Alveolar lateral approximant
Alveolar lateral approximant | |
---|---|
l | |
IPA number | 155 |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) |
l |
Unicode (hex) | U+006C |
X-SAMPA |
l |
Kirshenbaum |
l |
Braille | |
Sound | |
source · help |
Postalveolar lateral approximant | |
---|---|
l̠ |
Dental lateral approximant | |
---|---|
l̪ |
The alveolar lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral approximants is ⟨l⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is l.
As a sonorant, lateral approximants are nearly always voiced. Voiceless lateral approximants, /l̥/, are common in Sino-Tibetan languages, but uncommon elsewhere. In such cases, voicing typically starts about halfway through the hold of the consonant. No language contrasts such a sound with a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative [ɬ].
In a number of languages, including most varieties of English, the phoneme /l/ becomes velarized in certain contexts, a sound often called "dark l". Some languages, like many North American dialects of English may not have a "clear" /l/ at all.
Features
Features of the voiced alveolar lateral approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- There are four specific variants of [l]:
- Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
- Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Languages may have clear apical or laminal alveolars (such as Bulgarian, which has both), laminal denti-alveolars (such as French), or true dentals, which are uncommon. However, a true dental generally occurs allophonically before /θ/ in languages which have it, as in English health.
Dental or denti-alveolar
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dutch | Flemish | lucht | [l̪ʏçt̪] | 'air' | Laminal denti-alveolar, present in some dialects. See Dutch phonology |
English | Some dialects | wealth | [ˈwɛl̪θ] | 'wealth' | Dental. Allophone of /l/ before /θ ð/, present in dialects with no dark l and no L-vocalization. See English phonology |
French[1] | il | [il̪] | 'he' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology | |
Hungarian[2] | elem | [ˈɛl̪ɛm] | 'battery' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Hungarian phonology | |
Italian[3][4][5] | molto | [ˈmol̪ːt̪o] | 'much, a lot' | Laminal denti-alveolar.[3][4] Allophone of /l/ before /t d s z t͡s d͡z/.[3][4][5] See Italian phonology | |
Macedonian[6] | лево | [l̪e̞vo̞] | 'left' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Macedonian phonology | |
Mapudungun | [l̪afken̪] | 'sea, lake' | Interdental | ||
Norwegian | Eastern | liv | [l̪iːv] | 'life' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Present in some dialects, alveolar in others. See Norwegian phonology |
Pashto | لس | [ləs] | 'ten' | ||
Polish | wolt | [vɔl̪t̪] | 'volt' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /l/ before dental and denti-alveolar consonants. See Polish phonology | |
Slovene | bazalt | [baˈz̪áːl̪t̪] | 'basalt' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /l/ before /t d s z t͡s/ when not vocalized to [w] | |
Swedish | Central Standard[7] | allt | [äl̪t̪] | 'everything' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Swedish phonology |
Tamil[8] | புலி | [pul̪i] | 'tiger' | See Tamil phonology | |
Uzbek[9] | Laminal denti-alveolar. Velarized between a non-front rounded vowel and a consonant or juncture phoneme.[9] | ||||
Vietnamese[10] | lửa | [lɨə˧˩˧] | 'fire' | See Vietnamese phonology |
Alveolar
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abkhaz | мгьал | [mɡʲal] | 'bread' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
Adyghe | кӀалэ | [t͡ʃʼaːla] | 'boy' | Traditionally pronounced as [ɮ] | |
Albanian | lis | [lis] | 'tree' | ||
Arabic | Standard[11] | لا | [laː] | 'no' | See Arabic phonology |
Armenian | Eastern[12] | լուսին | [lusin] | 'moon' | |
Basque | lan | [lan] | 'work' | ||
Bulgarian | или | [ili] | 'or' | ||
Catalan[13][14] | tela | [ˈt̪ɛlə] | 'fabric' | Apical 'front alveolar'.[13][14] May also be velarized.[15] See Catalan phonology | |
Chinese | Mandarin | 老 lǎo | [lɑʊ˨˩˦] | 'old' | See Mandarin phonology |
Czech | lis | [lɪs] | 'press' | See Czech phonology | |
Dutch | leven | [ˈleːvə(n)] | 'to live' | See Dutch phonology | |
English | Most speakers | let | [lɛt] | 'let' | See English phonology |
New York[16] | Varies between apical and laminal, with the latter being predominant.[16] | ||||
Finnish | illalla | [ilːɑlːɑ] | 'at evening' | See Finnish phonology | |
German | Liebe | [ˈliːbə] | 'love' | See German phonology | |
Greek | άλμα álma | [ˈalma] | 'jump' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
Hebrew | לא | [lo̞] | 'no' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
Italian[17][18][3] | letto | [ˈlɛt̪ːo] | 'bed' | Apical.[4] See Italian phonology | |
Kabardian | щIалэ | [ɕʼaːla] | 'boy' | Traditionally pronounced as [ɮ] | |
Kashubian[19] | |||||
Kyrgyz[20] | көпөлөк | [køpøˈløk] | 'butterfly' | Velarized in back vowel contexts | |
Malay | lagi | [laɡi] | 'again' | ||
Marathi | लग्न | [ləɡˈnə] | 'wedding' | See Marathi phonology | |
Norwegian | liv | [liːv] | 'life' | Can be dental in eastern dialects. See Norwegian phonology | |
Polish[21] | pole | [ˈpɔlɛ] | 'field' | Contrasts with /ɫ/ for a small number of speakers; when it does, it is always palatalized [lʲ]. See Polish phonology | |
Punjabi | ਲਾਲ | [läːl] | 'red' | ||
Romanian[22] | alună | [äˈlun̪ə] | 'hazelnut' | Apical. See Romanian phonology | |
Russian | ключ | [klʲʉt͡ɕ] | 'key' | Palatalized. Contrasts with pharyngealized denti-alveolar lateral. See Russian phonology | |
Slovak[23] | mĺkvy | [ˈml̩ːkʋi] | 'silent' | Syllabic form can be long or short | |
Slovene[24] | letalo | [lɛˈt̪àːlɔ] | 'airplane' | ||
Spanish[25] | hablar | [äˈβ̞läɾ] | 'to speak' | See Spanish phonology | |
Tibetan | ལ | [la] | 'mountain pass' | Contrasts voiced and voiceless lateral approximants | |
Ukrainian[26] | обличчя | [oˈblɪt͡ʃːɐ] | 'face' | Contrasts with palatalized form; it is voiceless word-finally after voiceless consonants.[26] See Ukrainian phonology | |
West Frisian | lyts | [lit͡s] | 'small' | In complementary distribution with [ɫ]; occurs before [i] and [y] | |
Postalveolar
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Italian[4] | il cervo | [il̠ʲ ˈt͡ʃɛrvo] | 'the deer' | Palatalized,[4] laminal.[4] Allophone of /l/ before /ʃ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ/.[4] See Italian phonology | |
Turkish[27][28] | lale | [l̠ʲäːˈl̠ʲɛ] | 'tulip' | Palatalized.[27][28] Contrasts with a velarized dental lateral [ɫ̪].[27][28] See Turkish phonology | |
Variable
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chinese | Cantonese | 老 lou5 | [lou˩˧˦] | 'old' | Alveolar to sometimes dental. See Cantonese phonology |
Korean | 물집 muljip | [mult͡ɕ̤ip̚] | 'blister' | Alveolar to postalveolar. See Korean phonology | |
Portuguese | Most Brazilian dialects[29][30] | lero-lero | [ˈlɛɾu ˈlɛɾu] | 'runaround'[31] | Dental to sometimes alveolar. Always co-articulated in other dialects.[32] See Portuguese phonology |
Velarized alveolar lateral approximant
Dark L | |
---|---|
lˠ | |
lˤ | |
l̴ | |
ɫ | |
IPA number | 209 |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) |
lˠ |
Unicode (hex) | U+006C U+02E0 |
X-SAMPA |
5 or l_G or l_?\ |
Kirshenbaum |
l<vzd> |
Sound | |
source · help |
The velarized alveolar lateral approximant (dark l) is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is an alveolar, denti-alveolar or dental lateral approximant, with a secondary articulation of velarization or pharyngealization. The regular symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are ⟨lˠ⟩ (for a velarized lateral) and ⟨lˤ⟩ (for a pharyngealized lateral), though the dedicated letter ⟨ɫ⟩ – which covers both velarization and pharyngealization – is perhaps more common. If the sound is dental or denti-alveolar, one could use a dental diacritic to indicate that: ⟨l̪ˠ⟩, ⟨l̪ˤ⟩, ⟨ɫ̪⟩.
Velarization and pharyngealization are generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants, so dark l tends to be dental or denti-alveolar, while clear l tends to be retracted to an alveolar position.[33]
Features
Features of the dark l:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- There are four specific variants of [ɫ]:
- Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth.
- Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
- Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or, more rarely,[33] the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- It has a secondary articulation of velarization or pharyngealization, meaning that the back or root of the tongue approaches the soft palate (velum), or the back of the throat, respectively.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Dental or denti-alveolar
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Belarusian[34] | Беларусь | [bʲɛɫ̪äˈrus̪ʲ] | 'Belarus' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology | |
Catalan[15][35] | altres | [ˈaɫ̪t̪ɾəs̺] | 'others' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /l/ before /t d/.[35] See Catalan phonology | |
English | wealth | [ˈwɛɫ̪θ] | 'wealth' | Dental. Allophone of /l/ before /θ ð/. See English phonology | |
Icelandic[36] | sigldi | [s̺ɪɫ̪t̪ɪ] | 'sailed' | Laminal denti-alveolar; rare. See Icelandic phonology | |
Lithuanian[37] | labas | [ˈɫ̪äːbɐs̪] | 'hi' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with [lʲ] | |
Macedonian[38] | лук luk |
[ɫ̪uk] | 'garlic' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Present only before back vowels (/a o u/) and syllable-finally. See Macedonian phonology | |
Norwegian | Southeastern[37] | tale | [ˈt̪ʰɑ̈ːɫ̪ə] | 'speech, to speak' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /l/ after /ɑ ɑː ɔ oː/. See Norwegian phonology |
Polish | Eastern dialects[21] | łapa | [ˈɫ̪äpä] | 'paw' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Corresponds to /w/ in standard Polish. See Polish phonology |
Russian[39] | малый | [ˈmɑ̟ɫ̪ɨ̞j] | 'small' | Pharyngealized laminal denti-alveolar. See Russian phonology | |
Scottish Gaelic[40] | Mallaig | [ˈmäʊɫ̪ækʲ] | 'Mallaig' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
Serbo-Croatian | столца / stolca | [s̪t̪ǒ̞ːɫ̪t̪͡s̪a̠] | 'chair' (gen. sg.) | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /l/ before /t d s z t͡s/; may be syllabic. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
Turkish[27][28] | lala | [ɫ̪äˈɫ̪ä] | 'servant' | Laminal denti-alveolar.[28] Contrasts with a palatalized postalveolar lateral [l̠].[27][28] See Turkish phonology | |
Alveolar
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albanian | halla | [ˈhäɫä] | 'aunt' | ||
Arabic | Standard[41] | الله ʼAllah | [ʔɑˈɫːɑːh] | 'God' | Also transcribed as ⟨lˤ⟩. Many accents and dialects lack the sound and instead pronounce [l]. See Arabic phonology |
Bashkir | ҡала ǩala | [ˈqɑˈɫɑ] | 'city' | ||
Bulgarian | ъгъл ăgăl | [ˈɤ̞̈ɡɐɫ] | 'corner' | ||
Catalan[15] | Eastern dialects | cel·la | [ˈsɛɫːə] | 'cell' | Apical. Can be always dark in many dialects. See Catalan phonology |
Western dialects | alt | [aɫ(t)] | 'tall' | ||
Dutch[42][43][44] | bal | [bɑɫ] | 'ball' | Postvocalic allophone of /l/. Pharyngealised. Can be always dark in some Netherlandic dialects. See Dutch phonology | |
Emiliano-Romagnolo | sâl | [sa:ɫ] | 'salt' | ||
English[45] | Australian | feel | [fiːɫ] | 'feel' | Most often apical. Can be always dark in North America, Australia and New Zealand. See English phonology |
Canadian | |||||
Dublin | |||||
General American | |||||
New Zealand | |||||
Received Pronunciation | |||||
South African | |||||
Scottish | loch | [ɫɔx] | 'loch' | Can be always dark, except in some borrowings from Scottish Gaelic | |
Greek | Northern dialects[46] | μπάλα bálla | [ˈbaɫa] | 'ball' | Allophone of /l/ before /a o u/. See Modern Greek phonology |
Irish | lá | [ɫɑː] | 'day' | See Irish phonology | |
Kyrgyz | Appears in back vowel contexts, otherwise clear [l] | ||||
Norwegian | Northern | spelle | [spæɫːe] | 'to play' | See Norwegian phonology |
Ossetian | Алани Alani | [äˈɫäːni] | 'Alania' | ||
Romanian | Bessarabian dialect[47] | cal | [kaɫ] | 'horse' | Corresponds to non-velarized l in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
Scots | fluir | [fɫyːr] | 'floor' | ||
Serbo-Croatian[48] | лак / lak | [ɫâ̠k] | 'easy' | Apical; may be syllabic; contrasts with /ʎ/. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
St’át’imcets | qaoḻ | [qáɫ] | 'bad' | ||
Taos | [kīǣˈwǣɫmã̄] | 'be strong' | See Taos phonology | ||
Uzbek[9] | Apical; between a non-front rounded vowel and a consonant or juncture phoneme. Non-velarized denti-alveolar elsewhere.[9] | ||||
Welsh | Northern dialects | lol | [ɫɔɫ] | 'nonsense' | |
West Frisian | lân | [ɫɔːn] | 'land' |
Variable
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Portuguese | European[49] | mil | [miɫ̪] | 'thousand' | When [lˠ ~ lʶ ~ lˤ ~ lˀ],[50] most often dental. Coda is now vocalized to [u̯ ~ ʊ̯] in most of Brazil (as in rural parts of Alto Minho and Madeira).[51] Might be always dental, and always dark (especially before back/rounded and close/unrounded vowels) in most dialects. See Portuguese phonology |
Most dialects[52] | Lituânia | [ɫ̪it̪uˈɐ̃ɲ̟ɐ] | 'Lithuania' | ||
Older Brazilian[53][54][55][56] | álcool | [ˈäɫ̪ko̞ɫ̪] | 'alcohol, ethanol' |
See also
References
- ↑ Walker (1984:35)
- ↑ Siptár & Törkenczy (2000:75–76)
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Canepari (1992:89)
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005:133)
- ↑ Lunt (1952:1)
- ↑ Engstrand (2004:167)
- ↑ Keane (2004:111)
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Sjoberg (1963:13)
- ↑ Thompson (1959:458–461)
- ↑ Thelwall (1990:38)
- ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009:20)
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Wheeler (2005:10–11)
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Voiced Alveolar Lateral - Central | Els Sons del Català".
"Voiced Alveolar Lateral - Nord Occidental | Els Sons del Català". - ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Recasens & Espinosa (2005:1 and 20)
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Wells (1982), p. 515.
- ↑ Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005:132)
- ↑ Canepari (1992:88–89)
- ↑ http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/content/view/227/26/
- ↑ Kara (2003:11)
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Rocławski (1976:130)
- ↑ Chițoran (2001:10)
- ↑ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
- ↑ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980:21)
- ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995:10)
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 Zimmer & Orgun (1999:154–155)
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 Göksel & Kerslake (2005:8)
- ↑ Depalatalization and consequential iotization in the speech of Fortaleza. Page 2. (Portuguese)
- ↑ Barbosa & Albano (2004:229)
- ↑ Runaround generator
- ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:92)
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Recasens & Espinosa (2005:4)
- ↑ Padluzhny (1989:50–51)
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 Rafel (1999:14)
- ↑ Scholten (2000:22)
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 Mathiassen (1996:23)
- ↑ Lunt (1952:11–12)
- ↑ Jones & Ward (1969:168)
- ↑ Ó Dochartaigh (1997)
- ↑ Watson (2002:16)
- ↑ Verhoeven (2005:245)
- ↑ Booij, Geert. 1999. The Phonology of Dutch. P.8
- ↑ http://npu.edu.ua/!e-book/book/djvu/A/iif_kgpm_Collins_Phonetics_of_English_and_Dutch_pdf.pdf
- ↑ Roca & Johnson (1999:73)
- ↑ Northern Greek Dialects Portal for the Greek Language
- ↑ Pop (1938), p. 30.
- ↑ Gick et al. (2006:?)
- ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:93)
- ↑ "Um caso de português tonal no Brasil?" – Centro de Comunicação e Expressão – Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (Portuguese). Page 52.
- ↑ MELO, Gladstone Chaves de. "A língua do Brasil". 4. Ed. Melhorada e aum., Rio de Janeiro: Padrão, 1981
- ↑ (Italian) Accenti romanze: Portogallo e Brasile (portoghese) – The influence of foreign accents on Italian language acquisition
- ↑ (Portuguese) The process of Norm change for the good pronunciation of the Portuguese language in chant and dramatics in Brazil during 1938, 1858 and 2007 Page 36.
- ↑ TEYSSIER, Paul. "História da Língua Portuguesa", Lisboa: Livraria Sá da Costa, pp. 81-83.
- ↑ Bisol (2005:211)
- ↑ "Um caso de português tonal no Brasil?" – Centro de Comunicação e Expressão – Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (Portuguese). Page 49.
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