Alexander Macomb (general)

Alexander Macomb
General Macomb's official portrait, by Thomas Sully, 1829, in the West Point Museum Art Collection, U.S. Military Academy
Born	(1782-04-03)April 3, 1782 Detroit, Michigan
Died	June 25, 1841(1841-06-25) (aged 59) Washington, D.C.
Buried at	Congressional Cemetery
Allegiance	United States of America
Service/branch	United States Army
Years of service	1799–1800, 1801–1841
Rank	Major General
Commands held	Army Corps of Engineers Commanding General of the United States Army
Battles/wars	Battle of Plattsburgh
Awards	Congressional Gold Medal
Relations	William H. Macomb (son) Montgomery M. Macomb (grandson)[1]

Alexander Macomb (April 3, 1782 – June 25, 1841) was the Commanding General of the United States Army from May 29, 1828 to June 25, 1841. Macomb was the field commander at the Battle of Plattsburgh during the War of 1812 and, after the stunning victory, was lauded with praise and styled "The Hero of Plattsburgh" by some of the American press. He was promoted to Major General for his conduct, receiving both the thanks of Congress and a Congressional Gold Medal.

Born at British-held Detroit, Macomb was the son of Alexander Macomb and Mary Catherine Navarre.^[2]

He moved with his parents to New York City and received a "classical education" at Newark Academy, in New Jersey.^[3]

Early career

At the age of 16, he joined a New York militia company. In January 1799, with the recommendation of Alexander Hamilton during the French emergency, he was commissioned a Cornet in the Regular Army.^[3] In March he was promoted to second lieutenant, and honorably discharged, June 1800.

In February 1801, he was commissioned a second lieutenant, 2d Infantry, serving as secretary to a commission that treated with the Indians of the Southeast.

He was commissioned a first lieutenant in the Army Corps of Engineers, which was established in 1802 at West Point to constitute a military academy, thereby being one of the first officers to receive formal training there.^[3]

He then spent five years in charge of coastal fortifications in the Carolinas and Georgia. He also established fortifications at Fort Gratiot, Michigan, Chicago, Mackinaw, Prairie du Chien, St. Peter's, and St. Mary's.^[4]

At the beginning of the War of 1812, in July 1812, then 30-year old Macomb was promoted to colonel of the newly organised 3rd Artillery Regiment.

Command at the Battle of Plattsburgh

He won acclaim during the War of 1812 as brigadier general in command of the frontier of northern New York. At the Battle of Plattsburgh on September 11, 1814, with only 1,500 regular troops and some detachments of militia, he was opposed by a British force of 10,531 men under Lieutenant General Sir George Prevost. Macomb's heavily outnumbered troops fell back before the British columns in a series of encounters as Prevost advanced towards the American defensive works. In the weeks leading up to the battle, Macomb, knowing full well he would be outnumbered heavily, worked with his men to move trees and create fake roads in order to obscure the genuine roads and lead the British into dead-end traps far from the three nearby American forts (a maneuver Macomb called abattis).^[5] The British attack was diffused. Long narrow lines of marching soldiers were unable to easily stop and about-face. They became entangled in the narrow false road maze, and were sitting targets for the waiting Americans. The British were about to launch an assault on the American defenses when the news came through of the defeat of the British naval squadron on Lake Champlain. Prevost needed the British Lake Champlain squadron to supply his planned advance into Vermont. Without it, he had no choice but to abandon the Expedition. The British invaders marched off back to Canada. Although Commodore Thomas Macdonough's sailors and not the Army had been largely responsible for stopping the British invasion, Macomb was nevertheless showered with praise and styled "the Hero of Plattsburgh" by some in the American press. He was promoted Major General for his conduct at this battle, receiving both the thanks of Congress and a Congressional Gold Medal.

Commanding General of the United States Army

When Major General Jacob Brown, the U.S. Army’s commanding general, died in February 1828, Macomb was the senior Brigadier-General on the Army List, and President John Quincy Adams promoted him to substantive Major-General as was Macomb's right.^[6] The Army's 2nd and 3rd-ranking Brigadier-Generals — Winfield Scott and Edmund P. Gaines — bitterly contested this. They denounced each other publicly and for months had been vying for the position.^[3] Their quarrels scandalized the Army and drove Adams to nominate Alexander Macomb, the Chief of Engineers (who by then had reverted to the rank of colonel), as the Army’s top general.

His last active service in a theater of war was in the Seminole War in Florida, in 1835.^[7]

Macomb’s tenure as Commanding General was marked by "continuing uncertainty about the responsibilities and authority of his position. To secure his seniority over the other two-star brevet major generals, Macomb added a provision in the 1834 regulations that 'the insignia of the major general commanding in chief should be three stars.' In the same document he sought to define his relationship to the Secretary of War and establish his primacy over the bureau chiefs, including his successor as Chief of Engineers. This was easier said than done. Most issues were not fully resolved until early the next century."^[8]

He advocated doubling Army strength, increasing enlisted pay, providing relief for some widows and orphans, and regularizing the officer retirement and replacement system. In 1840 the Army Corps of Engineers adopted the castle uniform insignia and first described the Corps of Engineers’ distinctive Essayons (Motto: "Let us try") button.^[3][9]

In 1809 and 1841, Macomb was the author of a seminal book (republished in the 21st century) on the conduct of courts-martial and martial law.^[10] He also wrote a play on Pontiac (chief)'s siege of Detroit, which features his maternal grandfather, Robert Navarre. See Published Works and Further Reading, infra.

Macomb was the first of five Commanding Generals (Chiefs of Staff after the 1903 reorganization) who had held Engineer commissions early in their careers. All transferred to other branches before rising to the top. The others were George B. McClellan, Henry W. Halleck, Douglas MacArthur, and Maxwell D. Taylor. A curious feature of Macomb's career is that, like Dwight Eisenhower, he became a military hero without coming under enemy fire in his life.

Congressional Gold Medal

Following the Battle of Plattsburgh and the end of the War of 1812, a Congressional Gold Medal honoring Alexander Macomb and his men was struck by Act of Congress (3 Stat. 247), to wit:^[11]

Resolved, That the thanks of Congress^[12] be, and they are hereby presented to Major General Macomb, and, through him, to the officers and men of the regular army under his command, and to the militia and volunteers of New York and Vermont, for their gallantry and good conduct, in defeating the enemy at Plattsburg (sic) on the eleventh of September; repelling, with one thousand five hundred men, aided by a body of militia and volunteers from New York and Vermont, a British veteran army, greatly superior in number, and that the President of the United States be requested to cause a gold medal to be struck, emblematic of this triumph, and presented to Major General Macomb. -- Resolution of Congress November 3. 1814.^[13]

Obverse: MAJOR GENERAL ALEXANDER MACOMB. Bust of Gen. Macomb, in uniform, facing the right FÜRST. F(ecit). indicates the engraver Moritz Fuerst (1782–1840), who designed several medals of 1812 heroes for the Philadelphia mint. The bust of Macomb found on the Congressional Medal, however, is reminiscent of the 1809 portrait of Macomb by Saint-Mémin (1770–1852), in which Macomb is wearing the undressed coat of blue with black velvet collar and cuffs typical of an Engineering officer.

Reverse: RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS NOVEMBER 3. 1814. The American army repulsing the British troops, who are striving to cross the Saranac river. To the left, Plattsburgh in flames; to the right, naval battle on Lake Champlain; in the distance, Cumberland Head. Exergue: BATTLE OF PLATTSBURGH September 11. 1814. FÜRST. F(ecit).^[14] See the reverse.

This was one of 27 Gold Medals authorized by Congress arising from the War of 1812.^[15]

Historical recognition

Alexander Macomb is recognized in a Michigan Historical Marker that is situated at the corner of Gratiot Avenue and Macomb Street in Mount Clemens, Michigan. It is Registered Site S0418, erected in 1974.^[16] It states:

Alexander Macomb In 1818 Territorial Governor Lewis Cass proclaimed the third Michigan county to be called Macomb. At that time the young General was Commander of the Fifth Military Department in Detroit. Born in that city in 1782, son of prominent local entrepreneurs, Macomb had entered the U.S. Army in 1799. He had gained national renown and honor during the War of 1812 for his victory at Plattsburgh in September 1814 over a far superior force of British invaders. Later as Chief Army Engineer he promoted the building of military roads in the Great Lakes area. From May 1828 to his death in June 1841, Macomb served as Commander in Chief of the Army. He is buried in the Congressional Cemetery in Washington D.C. His birthday, April 3, is honored as Macomb County Heritage Day.

He is recognized in several statues. One was sculpted by Adolph Alexander Weinman and erected in 1906 in downtown Detroit, Michigan.^[18] This statue was made from melted down cannons, and was a notable and monumental task.^[19] Another is in downtown Mount Clemens, Michigan in front of the Circuit Court building at 40 N. Gratiot Avenue. Several others exist.^[20]

Macomb died while in office at Washington, D.C. He was originally buried at the Presbyterian Burying Ground, but in 1850 his remains were disinterred and he was reburied at Congressional Cemetery.^[21][22] His remains, and those of his wife, Catherine, were disinterred again in June, 2008 so that the brick-lined burial vault beneath their 6 ton, 13-foot-tall marble monument could be repaired to prevent its impending collapse. During the month it took to make the necessary repairs, the couple's remains were kept at the Smithsonian and were viewed by several of the general's descendants including his great-great-great granddaughter. After the $24,000 repairs were completed by the Department of Veterans Affairs, their remains were re-interred on July 17, 2008.^[23][24] The monument to Alexander Macomb is "one of the most unusual in the nation."^[25]

Major General Winfield Scott was named his successor, after working "hard at mending fences in the intervening 13 years . . ."^[8]

Although an amateur, Macomb is recognized as an artist. His painting Detroit as Seen from the Canadian Shore in 1821 is a watercolor and pencil in the collection of the Detroit Institute of Arts.^[26]

Societies

During the 1820s, Macomb was a member of the prestigious society, Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences, who counted among their members former presidents Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams and many prominent men of the day, including well-known representatives of the military, government service, medical and other professions.^[27]

Legacy and eponymous locations

His youngest son was Commodore William H. Macomb.

In World War II, the United States liberty ship SS Alexander Macomb was named in his honor. See, List of Liberty ships: M-R.^[28]

In addition to the ship, Alexander Macomb has been the source for the name of a number of communities and institutions around the country, including:

• Macomb Township and Macomb County, Michigan
• Macomb Community College
• Macomb, Illinois
• Macomb Mountain (New York), one of the Adirondack High Peaks named in his honor. There are three variant spellings.^[29]
• Village of McComb, Ohio^{[30] [upper-alpha 1]}
• The Alexander Macomb Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution is situated in Mount Clemens, Michigan, and was founded in June, 1899.^[31]
• Macomb Street. A street named after the general in the City of Plattsburgh.
• Macomb Hall, a dormitory on the Plattsburgh State college campus, several miles from the shore of Lake Champlain.^[32]
• Alexander Macomb Academy School and the Alexander Macomb Early Learning Center are located in Mount Clemens, Michigan.

Published works

• Macomb, Alexander, A Treatise on Martial Law, and Courts-Martial as Practiced in the United States. (Charleston: J. Hoff, 1809), republished (New York: Lawbook Exchange, June 2007), ISBN 1-58477-709-5, ISBN 978-1-58477-709-0, 340 pages.
• Macomb, Alexander, Pontiac: or The Siege of Detroit. A drama, in three acts, (Boston: Samuel Colman, 1835), edited (Marshall Davies Lloyd, February 2000) 60 pages.
• Macomb, Alexander, Major General of the United States Army, The Practice of Courts Martial, (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1841) 154 pages.
• See Samuel Cooper infra.

See also

• List of books about the War of 1812

Bibliography

Footnotes

Notes

 This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Center of Military History document "Alexander Macomb".

Further reading

• Bell, William Gardner, Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff, 1775-2005: Portraits & Biographical Sketches of the United States Army's Senior Officer (Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, U.S. Army, 2006). ISBN 0-16-072376-0.
• Brown, John Howard, The Cyclopaedia of American Biography: Comprising the Men and Women of the United States Who Have Been Identified with the Growth of the Nation V5 (Published by Kessinger Publishing, 2006) 700 pages, Alexander Macomb, p. 305. ISBN 1-4254-8629-0, ISBN 978-1-4254-8629-7.
• Cooper, Samuel. A Concise System of Instructions and Regulations for the Militia and Volunteers of the United States, Comprehending the Exercises and Movements of the Infantry, Light Infantry, and Riflemen; Cavalry and Artillery: Together with the manner of doing duty in Garrison and in Camp, and for the forms of Parades, Reviews, and Inspections, as established...for the government of the Regular Army. Prepared and Arranged by Brevet Captain S. Cooper, Aide-de-camp and Assistant Adjutant General. Under the Supervision of Major General Alexander Macomb, Commanding the Army of the United States. (Philadelphia: Robert P. Desilver, 1836). At Open Library.
• Everest, Allan Seymour, The military career of Alexander Macomb and Macomb at Plattsburgh 1814, (Plattsburgh, New York: Clinton County Historical Association, 1989.), 85 pp.
• Farmer, Silas. (1884) (Jul 1969) The history of Detroit and Michigan, or, The metropolis illustrated: a chronological cyclopaedia of the past and present: including a full record of territorial days in Michigan, and the annuals of Wayne County, in various formats at Open Library.
• Fitz-Enz, David G. (2001) The Final Invasion: Plattsburgh, the War of 1812's Most Decisive Battle (New York: Cooper Square Press) pp xx, 269. ISBN 0-8154-1139-1.
• Hickey, Donald R. (1990) The War of 1812: The Forgotten Conflict Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. National Historical Society Book Prize and American Military Institute Best Book Award. ISBN 0-252-06059-8; ISBN 978-0-252-06059-5.
• Hickey, Donald R. (2006) Don't Give Up the Ship! Myths of the War of 1812. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press) ISBN 0-252-03179-2.
• Jenkins, John S. (1856) Daring Deeds of American Generals. "Alexander Macomb", (New York: A. A. Kelley, Publisher) pp. 295–322.
• Langguth, A. J. (2006). Union 1812:The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-2618-6. 
• Millard, James P. Bibliography and sources on the Battle of Plattsburgh.
• Peterson, Charles J., Military Heroes of the War of 1812 (10th ed.). (Philadelphia, Pa.: James B. Smith & Co.,1852).
• Richards, George H., Memoir of Alexander Macomb (New York: M'Elrath, Bangs & Co., 1833). and at Internet archive.
• Roosevelt, Theodore, The Naval War of 1812 Or the History of the United States Navy during the Last War with Great Britain to Which Is Appended an Account of the Battle of New Orleans (1882) (New York: The Modern Library, 1999). ISBN 0-375-75419-9

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Military offices
Preceded by Abimael Y. Nicoll	Adjutant Generals of the U. S. Army April 28, 1812 – July 6, 1812 (acting)	Succeeded by Thomas H. Cushing
Preceded by Walker Keith Armistead	Chief of Engineers 1821–1828	Succeeded by Charles Gratiot
Preceded by Jacob J. Brown	Commanding General of the U.S. Army 1828–1841	Succeeded by Winfield Scott

Leaders of the United States Army Senior Officer / Commanding General Washington Knox Doughty Harmar St. Clair Wayne Wilkinson Hamilton Wilkinson Dearborn Brown Macomb Scott McClellan Halleck Grant Sherman Sheridan Schofield Miles Chiefs of Staff Young Chaffee Bates Bell Wood Wotherspoon Scott Bliss March Pershing Hines Summerall MacArthur Craig Marshall Eisenhower Bradley Collins Ridgway Taylor Lemnitzer Decker Wheeler Johnson Westmoreland Palmer Abrams Weyand Rogers Meyer Wickham Vuono Sullivan Reimer Shinseki Schoomaker Casey Dempsey Odierno Vice Chiefs of Staff Collins Haislip Hull Bolte Palmer Lemnitzer Decker Eddleman Hamlett Abrams Haines Palmer Haig Weyand Kerwin Kroesen Vessey Wickham Thurman Brown RisCassi Sullivan Reimer Peay Tilelli Griffith Crouch Shinseki Keane Casey Cody Chiarelli Austin Campbell Allyn

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