Amazonian manatee

Amazonian manatee[1]
Baby Amazonian manatee
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Sirenia
Family: Trichechidae
Genus: Trichechus
Species: T. inunguis
Binomial name
Trichechus inunguis
(Natterer, 1883)
Amazonian manatee range

The Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis) is a species of manatee of the order Sirenia. It is found living in the freshwater habitats of the Amazon Basin in Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia and Ecuador.[2] It has thin, wrinkled skin, and is almost hairless, but has "whiskers" around its mouth.[3] It also has a distinct white breast patch, with fine hairs scattered over its body.[4] It is also known as the Amazon Manatee sea cow.[5]

The Amazonian manatee is the second-smallest species of manatee after the dwarf manatee (Trichechus pygmaeus) from Brazil.[6] However, the validity of the dwarf manatee as a species is the subject of debate, with some believing it to be an immature Amazonian manatee.[6]

Taxonomy

The specific name, inunguis is latin for "nailless." The genus name Trichechus, comes from latin meaning "hair", referencing the whiskers around the manatee's mouth.[7]

Physical characteristics

Ranges of body weight and size observed are 7.5–346.5 kg and 76.0 –255.5 cm for captive males, 8.1–379.5 kg and 71.0–266.5 cm for captive females, and 120.0–270.0 kg and 162.0 –230.0 cm for free-ranging manatees, respectively.[8] The maximum actual Amazonian manatee weight reported is 379.5 kg.[8] Calves of the species are born weighing 10–15 kg and 85 –105 cm long.[8] The Amazonian Manatees increase in length approximately 1.6-2.0 mm per day. This length is measured along the curvature of the body so absolute length can differ between individuals. As calves, they gain an average of 1 kilogram per week.[9]

Amazonian manatees are large, cylindrically shaped mammals, with forelimbs modified into flippers, no free hind-limbs, and the rear of the body in the form of a flat, rounded, horizontal paddle.[10] The flexible flippers are used for aiding motion over the bottom, scratching, touching and even embracing other manatees, and moving food into and cleaning the mouth.[10] The manatee's upper lip is modified into a large bristly surface, which is deeply divided.[10] It can move each side of the lips independently while feeding.[10] The general coloration is gray, and most Amazonian manatees have a distinct white or bright pink patch on the breast.[10]

The manatee does not have incisors or canine teeth, only cheek teeth (molars).[10] Molars designed to crush vegetation form continuously at the back of the jaw and move forward as older ones wear down.[10] The older ones eventually fall out, while new ones come in at the rear of the jaw to replace them.[10]

The Amazonian manatee lacks nails on its flippers, setting it apart from other manatees.[7] An almost unique feature (amongst mammals) of the manatee is the constant replacement of molar teeth; new teeth enter at the back of the jaw and replace old and worn teeth at the front. The order's closest relatives, the elephants, also have teeth that get replaced, but have only a limited set of these replacement teeth.

Behavior and biology

The Amazonian manatee is the only sirenian that lives exclusively in freshwater habitat.[11] The species relies on changes in the peripheral circulation for its primary mechanism for thermoregulation by using sphincters to deflect blood flow from areas of the body in close contact with ocean. They also rely on subcutaneous fat to reduce heat loss.[12]

Manatees have nostrils, not blowholes like other aquatic mammals, which close when under water to keep water out and open when above water to breath.[13] Although manatees can remain under water for extended periods, surfacing for air about every five minutes is common.[14][15] The longest documented submergence of an Amazonian manatee in captivity is 14 minutes.[16]

Manatees make seasonal movements synchronized with the flood regime of the Amazon Basin.[17] They are found in flooded forests and meadows during the flood season, when food is abundant.[17] The Amazonian manatee has the smallest degree of rostral deflection (25° to 41°) among sirenians, an adaptation to feed closer to the water surface.[18] It is both nocturnal and diurnal and lives its life almost entirely underwater.[19] Only its nostrils protrude from the surface of the water while it searches river and lake bottoms for vegetation.[19]

The Amazonian and Florida manatees are the only manatees known to vocalize. They have been observed vocalizing alone and with others, particularly between cows and their calves.[20]

Diet

The manatees themselves feed on a variety of aquatic macrophytes, including aroids, grasses, bladderwarts, hornworts, water lilies, and particularly, water hyacinths.[21] Maintaining an herbivorous diet, the manatee has a similar post-gastric digestive process to that of the horse.[18] The manatee consumes approximately 8% of its body weight in food per day.[18]

During the July–August dry season when water levels begin to fall, some populations become restricted to the deep parts of large lakes, where they often remain until the end of the dry season in March.[17] They are thought to fast during this period, their large fat reserves and low metabolic rates – only 36% of the usual placental mammal metabolic rate – allowing them to survive for up to seven months with little or no food.[17]

Reproduction and lifecycle

The Amazonian manatee is a seasonal breeder with a gestational period of 12–14 months and a prolonged calving period. Most births take place between December and July, with about 63% between February and May, during a time of rising river levels in their native region.[22] After the calf is born, it will begin to eat while staying with its mother for 12 – 18 months.[5]

Two individuals lived 12.5 years in captivity.[10] Wild individuals have a lifespan of about 30 years.[19]

Population and distribution

As of 1977 the population count of the Amazonian Manatee was estimated to be around 10,000.[23] As of now the total population count is undetermined, however the population trend seems to be decreasing.[23] They are mainly distributed throughout the Amazon River Basin in northern South America, ranging from the Marajó Islands in Brazil through Colombia, Peru, and Ecuador.[23] They are occasionally found overlapping with the West Indian Manatee along the coasts of Brazil.[23]

Amazonian manatees occur through most the Amazon River drainage, from the headwaters, in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru to the mouth of the Amazon (close to the Marajó Island) in Brazil over an estimated seven million square kilometers.[24] However, their distribution is patchy, concentrating in areas of nutrient-rich flooded forest, which covers around 300,000 km² [24] They also inhabit environments in lowland tropical areas below 300 m asl, where there is large production of aquatic and semi-aquatic plants; they also calm, shallow waters, away from human settlements[24]

The Amazonian manatee is completely aquatic and never leaves the water.[17] It is the only manatee to occur exclusively in freshwater environments.[25] The Amazonian manatee favors backwater lakes, oxbows, and lagoons with deep connections to large rivers and abundant aquatic vegetation[25] They are mainly solitary but sometimes they will gather in small groups consisting of up to eight individuals.[26] They engage in long seasonal movements, moving from flooded areas during the wet season to deep water-bodies during the dry season[24]

Natural predators include jaguars, sharks, and crocodiles.[19]

Conservation

The IUCN red list ranks the Amazonian manatee as vulnerable. Population declines are primarily a result of hunting, as well as calf mortality, climate change, and habitat loss.[2] However, due to their murky water habitat it is difficult to gain accurate population estimates.[2]

There are no national management plans for the Amazonian Manatee, except in Colombia.[2] Currently, the INPA takes care of 34 captive manatees and the CPPMA is caring for 31 manatees.[2] The manatee has been protected by Peruvian law since 1973, via Supreme Decree 934-73-AG, prohibiting hunting and commercial use of the manatee.[16]

Hunting remains the largest problem and continues in much of its range, even within reserves.[2] In 1986, it was estimated that the hunting levels in Ecuador were unsustainable and it would be gone from this country within 10–15 years.[27] While hunting still occurs, an increasing risk to its continued survival in Ecuador is now believed to be the risk of oil spills.[2] The oil exploration also means an increase in boat traffic on the rivers.[2]

The Amazonian manatees of Peru have experienced much of their decline due to hunting by human populations for meat, blubber, skin and other materials that can be collected from the manatee.[16] Such hunting is carried out with harpoons, gillnets, and set traps.[16] Much of this hunting occurs in the lakes and streams near the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve in northeastern Peru.[16] The species is slow-moving, docile, and is often found feeding at the surface of the lakes and rivers it inhabits.[17] Manatees are also at risk from pollution, accidental drowning in commercial fishing nets, and the degradation of vegetation by soil erosion resulting from deforestation.[17] Additionally, the indiscriminate release of mercury in mining activities threatens the entire aquatic ecosystem of the Amazon Basin.[17]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Shoshani, J. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M, eds. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Marmontel, M. (2008). Trichechus inunguis. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 29 December 2008.
  3. ↑ conserve nature manatee site
  4. ↑ Trichechus inunguis. Sandra L. Husar. Mammalian Species , No. 72, Trichechus inunguis (Jun. 15, 1977), pp. 1-4. Published by: American Society of Mammalogists Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3503928
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Amazonian Manatee". theanimalfiles.com. theanimalfiles.com. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Trials of a Primatologist. - smithsonianmag.com. Accessed March 16, 2008.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Manatees". http://www.conservenature.org/''. Institute for the Study of Human-Animal Relations. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Amaral, Rodrigo S. (27 October 2010). "Body weight/length relationship and mass estimation using morphometric measurements in Amazonian manatees Trichechus inunguis (Mammalia: Sirenia)". Marine Biodiversity Records 3 (e105): 4. doi:10.1017/s1755267210000886. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  9. ↑ Rosas, Fernando Cesar Weber (1994). "Biology, conservation and status of the Amazonian Manatee Trichechus inunguis". Mammal Review 24 (2): 49–59. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.1994.tb00134.x.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 "Animal Info - Amazonian Manatee". http://www.animalinfo.org/''. animalinfo.org. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  11. ↑ Amaral R.S., V.M.F da Silvia, and F.C.W Rosas. 2010. Body weight/length relationship and mass estimation using morphometric measurements in Amazonian manatees Trichechus inunguis Mammalia: Sirenia. Marine Biodiversity Records. 3:e105-e109.
  12. ↑ Gallican G.J., R.C. Best, and J.W. Kanwisher. 1982. Temperature regulation in the amazonian manatee trichechus inunguis. Physiological zoology The university of chicago press 255-262.
  13. ↑ "Facts about Manatees". Manatee World. 2014. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
  14. ↑ "Manatee Trichechus". National Geographic. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
  15. ↑ Metabolism and Respiration of the Amazonian Manatee (Trichechus inunguis). G. J. Gallivan and R. C. Best. Physiological Zoology, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Jul., 1980), pp. 245-253. Published by: The University of Chicago Press. Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30155787
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 contentReeves, Randall R.; Leatherwood, Stephen; Jefferson, Thomas A.; Curry, Barbara E.; Henningsen, Thomas. "Amazonian Manatees, Tricheus inunguis, In Peru: Distribution, Exploitation, and Conservation Status" (PDF). https://swfsc.noaa.gov''. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 "70. Amazonian Manatee (Trichechus inunguis)". edgeofexistence.org. Zoological Society of London. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Pazin-Guterres, Michelle (2014). "Feeding Ecology of the Amazonian Manatee (Trichechus inunguis) in the Mamirauá and Amanã Sustainable Development Reserves, Brazil.". Aquatic Mammals 40 (2): 139–149.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Gorog, Antonia. "Trichechus inunguis Amazonian manatee". animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu. University of Michigan. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
  20. ↑ Evoked Brain Potentials Demonstrate Hearing in a Manatee (Trichechus inunguis). Theodore H. Bullock, Daryl P. Domning and Robin C. Best, Journal of Mammalogy, Vol. 61, No. 1 (Feb., 1980), pp. 130-133 Published by: American Society of Mammalogists Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1379969
  21. ↑ Ecology, Distribution, Harvest, and Conservation of the Amazonian Manatee Trichechus inunguis in Ecuador Robert M. Timm, Luis Albuja V. and Barbara L. Clauson Biotropica , Vol. 18, No. 2 (Jun., 1986), pp. 150-156 Published by: The Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2388757
  22. ↑ Seasonal Breeding in the Amazonian Manatee, Trichechus inunguis (Mammalia: Sirenia) Robin C. Best Biotropica , Vol. 14, No. 1 (Mar., 1982), pp. 76-78 Published by: The Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2387764
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 "Amazonian manatee distribution and population". http://www.edgeofexistence.org/''. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/summary/22102/0
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 http://www.arkive.org/amazonian-manatee/trichechus-inunguis/
  26. ↑ http://www.theanimalfiles.com/mammals/dugong_manatees/amazonian_manatee.html
  27. ↑ Ecology, Distribution, Harvest, and Conservation of the Amazonian Manatee Trichechus inunguis in Ecuador. Robert M. Timm, Luis Albuja V. and Barbara L. Clauson. Biotropica , Vol. 18, No. 2 (Jun., 1986), pp. 150-156. Published by: The Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation. Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2388757

Further reading

External links

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