Alveolar trill
"r (IPA)" redirects here. For the 'r' sound (as in English red) often transcribed /r/ for convenience, see Alveolar approximant ([ɹ]).
The alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar trills is ⟨r⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r. It is commonly called the rolled R, rolling R, or trilled R. Quite often, ⟨r⟩ is used in phonemic transcriptions (especially those found in dictionaries) of languages like English and German that have rhotic consonants that are not an alveolar trill. This is partly due to ease of typesetting and partly because ⟨r⟩ is the letter used in the orthographies of these languages.
In the majority of Indo-European languages, this sound is at least occasionally allophonic with an alveolar tap [ɾ], particularly in unstressed positions. Exceptions to this include Albanian, Spanish, Cypriot Greek, and a number of Armenian and Portuguese dialects, which treat them as distinct phonemes.
People with ankyloglossia may find it exceptionally difficult to articulate this consonant due to the limited mobility of their tongues.[1][2]
Voiced alveolar trill
| Voiced alveolar trill | |
|---|---|
| r | |
| IPA number | 122 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) |
r |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0072 |
| X-SAMPA |
r |
| Kirshenbaum |
r<trl> |
| Braille |
 |
| Sound | |
 source · help | |
Most commonly, the alveolar trill is voiced.
Features
Features of the alveolar trill:
- Its manner of articulation is trill, which means it is produced by directing air over the articulator so that it vibrates.
- Its place of articulation is dental, alveolar or post-alveolar, which means it is articulated behind upper front teeth, at the alveolar ridge or behind the alveolar ridge. It is most often apical, which means that it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue.[3]
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Dental
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| German | Standard[4] | Schmarrn | [ʃmaːr̪n] | 'nonsense' | Apical.[4] May be alveolar or a tap instead. See German phonology |
| Hungarian[5] | arra | [ɒr̪ːɒ] | 'that way' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Romanian[6] | repede | [ˈr̪e̞pe̞d̪e̞] | 'quickly' | Apical. See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[7] | рьяный | [ˈr̪ʲjän̪ɨ̞j] | 'zealous' | Apical, palatalized. Often a tap.[7] It contrasts with a post-alveolar trill. See Russian phonology | |
Alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | ашəара | [aʃʷara] | 'measure' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Adyghe | речӀы | [retʃʼə] | 'crushing' | ||
| Afrikaans | rooi | [rɔɪ] | 'red' | ||
| Albanian | rrush | [ruʃ] | 'grape' | Contrasts with /ɾ/. | |
| Arabic | رأس | [rɑʔs] | 'head' | Written ⟨ر⟩. See Arabic phonology | |
| Armenian | Eastern[8] | ռումբ |  [rumb] | 'cannonball' | |
| Asturian | xenru | [ˈʃẽ̞nru] | 'son-in-law' | ||
| Basque | errota | [erot̪a] | 'mill' | ||
| Bulgarian | награда | [nɐɡrada] | 'award' | ||
| Czech | chlor | [xlɔ̝ːr] | 'chlorine' | Contrasts with /r̝/; may be syllabic. See Czech phonology | |
| Danish | Few speakers of the Jutlandic dialect[9] | ? | Corresponds to much more back [ʁ ~ ʕ] in standard Danish. See Danish phonology | ||
| Dutch | Many dialects | rood | [roːt] | 'red' | In free variation with [ɾ]. Pronunciation of /r/ varies regionally. See Dutch phonology |
| English | Scottish | curd | [kʌrd] | 'curd' | Only some dialects. Corresponds to [ɾ ~ ɹ] in others. See English phonology |
| Esperanto | tri | [tri] | 'three' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| Estonian | narr | [nɑrː] | 'fool' | ||
| Finnish | purra | [purːɑ] | 'to bite' | See Finnish phonology | |
| French | African French | rouge | [ruʒ] | 'red' | May be a tap instead. See Standard and Quebec French phonologies |
| Corsica | |||||
| Rural Acadian | |||||
| Rural France | |||||
| Rural Quebec | |||||
| Southern France | |||||
| Galician | ría | [ˈri.a] | 'ria', 'estuary' | Contrasts with /ɾ/. Does not occur in coda position. | |
| German | Northern | Schmarrn | [ʃmɑrn] | 'nonsense' | Only some speakers. May be a tap instead. |
| Standard[4] | Apical.[4] May be dental or a tap instead. See German phonology | ||||
| Southern | May be a tap instead. | ||||
| Greek | Standard[10] | άρτος | [ˈartos] | 'bread' (archaic) or 'Communion bread' | Allophone of /r/. Usual in clusters, otherwise a tap or an approximant. See Modern Greek phonology |
| Cypriot[11][12] | βορράς | [voˈrːas] | 'north' | Contrasts with /ɾ/. | |
| Hebrew | Mizrahi | ראשׁ | [roʃ] | 'head' | See Modern Hebrew phonology |
| Hindi | घर | [ɡʱər] | 'house' | See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Icelandic | rós | [ˈroːus] | 'rose' | Contrasts with /r̥/. See Icelandic phonology | |
| Ilokano | gurruod | [ɡʊˈruʔod] | 'thunder' | Contrasts with /ɾ/. See Ilokano phonology. | |
| Italian[13] | terra | [ˈtɛrra] | 'earth' | See Italian phonology | |
| Japanese | Some dialects | 羅針 rashin | [raɕĩɴ] | 'compass' | More commonly [ɾ]. Use of [r] is known in Japanese as makijita (Japanese: 巻き舌, 'rolling tongue'). See Japanese phonology |
| Kele[14] | [ⁿrikei] | 'leg' | |||
| Kyrgyz[15] | ыр | [ɯr] | 'song' | ||
| Latvian[16] | rags | [räks̪] | 'horn' | See Latvian phonology | |
| Macedonian | игра | [iɡra] | 'play' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Malay | Standard | arah | [arah] | 'direction' | See Malay phonology |
| Marathi | Standard | रबर | [rəbər] | 'rubber' | See Marathi phonology |
| Ngwe | Njoagwi dialect | [lɛ̀rɛ́] | 'eye' | ||
| Persian | رستم Rostam | [ˈrostʌm] | 'Rostam' | Allophone of [ɾ] in word-initial positions. See Persian phonology | |
| Polish[17] | krok | [krɔk] | 'step' | Contrasts with /r̝/ for few speakers. See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese | Some dialects[18] | honrar | [õˈraɾ] | 'to honor' | Older rhotic corresponding to guttural R of most dialects; contrasts with /ɾ/. Does not occur in coda position. See Portuguese phonology |
| Scots | wir | [wir] | 'our' | ||
| Serbo-Croatian[19] | рт / rt | [r̩t] | 'cape' | May be syllabic. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovak[20] | krk | [kr̩k] | 'neck' | May be a tap, particularly when not syllabic. | |
| Slovene[21] | riž | [ríːʃ] | 'rice' | Also described as tap [ɾ],[22] and variable between trill [r] and tap [ɾ].[23] See Slovene phonology | |
| Spanish[24] | perro | [ˈpe̞ro̞] | 'dog' | Contrasts with /ɾ/. See Spanish phonology | |
| Swedish | Most dialects | rov | [ruːv] | 'prey' | See Swedish phonology |
| Tajik | арра | [ʌrrʌ] | 'saw' | ||
| Thai | Standard Thai | พรุ่งนี้ | [pʰrûŋ.níː] | 'tomorrow' | |
| Titan[14] | [ⁿrakeiʔin] | 'girls' | |||
| Ubykh | [bəqˤʼərda] | 'to roll around' | See Ubykh phonology | ||
| Ukrainian | рух | [rux] | 'motion' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Welsh | Rhagfyr | [ˈr̥aɡvɨr] | 'December' | Contrasts with /r̥/. See Welsh phonology | |
| West Frisian | rûp | [rup] | 'caterpillar' | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[25] | r-ree | [rəˀə] | 'habitual-go out' | Underlyingly two sequences of /ɾ/. |
Post-alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan[26] | roba | [ˈr̠ɔβ̞ə] | 'clothes' | Contrasts with /ɾ/. See Catalan phonology | |
| Gokana[27] | bele | [bēr̠ē] | 'we' | Allophone of /l/, medially between vowels within the morpheme,[27] and finally in the morpheme before a following vowel in the same word.[27] It can be a postalveolar tap or simply [l] instead.[27] | |
| Russian[7] | играть | [ɪˈɡr̠ätʲ] | 'to play' | Contrasts with a palatalized dental trill. See Russian phonology | |
Voiced alveolar raised non-sonorant trill
| Raised alveolar trill | |
|---|---|
| r̝ | |
| IPA number | 122 429 |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA |
r_r |
| Sound | |
|
source · help | |
In Czech there are two contrasting alveolar trills. Besides the typical trill, written r, there is another, written ř, in words such as rybáři [ˈrɪbaːr̝ɪ] 'fishermen' and the common surname Dvořák. Its manner of articulation is similar to [r] but the tongue is raised; it is partially fricative, with the frication sounding rather like [ʒ], though not so retracted. Thus in the IPA it is written as ⟨r⟩ plus the raising diacritic, ⟨r̝⟩. (Before the 1989 IPA Kiel Convention, it had a dedicated symbol ⟨ɼ⟩). The Kobon language of Papua New Guinea also has a fricative trill, although the degree of frication is variable.
Features
Features of the voiced alveolar raised non-sonorant trill:
- Its manner of articulation is trill fricative, which means it's a trill and a non-sibilant fricative pronounced simultaneously.
- Its place of articulation is laminal alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge,
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Czech[28][29][30][31] | čtyři | [ˈt͡ʃtɪr̝ɪ] | 'four' | May be a non-sibilant fricative[29] or a fricative flap instead.[31] It contrasts with /r/ and /ʒ/. See Czech phonology | |
| Kashubian[32] | Only some northern[32] and northwestern[32] speakers. | ||||
| Kobon | Amount of frication variable. May also be a fricative flap | ||||
| Polish | Some dialects[33] | rzeka | [ˈr̝ɛkä] | 'river' | Contrasts with /r/ and /ʐ/. Present in areas from Starogard Gdański to Malbork[33] and those south, west and northwest of them,[33] area from Lubawa to Olsztyn to Olecko to Działdowo,[33] south and east from Wieleń,[33] around Wołomin,[33] southeast from Ostrów Mazowiecka[33] and west from Siedlce,[33] from Brzeg to Opole and those north of them,[33] and roughly from Racibórz to Nowy Targ.[33] Most speakers, as well as standard Polish merge it with /ʐ/,[33] and speakers maintaining the distinction (which is mostly the elderly) sporadically do that too.[33] See Polish phonology |
| Portuguese[34] | os rins | [u ˈr̝ĩʃ] | 'the kidneys' | Possible realization of the sequence /sr/ for speakers who realize /r/ as [r].[34] See Portuguese phonology | |
| Silesian | Gmina Istebna[35] | Contrasts with /r/ and /ʒ/. Merges with /ʐ/ in most Polish dialects. | |||
| Jablunkov[35] | |||||
| Slovak | Northern dialects[33] | Only in few dialects near the Polish border.[33] | |||
See also
References
- ↑ Chaubal & Dixit (2011:270–272)
- ↑ Mayo Clinic (2012)
- ↑ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:228)
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Mangold (2005:53)
- ↑ Siptár & Törkenczy (2000:75–76), Szende (1999:104)
- ↑ Ovidiu Drăghici, Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie (PDF), retrieved April 19, 2013
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Skalozub (1963:?); cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:221)
- ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009:19)
- ↑ Torp (2001:78)
- ↑ Arvaniti (2007:14–18)
- ↑ Arvaniti (2010:3–4)
- ↑ "βορράς", Cypriot Greek Lexicographic Database (Ερευνητικό Πρόγραμμα Συντυσές), 2011, retrieved 5 March 2014
- ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Ladefoged (2005:165)
- ↑ Kara (2003:11)
- ↑ Nau (1998:6)
- ↑ Jassem (2003:103)
- ↑ In much of Africa, some communities of non-Portuguese European immigrants (it may be weakly trilled in the former ones), inland northern Portugal, and places near Hispanic countries.
- ↑ Kordić (2006:5), Landau et al. (1999:66)
- ↑ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
- ↑ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980:21)
- ↑ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999:135)
- ↑ Greenberg (2006:17 and 20)
- ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ↑ Merrill (2008:109)
- ↑ Recasens & Pallarès (1995:288)
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 L.F. Brosnahan, Outlines of the phonology of the Gokana dialect of Ogoni (PDF), retrieved 2013-11-24
- ↑ Dankovičová (1999:70-71)
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:228-230 and 233)
- ↑ Lodge (2009:46)
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012:226)
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia".
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 33.5 33.6 33.7 33.8 33.9 33.10 33.11 33.12 33.13 Gwary polskie - Frykatywne rż (ř), Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl, retrieved 2013-11-06
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 Grønnum (2005:157)
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 Dąbrowska (2004:?)
Bibliography
- "Tongue-tie (ankyloglossia)", Mayo Clinic (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research), May 16, 2012, retrieved 22 October 2013
- Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics 8: 97–208, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv
- Arvaniti, Amalia (2010), "A (brief) review of Cypriot Phonetics and Phonology", The Greek Language in Cyprus from Antiquity to the Present Day (PDF), University of Athens, pp. 107–124
- Chaubal, Tanay V.; Dixit, Mala Baburaj (2011), "Ankyloglossia and its Management", Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology 15 (3): 270–272, doi:10.4103/0972-124X.85673, PMID 22028516
- Dąbrowska, Anna (2004), Język polski, Wrocław: wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, ISBN 83-7384-063-X
- Dankovičová, Jana (1999), "Czech", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 70–74, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Greenberg, Mark L. (2006), A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene, Kansas: University of Kansas
- Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
- Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Kara, Dávid Somfai (2003), Kyrgyz, Lincom Europa, ISBN 3895868434
- Kordić, Snježana (2006), Serbo-Croatian, Languages of the World/Materials; 148, Munich & Newcastle: Lincom Europa, ISBN 3-89586-161-8
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
- Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, ISBN 978-3411040667
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Nau, Nicole (1998), Latvian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 3-89586-228-2
- Pretnar, Tone; Tokarz, Emil (1980), Slovenščina za Poljake: Kurs podstawowy języka słoweńskiego, Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski
- Recasens, Daniel; Pallarès, Maria Dolors (2001), De la fonètica a la fonologia: les consonants i assimilacions consonàntiques del català, Barcelona: Editorial Ariel, ISBN 978-84-344-2884-3
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Šimáčková, Šárka; Podlipský, Václav Jonáš; Chládková, Kateřina (2012), "Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 42 (2): 225–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000102
- Siptár, Péter; Törkenczy, Miklós (2000), The Phonology of Hungarian, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823841-6
- Skalozub, Larisa (1963), Palatogrammy i Rentgenogrammy Soglasnyx Fonem Russkogo Literaturnogo Jazyka, Izdatelstvo Kievskogo Universiteta
- Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–139, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Szende, Tamás (1999), "Hungarian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 104–107, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Torp, Arne (2001), "Retroflex consonants and dorsal /r/: mutually excluding innovations? On the diffusion of dorsal /r/ in Scandinavian", in Van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland, 'r-atics (PDF), Brussels: Etudes & Travaux, pp. 75–90, ISSN 0777-3692
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||