lubazodone Omiloxetine Panuramine Paroxetine Pirandamine RTI-353 Seproxetine Sertraline Zimelidine Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs): Bicifadine BTS-54505 Desvenlafaxine Duloxetine Eclanamine Levomilnacipran McN-5652 Milnacipran N-Methyl-PPPA PPPA SEP-227162 Sibutramine Venlafaxine WY-45233 Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (SNDRIs): (S)-Duloxetine Brasofensine Dasotraline Desmethylsertraline Diclofensine DOV-102677 DOV-21947 DOV-216303 Liafensine NS-2359 Perafensine SEP-228431 SEP-228432 Tedatioxetine Tesofensine Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs): Amitriptyline Butriptyline Cianopramine Clomipramine Desipramine Dosulepin Doxepin Imipramine Lofepramine Nortriptyline Pipofezine Protriptyline Trimipramine Others: A-80426 Amoxapine Antihistamines (e.g., brompheniramine, chlorphenamine, dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, mepyramine (pyrilamine), pheniramine, tripelennamine) Arylcyclohexylamines (e.g., ketamine, phencyclidine) CP-39332 Cyclobenzaprine Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Efavirenz Etoperidone EXP-561 Fezolamine LY-393558 Litoxetine Loxapine Lubazodone Mesembrine Mifepristone MIN-117 N-Me-5-HT Nefazodone Nefopam Opioids (e.g., dextropropoxyphene, methadone, pethidine (meperidine)) PIM-35 Pridefine Roxindole SB-649915 Tofenacin Trazodone Tropanes (e.g., cocaine) Vilazodone Vortioxetine Ziprasidone VMATs Amiodarone Amphetamines (e.g., amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA) APP AZIK Bietaserpine Deserpidine Dihydrotetrabenazine Efavirenz GBR-12935 GZ-793A Ibogaine Ketanserin Lobeline Methoxytetrabenazine NBI-98854 Reserpine Rose bengal SD-809 Tetrabenazine Vanoxerine (GBR-12909)   Releasing agents   Aminoindanes: 5-IAI AMMI ETAI MDAI MDMAI MMAI TAI Aminotetralins: 6-CAT 8-OH-DPAT MDAT MDMAT Oxazolines: 4-Methylaminorex Aminorex Clominorex Fluminorex Phenethylamines: 2-Methyl-MDA 4-CAB 4-FA 4-FMA 4-HA 4-MTA 5-APDB 5-Methyl-MDA 6-APDB 6-Methyl-MDA AEMMA Amiflamine BDB BOH Brephedrone Butylone Chlorphentermine Cloforex Amfepramone Metamfepramone DCA Dexfenfluramine DFMDA DMA DMMA EBDB EDMA Ethylone Etolorex Fenfluramine Flephedrone Flucetorex IAP IMP Iofetamine Levofenfluramine Lophophine MBDB MDA MDEA MDHMA MDMA MDMPEA MDOH MDPEA Mephedrone Methedrone Methylone MMA MMDA MMDMA MMMA NAP Norfenfluramine 4-TFMA pBA pCA pIA PMA PMEA PMMA TAP Piperazines: 2C-B-BZP 3-MeOPP BZP DCPP MBZP mCPP MDBZP MeOPP Mepiprazole pCPP pFPP pTFMPP TFMPP Tryptamines: 4-Methyl-αET 4-Methyl-αMT 5-CT 5-MeO-αET 5-MeO-αMT 5-MT αET αMT DMT Tryptamine Others: Indeloxazine Tramadol Viqualine   Enzyme inhibitors TPH AGN-2979 Fenclonine (PCPA) AAAD Benserazide Carbidopa Genistein Methyldopa MAO Non-selective: Benmoxin Caroxazone Echinopsidine Furazolidone Hydralazine Indantadol Iproclozide Iproniazid Isocarboxazid Isoniazid Linezolid Mebanazine Metfendrazine Nialamide Octamoxin Paraxazone Phenelzine Pheniprazine Phenoxypropazine Pivalylbenzhydrazine Procarbazine Safrazine Tranylcypromine MAO-A-selective: Amiflamine Bazinaprine Befloxatone Brofaromine Cimoxatone Clorgiline Eprobemide Esuprone Harmala alkaloids (e.g., harmine, harmaline, harman, norharman, tetrahydroharmine) Methylene blue Metralindole Minaprine Moclobemide Pirlindole Sercloremine Tetrindole Toloxatone Tyrima   Others Precursors L-Tryptophan → 5-HTP Cofactors Ferrous iron (Fe2+) Magnesium (Mg2+) Tetrahydrobiopterin Vitamin B3 (Niacin Nicotinamide → NADPH) Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Pyridoxamine Pyridoxal → Pyridoxal phosphate) Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid → Tetrahydrofolic acid) Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) Zinc (Zn2+) Neurotoxins 3-CA 4-CAB 5,7-DHT α-Me-DA (3,4-DHA) αET αMT DCA MDA MDMA PBA PCA PIA Others Activity enhancers: BPAP PPAP See also Serotonin syndrome See also: Adrenergics • Dopaminergics • Melatonergics Melatonergics Receptor ligands Agonists Agomelatine GR-196,429 LY-156,735 Melatonin NAS (Normelatonin) Ramelteon Tasimelteon Antagonists Afobazole Luzindole Prazosin (at MT3) Enzyme inhibitors Anabolism AANAT inhibitors   ASMT inhibitors   Catabolism   Others Precursors L-Tryptophan → 5-HTP → Serotonin → NAS (Normelatonin) Cofactors Ferrous Iron (Fe2+) Magnesium (Mg2+) S-Adenosyl-L-methionine Tetrahydrobiopterin Vitamin B3 (Niacin nicotinamide → NADPH) Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Pyridoxamine Pyridoxal → Pyridoxal phosphate) Vitamin B9 (Folic acid → Tetrahydrofolic acid) Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) Zinc (Zn2+) See also: Adrenergics • Dopaminergics • Serotonergics Adrenergics   Receptor ligands α1 Agonists: 5-FNE 6-FNE Amidephrine Anisodamine Anisodine Buspirone Cirazoline Dipivefrine Dopamine Ephedrine Epinephrine Etilefrine Ethylnorepinephrine Indanidine Levonordefrin Metaraminol Methoxamine Methyldopa Midodrine Naphazoline Norepinephrine Octopamine Oxymetazoline Phenylephrine Phenylpropanolamine Pseudoephedrine Synephrine Tetrahydrozoline Antagonists: Abanoquil Adimolol Ajmalicine Alfuzosin Amosulalol Arotinolol Atiprosin Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone) Benoxathian Buflomedil Bunazosin Carvedilol CI-926 Corynanthine Dapiprazole DL-017 Domesticine Doxazosin Ergolines (e.g., ergotamine, dihydroergotamine, lisuride, terguride) Etoperidone Eugenodilol Fenspiride GYKI-12,743 GYKI-16,084 Hydroxyzine Indoramin Ketanserin L-765,314 Labetalol mCPP Mephendioxan Mepiprazole Metazosin Monatepil Moxisylyte Naftopidil Nantenine Nefazodone Neldazosin Niaprazine Nicergoline Niguldipine Pardoprunox Pelanserin Phendioxan Phenoxybenzamine Phentolamine Piperoxan Prazosin Quinazosin Ritanserin RS-97,078 SGB-1,534 Silodosin SL-89.0591 Spiperone Talipexole Tamsulosin Terazosin Tibalosin Tiodazosin Tipentosin Tolazoline Trazodone Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, imipramine, trimipramine) Trimazosin Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, loxapine, thioridazine) Upidosin Urapidil WB-4101 Zolertine α2 Agonists: (R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline 4-NEMD 6-FNE Amitraz Apraclonidine Brimonidine Cannabivarin Clonidine Detomidine Dexmedetomidine Dihydroergotamine Dipivefrine Dopamine Ephedrine Ergotamine Epinephrine Esproquin Etilefrine Ethylnorepinephrine Fipamezole Guanabenz Guanfacine Guanoxabenz Levonordefrin Lofexidine Medetomidine Methamphetamine Methyldopa Mivazerol Naphazoline Norepinephrine Oxymetazoline Phenylpropanolamine Piperoxan Pseudoephedrine Rezatomidine Rilmenidine Romifidine Talipexole Tetrahydrozoline Tizanidine Tolonidine Urapidil Xylazine Xylometazoline Antagonists: 1-PP A-80426 Adimolol Aptazapine Atipamezole Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., asenapine, clozapine, lurasidone, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, zotepine) Azapirones (e.g., buspirone, tandospirone) BRL-44408 Buflomedil Cirazoline Efaroxan Esmirtazapine Fenmetozole Fluparoxan GYKI-12,743 GYKI-16,084 Idazoxan mCPP Mianserin Mirtazapine MK-912 NAN-190 Olanzapine Pardoprunox Phentolamine Phenoxybenzamine Piperoxan Piribedil Rauwolscine Rotigotine SB-269,970 Setiptiline Spiroxatrine Sunepitron Tolazoline Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, loxapine, thioridazine) Yohimbine β Agonists: 2-FNE 5-FNE Amibegron Arbutamine Arformoterol Arotinolol BAAM Bambuterol Befunolol Bitolterol Broxaterol Buphenine Carbuterol Cimaterol Clenbuterol Denopamine Deterenol Dipivefrine Dobutamine Dopamine Dopexamine Ephedrine Epinephrine Etafedrine Etilefrine Ethylnorepinephrine Fenoterol Formoterol Hexoprenaline Higenamine Indacaterol Isoetarine Isoprenaline Isoxsuprine Levonordefrin Levosalbutamol Mabuterol Methoxyphenamine Methyldopa Mirabegron N-Isopropyloctopamine Norepinephrine Orciprenaline Oxyfedrine Phenylpropanolamine Pirbuterol Prenalterol Ractopamine Procaterol Pseudoephedrine Reproterol Rimiterol Ritodrine Salbutamol Salmeterol Solabegron Terbutaline Tretoquinol Tulobuterol Vilanterol Xamoterol Zilpaterol Zinterol Antagonists: Acebutolol Adaprolol Adimolol Afurolol Alprenolol Alprenoxime Amosulalol Ancarolol Arnolol Arotinolol Atenolol Befunolol Betaxolol Bevantolol Bisoprolol Bopindolol Bornaprolol Brefonalol Bucindolol Bucumolol Bufetolol Bufuralol Bunitrolol Bunolol Bupranolol Butaxamine Butidrine Butofilolol Capsinolol Carazolol Carpindolol Carteolol Carvedilol Celiprolol Cetamolol Cicloprolol Cinamolol Cloranolol Cyanopindolol Dalbraminol Dexpropranolol Diacetolol Dichloroisoprenaline Dihydroalprenolol Dilevalol Diprafenone Draquinolol Ecastolol Epanolol Ericolol Ersentilide Esatenolol Esprolol Eugenodilol Exaprolol Falintolol Flestolol Flusoxolol Hydroxycarteolol Hydroxytertatolol ICI-118,551 Idropranolol Indenolol Indopanolol Iodocyanopindolol Iprocrolol Isoxaprolol Isamoltane Labetalol Landiolol Levobetaxolol Levobunolol Levocicloprolol Levomoprolol Medroxalol Mepindolol Metalol Metipranolol Metoprolol Moprolol Nadolol Nadoxolol Nafetolol Nebivolol Neraminol Nifenalol Nipradilol Oberadilol Oxprenolol Pacrinolol Pafenolol Pamatolol Pargolol Parodilol Penbutolol Penirolol PhQA-33 Pindolol Pirepolol Practolol Primidolol Procinolol Pronethalol Propafenone Propranolol Ridazolol Ronactolol Soquinolol Sotalol Spirendolol SR 59230A Sulfinalol TA-2005 Talinolol Tazolol Teoprolol Tertatolol Tienoxolol Tilisolol Timolol Tiprenolol Tolamolol Toliprolol Tribendilol Trigevolol Xibenolol Xipranolol   Reuptake inhibitors NET Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: Amedalin Atomoxetine (tomoxetine) Ciclazindol Daledalin Edivoxetine Esreboxetine Lortalamine Mazindol Nisoxetine Reboxetine Talopram Talsupram Tandamine Viloxazine; Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors: Amineptine Bupropion Fencamine Fencamfamine Hydroxybupropion Lefetamine Levophacetoperane LR-5182 Manifaxine Methylphenidate Nomifensine O-2172 Radafaxine; Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: Bicifadine Desvenlafaxine Duloxetine Eclanamine Levomilnacipran McN-5652 Milnacipran N-Methyl-PPPA PPPA SEP-227162 Sibutramine Venlafaxine WY-45233; Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors: (S)-Duloxetine Brasofensine Dasotraline Desmethylsertraline Diclofensine DOV-102,677 DOV-21,947 DOV-216,303 JNJ-7925476 JZ-IV-10 Liafensine Methylnaphthidate Naphyrone NS-2359 Perafensine PRC200-SS SEP-228431 SEP-228432 Tesofensine; Tricyclic antidepressants: Amitriptyline Butriptyline Cianopramine Clomipramine Desipramine Dosulepin Doxepin Imipramine Lofepramine Melitracen Nortriptyline Protriptyline Trimipramine; Tetracyclic antidepressants: Amoxapine Maprotiline Mianserin Oxaprotiline Setiptiline; Others: Antihistamines (e.g., brompheniramine, chlorphenamine, pheniramine, tripelennamine) Arylcyclohexylamines (e.g., ketamine, phencyclidine) CP-39,332 Ethanol EXP-561 Fezolamine Ginkgo biloba Indeloxazine Loxapine Nefazodone Nefopam Opioids (e.g., methadone, pethidine (meperidine), tapentadol, tramadol) Pridefrine Tedatioxetine Teniloxazine Tofenacin Tropanes (e.g., cocaine) Ziprasidone VMATs Amiodarone Amphetamines (e.g., amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA) APP AZIK Bietaserpine Deserpidine Dihydrotetrabenazine Efavirenz GBR-12935 GZ-793A Ibogaine Ketanserin Lobeline Methoxytetrabenazine NBI-98854 Reserpine Rose bengal SD-809 Tetrabenazine Vanoxerine (GBR-12909)   Releasing agents   Morpholines: Fenbutrazate Fenmetramide Morazone Morforex Phendimetrazine Phenmetrazine Pseudophenmetrazine; Oxazolines: 4-MAR Aminorex Clominorex Cyclazodone Fenozolone Fluminorex Pemoline Thozalinone; Phenethylamines (also amphetamines, cathinones, etc): 2-OH-PEA 4-CAB 4-FA 4-FMA 4-MA 4-MMA Alfetamine Amfecloral Amfepentorex Amfepramone Amphetamine (Dextroamphetamine Levoamphetamine) Amphetaminil β-Me-PEA BDB Benzphetamine BOH Buphedrone Bupropion Butylone Cathine Cathinone Clobenzorex Clortermine Dimethylamphetamine Dimethylcathinone DMA DMMA EBDB Ephedrine Ethcathinone Ethylone Etilamfetamine Famprofazone Fenethylline Fenproporex Flephedrone Fludorex Furfenorex Hordenine 4-Hydroxyamphetamine IAP IMP Iofetamine Lisdexamfetamine Lophophine MBDB MDA MDEA MDMA MDMPEA MDOH MDPEA Mefenorex Mephedrone Mephentermine Methamphetamine (Dextromethamphetamine Levomethamphetamine) Methcathinone Methedrone Methylone Morforex Naphthylisopropylamine Ortetamine pBA pCA Pentorex Phenethylamine Pholedrine Phenpromethamine Phentermine Phenylpropanolamine pIA Prenylamine Propylamphetamine Pseudoephedrine Selegiline (also D-Deprenyl) Tiflorex Tyramine Xylopropamine Zylofuramine; Piperazines: 2C-B-BZP BZP MBZP mCPP MDBZP MeOPP pFPP; Others: 2-ADN 2-AI 2-AT 2-BP 4-BP 5-IAI Clofenciclan Cyclopentamine Cypenamine Cyprodenate Feprosidnine Gilutensin Heptaminol Hexacyclonate Indanorex Isometheptene Methylhexanamine Octodrine Phthalimidopropiophenone Propylhexedrine (Levopropylhexedrine) Tuaminoheptane   Enzyme inhibitors PAH 3,4-Dihydroxystyrene TH 3-Iodotyrosine Aquayamycin Bulbocapnine Metirosine Oudenone AAAD Benserazide Carbidopa DFMD Genistein Methyldopa DBH Bupicomide Disulfiram Dopastin Fusaric acid Nepicastat Phenopicolinic acid Tropolone PNMT CGS-19281A SKF-64139 SKF-7698 MAO Nonselective: Benmoxin Caroxazone Echinopsidine Furazolidone Hydralazine Indantadol Iproclozide Iproniazid Isocarboxazid Isoniazid Linezolid Mebanazine Metfendrazine Nialamide Octamoxin Paraxazone Phenelzine Pheniprazine Phenoxypropazine Pivalylbenzhydrazine Procarbazine Safrazine Tranylcypromine; MAO-A selective: Amiflamine Bazinaprine Befloxatone Brofaromine Cimoxatone Clorgiline Eprobemide Esuprone Harmala alkaloids (Harmine, Harmaline Tetrahydroharmine Harman Norharman, etc) Methylene blue Metralindole Minaprine Moclobemide Pirlindole Sercloremine Tetrindole Toloxatone Tyrima; MAO-B selective: Ladostigil Lazabemide Milacemide Mofegiline Pargyline Rasagiline Safinamide Selegiline (also D-Deprenyl) COMT Entacapone Nitecapone Opicapone Tolcapone   Others Precursors L-Phenylalanine → L-Tyrosine → L-DOPA (Levodopa) → Dopamine L-DOPS (Droxidopa) Cofactors Ferrous Iron (Fe2+) S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine Vitamin B3 (Niacin Nicotinamide → NADPH) Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Pyridoxamine Pyridoxal → Pyridoxal Phosphate) Vitamin B9 (Folic acid → Tetrahydrofolic acid) Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) Zinc (Zn2+) Neurotoxins DSP-4 Oxidopamine (6-OHDA) Others Activity enhancers: BPAP PPAP; Release blockers: Bethanidine Bretylium Guanadrel Guanazodine Guanclofine Guanethidine Guanoxan See also: Dopaminergics • Melatonergics • Serotonergics • List of adrenergic drugs

Neurotrophinergics CNTF Agonists: Axokine CNTF LNGF Agonists: BDNF NGF NT-3 NT-4 RET GFRα1 Agonists: GDNF GFRα2 Agonists: Neurturin (NRTN) GFRα3 Agonists: Artemin (ARTN) GFRα4 Agonists: Persephin (PSPN) Trk TrkA Agonists: Amitriptyline Gambogic amide NGF Antagonists: FX007 TrkB Agonists: 3,7-DHF 3,7,8,2'-THF 4'-DMA-7,8-DHF 5,7,8-THF 7,3'-DHF 7,8-DHF 7,8,2'-THF 7,8,3'-THF Amitriptyline BDNF Deoxygedunin Diosmetin HIOC LM-22A4 N-Acetylserotonin NT-3 NT-4 TDP6 Antagonists: 3,5,7,8,3',4'-HHF ANA-12 Cyclotraxin B TrkC Agonists: NT-3

Sigmaergics Receptor (ligands) σ (1, 2) Agonists: 3-MeO-PCE 3-MeO-PCP 3-PPP 4-MeO-PCP 4-IBP 4-PPBP Afobazole Alazocine Amitriptyline Arketamine BD-1,008 Berberine Captodiame Citalopram Clorgiline Cocaine Cyclazocine DHEA DHEA-S Desipramine Dextrallorphan Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Dimemorfan DMT DTG EMD-57,445 Escitalopram Fluoxetine Fluvoxamine Heroin Igmesine Imipramine JO-1,784 Ketamine L-687,384 Lu 28-179 MDMA Metaphit Methamphetamine Methoxetamine Methylphenidate Morphine Naluzotan Noscapine OPC-14,523 Opipramol PB-28 PD-144,415 Pentazocine Pentoxyverine Phencyclidine PRE-084 Pregnenolone Pregnenolone sulfate RTI-55 SA-4503 Siramesine Tenocyclidine Venlafaxine Antagonists: BD-1,047 BD-1,063 BMY-14,802 E-5,842 Haloperidol Lamotrigine MIN-101 NE-100 Progesterone Rimcazole S1RA (E-52862) Sertraline SM-21 Unknown/unsorted: 4C-T-2 5-MeO-DiPT 18-MC β-Endopsychosin Clocapramine DiPT DPT Gevotroline Ibogaine Noribogaine TMA; Allosteric modulators: SKF-83,959

Tricyclics Classes Acridine Anthracene Dibenzazepine Dibenzocycloheptene Dibenzodiazepine Dibenzothiazepine Dibenzothiepin Dibenzoxazepine Dibenzoxepin Phenothiazine Pyridazinobenzoxazine Pyridinobenzodiazepine Thioxanthene Antidepressants (TCAs and TeCAs) 7-OH-Amoxapine Amezepine Amineptine Amitriptyline Amitriptylinoxide Amoxapine Aptazapine Azepindole Azipramine Batelapine Butriptyline Cianopramine Ciclazindol Ciclopramine Cidoxepin Clomipramine Cotriptyline Cyanodothiepin Demexiptiline Depramine/Balipramine Desipramine Dibenzepin Dimetacrine Dosulepin/Dothiepin Doxepin Enprazepine Esmirtazapine Fluotracen Hepzidine Homopipramol Imipramine Imipraminoxide Intriptyline Iprindole Ketipramine Litracen Lofepramine Losindole Loxapine Maprotiline Mariptiline Mazindol Melitracen Metapramine Mezepine Mianserin Mirtazapine Monometacrine Naranol Nitroxazepine Nortriptyline Noxiptiline Octriptyline Opipramol Oxaprotiline Pipofezine Pirandamine Propizepine Protriptyline Quinupramine Setiptiline/Teciptiline Spiroxepin Tandamine Tampramine Tianeptine Tienopramine Trimipramine Antihistamines Azatadine Clobenzepam Cyproheptadine Dacemazine Deptropine Desloratadine Epinastine Etymemazine Hydroxyethylpromethazine Isopromethazine Isothipendyl Ketotifen Latrepirdine Loratadine Mebhydrolin Mequitazine Methdilazine Olopatadine Oxomemazine Phenindamine Pimethixene Promethazine Propiomazine Rupatadine Thiazinamium Antipsychotics Acetophenazine Alimemazine Amoxapine Asenapine Butaclamol Butaperazine Carphenazine Carpipramine Chlorpromazine Chlorprothixene Ciclindole Citatepine Clocapramine Clomacran Clorotepin Clotiapine Clozapine Cyanothepin Doclothepin Docloxythepin Erizepine Flucindole Flumezapine Fluotracen Flupentixol Fluphenazine Gevotroline Homopipramol Isofloxythepin Levomepromazine/Methotrimeprazine Loxapine Maroxepin Meperathiepin Mesoridazine Metiapine Metitepine Metoxepin Mosapramine Naranol Octomethothepin Olanzapine Oxyclothepin Oxyprothepin Pentiapine Peradithiepin Perathiepin Perazine Perphenazine Periciazine Pinoxepin Piperacetazine Pipotiazine Piquindone Prochlorperazine Promazine Prothipendyl Quetiapine Savoxepin/Cipazoxapine Sulforidazine Tenilapine Thiethylperazine Thiopropazate Thioridazine Thiothixene Tilozepine Traboxopine Trifluoperazine Triflupromazine Trifluthepin Zotepine Zuclopenthixol Anticonvulsants Carbamazepine Dizocilpine Eslicarbazepine Eslicarbazepine acetate Etazepine Licarbazepine Oxcarbazepine Oxitriptyline Rispenzepine Others Adosopine Aminopromazine Atiprosin Beloxepin Carvedilol Cidoxepin Cyclobenzaprine Damotepine Darenzepine Elanzepine Methylene blue Monatepil Nuvenzepine Oxetorone Perlapine Pinadoline Pirenzepine Pirolate Pitrazepin Pizotifen Profenamine Serazapine Siltenzepine Telenzepine Tipindole Tropatepine Zolenzepine