Air Force Cross (South Africa)

Air Force Cross
Awarded by the State President and, from 1994, the President
Country South Africa  South Africa
Type Military decoration for bravery
Eligibility South African Air Force members
Awarded for Exceptional courage, leadership, or skill in dangerous or critical situations
Status Discontinued in 2003
Post-nominals CA
Statistics
Established 1987
First awarded 1991
SADF pre-1994 & SANDF post-2002 orders of wear
Next (higher)
SADF precedence:
SANDF precedence:
Next (lower)
SADF succession:
SANDF succession:

Ribbon bar

The Air Force Cross, post-nominal letters CA (Crux Aeronautica), is a military decoration that was instituted by the Republic of South Africa in 1987. It was awarded to members of the South African Air Force for bravery. It was discontinued in 2003, but backdated awards can still be made for acts of bravery during this period.[1][2]

The South African military

The Union Defence Forces (UDF) were established in 1912 and renamed the South African Defence Force (SADF) in 1958. On 27 April 1994 it was integrated with six other independent forces into the South African National Defence Force (SANDF).[3]

Orders, decorations and medals

In April 1952 a series of military decorations and medals was instituted, consisting of substitutes for many of the British and Commonwealth awards which had earlier been used. More decorations and medals, as well as an emblem for being mentioned in dispatches, were added between 1953 and 1970. In July 1975 the military decorations and medals of the Republic were revised. Some decorations and medals were carried over from the earlier series of 1952-1975 and new awards were instituted, followed by more between 1987 and 1991. Finally, all but one of these earlier awards were discontinued in respect of services performed on or after 27 April 2003, when a new set of nine decorations and medals was instituted to replace them.[2][3][4][5][6]

Fount of Honour

Until 1958 the top three awards were reserved for conferment by the Queen while the rest were awarded by the Governor-General, but in 1958 the Governor-General was authorised to also award the top three. In 1961 the State President became the Fount of Honour, and in 1994 the President.[3]

The Air Force Cross

In 1952 South African equivalents of the British Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) and Air Force Cross (AFC) were omitted. This omission was only belatedly addressed at the end of the 1966-1989 Border War when the institution of the Air Force Cross (CA) was proposed.[3][7]

As proposed, the decoration was intended for award only to aircrew who displayed exceptional courage and leadership during dangerous or critical situations while airborne and where an award for bravery was not suitable, based on the premise that bravery involves knowingly entering mortal danger from a position of relative safety, as opposed to skillfully reacting to an unforeseen situation of mortal danger. The proposed criteria were described in the draft warrant as excellent airmanship or outstanding ingenuity or skill during emergencies or unusual situations in the air.[7]

When the other three Arms of the Service subsequently proposed that an Army Cross (CM), a Navy Cross (CN) and a Medical Service Cross (CC) should be instituted simultaneously, the proposed award criteria of all four crosses were amended to outstanding ingenuity or skill in the utilisation and control of personnel, weaponry or other equipment in dangerous situations and, in the case of the Air Force Cross, not necessarily restricted to flying.[7]

Award criteria

When the Air Force Cross, post-nominal letters CA (Crux Aeronautica), was instituted in 1987 it was awarded for exceptional ingenuity, resourcefulness and skill, and extraordinary leadership, dedication, sense of duty and personal example and courage in mortal danger in non-combatant situations.[2]

After 1993 it was awarded for exceptional courage, leadership, skill, ingenuity or tenacity in dangerous or critical situations. A bar, instituted in 1993, could be awarded in recognition of further similar displays of courage, leadership, skill, ingenuity or tenacity in danger.[2]

It was first awarded in 1991 to 21 Puma helicopter pilots and flight engineers that were involved in the rescue operation to airlift passengers and crew from the listing and sinking ship MTS Oceanos on the Transkei Wild Coast on 4 August 1991.[2][8]

Order of precedence

The position of the Air Force Cross in the official order of precedence was revised three times to accommodate the institution or addition of new decorations and medals, first with the integration into the South African National Defence Force on 27 April 1994, again when decorations and medals were belatedly instituted in April 1996 for the two former non-statutory forces, the Azanian People's Liberation Army and Umkhonto we Sizwe, and again when a new series of military decorations and medals was instituted in South Africa on 27 April 2003, but it remained unchanged on all three occasions.[9][10]

Official SANDF order of precedence
Official national order of precedence

Description

Obverse

The Air Force Cross is a pointed cross struck in silver, to fit in a circle 45 millimetres in diameter, with the South African Air Force emblem in the centre on a light blue roundel, 18 millimetres in diameter.

Reverse

The reverse has the pre-1994 South African Coat of Arms, with the decoration number stamped underneath.

Air Force Cross and Bar
Bar

The bar was struck in silver and has an emblem depicting a Protea embossed in the centre. The same bar was used to indicate multiple awards of the Pro Virtute Medal, Army Cross, Air Force Cross, Navy Cross, Medical Service Cross, Southern Cross Medal (1975) and Pro Merito Medal (1975).[11]

Ribbon

The ribbon is 32 millimetres wide and white with a 12 millimetres wide centre band consisting of a 5 millimetres wide light blue band, a 2 millimetres wide yellow band and a 5 millimetres wide light blue band.

Discontinuation

Conferment of the decoration was discontinued in respect of services performed on or after 27 April 2003.[6]

Recipients

Since inclusion in the table itself is impractical, the actions cited for follow below the table. The list of recipients is not complete.

CA no. Name Rank Unit Date of action
Elphick, Eric Brennan [lower-alpha 1] Cmdt 19 Sqn 4 Aug 1991
Hunter, Anthony Charles [lower-alpha 1] Cmdt 4 Aug 1991
Fenwick, Phillip [lower-alpha 1] Maj 4 Aug 1991
Johnson, Anthony Wright [lower-alpha 1] Maj 4 Aug 1991
Louw, Martin Johannes Hugo [lower-alpha 1] Maj 4 Aug 1991
Steyn, Hermanus Frederik [lower-alpha 1] Maj 4 Aug 1991
Stroebel, André [lower-alpha 1] Maj 4 Aug 1991
Coulon, René Martin [lower-alpha 1] Capt 4 Aug 1991
Goatly, Charles Glen [lower-alpha 1] Capt 4 Aug 1991
Hanes, Peter Evans [lower-alpha 1] Capt 4 Aug 1991
Meintjies, Hendrik Johannes [lower-alpha 1] Capt 4 Aug 1991
Thomas, Slade Christoper [lower-alpha 1] Capt 4 Aug 1991
Weyers, Francois Johann [lower-alpha 1] Capt 4 Aug 1991
Fairley, Mark Graig [lower-alpha 1] Lt 4 Aug 1991
Riley, William James [lower-alpha 1] WO2 4 Aug 1991
Askew-Hull, Norman Herbert [lower-alpha 1] F Sgt 4 Aug 1991
Bezuidenhout, Daniël Francois [lower-alpha 1] F Sgt 4 Aug 1991
Jacobs, Daniël Roedolf [lower-alpha 1] F Sgt 4 Aug 1991
Pedlar, Christoffel Jacobus [lower-alpha 1] F Sgt 4 Aug 1991
Scott, Philip Davey Joseph [lower-alpha 1] F Sgt 4 Aug 1991
Steyn, Willem Hendrik [lower-alpha 1] F Sgt 4 Aug 1991

Actions cited for

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 MTS Oceanos, 4 August 1991 – Puma pilots, co-pilots and flight engineers that executed the rescue operation to airlift passengers and crew from the listing and sinking ship MTS Oceanos.[8]

See also

References

  1. ↑ South African Medals Website - Post-nominal Letters
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 South African Medals Website - SA Defence Force : 1975-2003
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 South African Medals Website - SA Defence Force : 1952-1975
  4. ↑ Suid-Afrikaanse militêre dekorasies: 1952-1975
  5. ↑ Suid-Afrikaanse militêre dekorasies: 1975-2003
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Republic of South Africa Government Gazette Vol. 457, no. 25213, Pretoria, 25 July 2003
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Air Force Cross (CA) (as approved) - Summary
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Die Burger, 31 Aug 1991 - Dié helde word met medaljes vereer
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Republic of South Africa Government Gazette no. 15093, Pretoria, 3 September 1993
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Republic of South Africa Government Gazette Vol. 477, no. 27376, Pretoria, 11 March 2005, OCLC 72827981
  11. ↑ Mussell, John W.; Editorial Team of Medal News (2004). Mackay, James, ed. The Medal Yearbook 2004. Devon, UK: Token Publishing Ltd. p. 380. ISBN 978-1-870192-62-0.