Alfred Ely Beach

Alfred Ely Beach

Alfred Ely Beach
Born September 1, 1826
Springfield, Massachusetts
Died January 1, 1896 (aged 69)
New York City, New York
Nationality United States
Education Monson Academy, Massachusetts, now Wilbraham & Monson Academy
Known for New York City's first subway
Children Frederick Converse Beach
Parent(s) Moses Yale Beach

Alfred Ely Beach (September 1, 1826 – January 1, 1896) was an American inventor, publisher, and patent lawyer, born in Springfield, Massachusetts. He is most known for his design of New York City's earliest subway predecessor, the Beach Pneumatic Transit. He also patented a typewriter for the blind.

Early years

Beach was born in Springfield, Massachusetts and was the son of a prominent publisher, Moses Beach. Alfred Beach worked for his father until he and a friend, Orson Desaix Munn I, decided to buy Scientific American, a relatively new publication. They ran Scientific American until their deaths decades later, and it was carried on by their sons and grandsons for decades more. Munn and Beach also established a very successful patent agency. Beach patented some of his own inventions, notably an early typewriter designed for use by the blind. After the Civil War he founded a school for freed slaves in Savannah, the Beach Institute, which is now the home of the King-Tisdell Cottage Foundation.[1]

Invention of a subway

Beach's most famous invention was New York City's first subway, the Beach Pneumatic Transit.[2] This came about during the 1860s, when traffic in New York was a nightmare, especially along the central artery, Broadway. Beach was one of a few visionaries who proposed building an underground railway under Broadway to help relieve the traffic congestion. The inspiration was the underground Metropolitan Railway in London but in contrast to that and others' proposals for New York, Beach proposed the use of trains propelled by pneumatics instead of conventional steam engines, and construction using a tunnelling shield of his invention to minimize disturbing the street.[3]

Beach was also interested in pneumatic tubes for the transport of letters and packages, another idea recently put into use in London.[4] With a franchise from the state he began construction of a tunnel for small pneumatic tubes in 1869, but diverted it into a demonstration of a passenger railway that opened on February 26, 1870.[5] To build a passenger railway he needed a different franchise, something he lobbied for over four legislative sessions, 1870 to 1873. Construction of the tunnel was obvious from materials being delivered to Warren St near Broadway, and was documented in newspaper reports, but Beach kept all details secret until the New York Tribune published a possibly planted article a few weeks before opening.[6]

Plan of the Beach Pneumatic Transit station and tunnel

In 1870 state senator William M. Tweed introduced a bill for Beach's subway that did not pass.[7] By the end of 1871 Tweed's Tammany Hall political machine was in disgrace and from then on Beach, in an effort to gain support from reformers, claimed that Tweed had opposed his subway.[8] The real opposition to the subway was from politically connected property owners along Broadway, led by Alexander Turney Stewart and John Jacob Astor III, who feared that tunnelling would damage buildings and interfere with surface traffic.[9] Bills for Beach's subway passed the legislature in 1871 and 1872 but were vetoed by Governor John T. Hoffman because he said that they gave away too much authority without compensation to the city or state. In 1873 Governor John Adams Dix signed a similar bill into law, but Beach was not able to raise funds to build over the next six months, and then the Panic of 1873 dried up the financial markets.[3]

During this same time, other investors had built an elevated railway in Greenwich St and Ninth Ave, which operated successfully with a small steam engine starting in 1870. The wealthy property owners did not object to this railway well away from Broadway, and by the mid-1870s it appeared that elevated railways were practical and underground railways were not, setting the pattern for rapid transit development in New York for the rest of the 19th century.[3]

Beach operated his demonstration railway from February 1870 to April 1873. It had one station in the basement of Devlin's clothing store, a building at the southwest corner of Broadway and Warren St, and ran for a total of about 300 feet, first around a curve to the center of Broadway and then straight under the center of Broadway to the south side of Murray St.[5] The former Devlin's building was destroyed by fire in 1898.[10] In 1912 workers for Degnon Contracting excavated the tunnel proper during the construction of a subway line running under Broadway. The tunnel was completely within the limits of the present day City Hall station under Broadway.[11]

Much of the Beach subway story was recalled as precedent by Lawrence Edwards in his lead article of the August 1965 issue of Scientific American, which described his invention of Gravity-Vacuum Transit.[12]

The Beach tunnelling shield was used in the construction of the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada's first St. Clair Tunnel between Port Huron, Michigan and Sarnia, Ontario.[13] This tunnel opened in 1890.

Death

Beach died of pneumonia on January 1, 1896 in New York City at the age of 69.[1][14]

In popular culture

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Scientific American", Jan 11, 1896.
  2. ↑ Most, Doug, The Race Underground: Boston, New York, and the incredible rivalry that built America's first subway (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2014), ISBN 9780312591328.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 James Blaine Walker, "Fifty Years of Rapid Transit / 1864 to 1917". New York: The Law Printing Company, 1918.
  4. ↑ Alfred E Beach, "The Pneumatic Dispatch". New York: The American News Company, 1868.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Scientific American", Mar 5, 1870.
  6. ↑ "New York Tribune", Jan 11, 1870.
  7. ↑ "New York Herald" and "New York Tribune", March 11, 1870.
  8. ↑ Alfred E Beach, "The Broadway Underground Railway". New York: Beach Pneumatic Transit, 1872.
  9. ↑ For example see "New York Herald", March 21, 1871, and "New York Tribune", Mar 29, 1871, and "New York Times", March 30, 1872.
  10. ↑ "New York Times", "New York Herald", "The World", "New York Tribune", Dec 5, 1898.
  11. ↑ Walker (above), and "Scientific American", Feb 24, 1912 and September 7, 1912, and "New York Times", Feb 9, 1912.
  12. ↑ "Scientific American", August 1965.
  13. ↑ William D. Middleton, Metropolitan Railways: Rapid Transit in America. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2003; pg. 17.
  14. ↑ "Funeral of Alfred Ely Beach. His Wife Arrives from Europe Just Before the Services.". New York Times. January 7, 1896. Retrieved 2008-07-15. The funeral of Alfred Ely Beach, the Inventor, who died on New Year's morning of pneumonia, after a brief Illness, was held yesterday morning at 9 West ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alfred Ely Beach.