African Americans in Atlanta

Atlanta has long been known as a center of black wealth, political power and culture; a cradle of the Civil Rights Movement^[1] and home to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. It has often been called a "black mecca".^[2]

Demographics

The 2010 and 2000 black population of the city of Atlanta was:^[3][4][5][6]

Pop. 2010	% of total 2010	Pop. 2000	% of total 2000	absolute change 2000-2010	% change 2000-2010
226,894	54.0%	255,689	61.4%	-31,678	-12.3%

From 2000 to 2010 Atlanta saw significant shifts in the racial composition of its neighborhoods. (See: Demographics of Atlanta: Race and ethnicity by neighborhood) There was a decrease in the black population in the following areas:

• In NPU W (East Atlanta, Grant Park, Ormewood Park, Benteen Park), the black population went from 57.6% to 38.0%, and the white proportion rose from 36.5% to 54.8%
• In NPU O (Edgewood, Kirkwood, East Lake area), the black population went from 86.2% to 58.7%, and the white proportion rose from 11.3% to 36.9%.
• In NPU L (English Avenue, Vine City), the black proportion of the population went down from 97.5% to 89.1%, while the white proportion rose from 1.3% to 6.1%. Note that there many infill residential units were added in the King Plow Arts Center area, which falls under English Avenue but which in character is an extension of the Marietta Street Artery and West Midtown.
• In NPU D, stretching from West Midtown along the border of Buckhead and northwestern Atlanta, westward towards the river, the white proportion rose from 49.3% to 59.2% with the black proportion droping from 36.5% to 23.9%

While there was an increasing black population in these areas:

• In NPU X (Metropolitan Parkway corridor), the black proportion of the population rose from 59.5% to 83.2%, while the White, Asian and Hispanic proportion dropped about three percentage points each.
• NPU B (central Buckhead) became more diverse, with the white proportion dropping from 82.8% to 75.5%, the black proportion rising from 5.9% to 12.3%, and the Asian proportion from 3.1% to 5.3%

In Metro Atlanta, Black Americans are the largest racial minority at 32.4% of the population, up from 28.9% in 2000. From 2000-2010, the geographic disbursement of blacks in Metro Atlanta changed significantly. Long concentrated in the city of Atlanta and DeKalb County, the black population there dropped while over half a million African Americans settled across other parts of the metro area, including approximately 112,000 in Gwinnett County, 71,000 in Fulton outside Atlanta, 58,000 in Cobb, 50,000 in Clayton, 34,000 in Douglas, and 27,000 each in Newton and Rockdale Counties.^[7]

Year	Black pop. in City of Atlanta	Black pop. in DeKalb County	Total black pop. Atlanta + DeKalb	Total black pop. Metro Atlanta	Proportion of black pop. in Atlanta + DeKalb
2000	255,689	361,111	616,800	1,189,179	51.9%
2010	226,894	375,697	602,591	1,707,913	35.2%

Political power

Since 1973, Atlanta has consistently elected black mayors, and two in particular have been prominent on the national stage, Andrew Young and Maynard Jackson. Jackson was elected with the support of the predominantly white business community, including the chairmen of Coca-Cola, Citizens & Southern National Bank, the Trust Company of Georgia, and architect and Peachtree Center developer John Portman. They were hopeful that a new progressive coalition would be forged between downtown and City Hall; but they were not prepared for the level of support for the goals of the black community that the mayor provided through support for minority-based businesses and for neighborhood-based organizations.^[8]

Since then, there has been "a sometimes uneasy partnership between black political clout and white financial power that has helped Atlanta move closer to its goal of becoming a world-class city."^[9]

Education

Atlanta is home to the Atlanta University Center (AUC), the largest contiguous consortium of historically-black colleges, comprising Clark Atlanta University, Morehouse College, Spelman College, Morehouse School of Medicine, and Interdenominational Theological Center. The first of these colleges were established shortly after the Civil War and have made Atlanta one of the historic centers of black education.

Many of the nation's most successful African Americans were educated at AUC. See: List of Morehouse College alumni; List of alumni from Clark Atlanta University

Upper class

Atlanta has a well-organized black upper class which exerts its power in politics, business and academia, and historically, in the religious arena. Mayors Maynard Jackson and Andrew Young were representative of the upper, not working class, and rose to national standing. The black academic community is the largest of any US city's because of the presence of the Atlanta University Center (AUC), a consortium of six historically black colleges (HBCUs). In business, Atlanta is home to the nation's largest black-owned insurance company (Atlanta Life), real-estate development firm (H.J. Russell) as well as some of the country's top black-owned investment and law firms, car dealerships, and food service companies. An old-guard black elite, graduated from AUC schools and whose status dates back to the glory days of Sweet Auburn or before, guards its social circles from "new" black money—families such as Herndon, Yates, Bond, Milton, Yancey, Blayton, Rucker, Aikens, Harper, Cooper, Dobbs and Scott. The First Congregational Church is their church of choice.^[10]

The concentration of a black elite in Atlanta can be explained by:

• the early establishment of black colleges in the city immediately after the Civil War, producing graduates who remained in the city as leaders
• the high proportion of blacks in the general population (as compared to New York or Chicago), providing a large market for goods and services
• After the 1906 Atlanta Race Riot, blacks removed their businesses from downtown Atlanta to seek safety; during the same period, explicit segregationist legislation was introduced, which had the effect of producing a concentrated and dynamic separate black business community in the refuges of Sweet Auburn and the area around Ashby Street (now Rev. Dr. Joseph E. Lowery Boulevard).^[10]

In the 1920s, Hunter Street (now Martin Luther King Drive) and Collier Heights became the black elite neighborhoods of choice, while today areas in far southwest of the city around Camp Creek Marketplace, neighborhoods such as Niskey Lake, are also popular.^[10]

Black mecca

A black mecca is a city to which African Americans, particularly professionals,^[11] are drawn to live, due to some or all of the following factors:

• superior economic opportunities for blacks, often as assessed by the presence of a large black upper-middle and upper class
• black political power in a city
• leading black educational institutions in a city
• a city's leading role in black arts, music, and other culture
• harmonious black-white race relations in a city

Atlanta has been referred to as a black mecca since the 1970s.

Culture

Atlanta is a major center for black music, film, theater, and visual arts.

In 2009 the New York Times noted that after 2000, Atlanta moved "from the margins to becoming hip-hop's center of gravity, part of a larger shift in hip-hop innovation to the South." Producer Drumma Boy called Atlanta "the melting pot of the South". Producer Fatboi called the Roland TR-808 ("808") synthesizer "central" to Atlanta music's versatility, used for snap, crunk, trap, and pop rap styles.^[12] The same article named Drumma Boy, Fatboi, Shawty Redd and Zaytoven the four "hottest producers driving the city".^[12]

Atlanta is the setting for popular TV shows such as the Real Housewives of Atlanta and Tyler Perry's series. Due to Perry, the "Housewives", and others, Atlanta is also known as a center of black entertainment in the U.S.^[13]

Black theater companies include True Colors, Jomandi Productions and Atlanta Black Theatre Festival.

Museums

Only New York City rivals Atlanta in the number of museums about black history, art and cultural heritage. The King Historic Site and APEX Museum are in the Sweet Auburn area just east of Downtown: John Wesley Dobbs called "Sweet" Auburn Avenue "the richest Negro street in the world" in the early 20th century.^[14] Most other African American museums are within walking distance of each other on the Atlanta University Center campus or in nearby West End, a neighborhood of Victorian houses which has become the center of the Afrocentric movement in Atlanta.

• The Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site includes a museum chronicling the Civil Rights movement, the preserved boyhood home of Dr. King, the church where he pastored, and his final resting place
• APEX Museum of black history, Sweet Auburn
• Herndon Home - the mansion of Alonzo Franklin Herndon, a rags-to-riches hero who was born into slavery, but went on to become Atlanta's first black millionaire
• Hammonds House Museum of African American fine art. Located in a historic Queen Anne-style house; celebrates the culture of the African diaspora, West End
• Spelman College Museum of Fine Art on the Spelman College campus, specializing in art by and about women of the African diaspora
• The Art Galleries at Clark Atlanta University - exhibitions of African American art
• Omenala Griot Afrocentric Teaching Museum, West End
• Old Zion Baptist Church Heritage Museum preserving the history, art and culture of the black community in Cobb County
• The National Center for Civil and Human Rights is planned to open in Pemberton Place adjacent to Centennial Olympic Park.

History

Atlanta timeline

See also: Timeline of Atlanta

Seal of the City of Atlanta

Timeline before 1820s 1762 Standing Peachtree, Native American trading post first mentioned 1820 1821 Creek Indians cede land that is now Metro Atlanta 1822 Decatur founded 1830 1830 Whitehall Tavern built at today's West End 1836 Western and Atlantic Railroad approved 1839 John Thrasher builds settlement at terminus 1840 1842 Incorporated as Marthasville; Georgia Railroad arrives from Augusta 1846 Macon & Western RR connects Atlanta with port of Savannah 1847 Atlanta incorporated 1850 pop. 2,572 1850 Oakland Cemetery founded 1851 W&A RR connects Atlanta to The Midwest 1854 Atlanta & La Grange RR connects Atlanta towards the southwest; Atlanta becomes rail hub for entire South 1860 pop. 9,554 1861-1865 American Civil War 1864 Civil War Atlanta Campaign, burning of Atlanta 1865 Civil War ends; slaves freed; Atlanta University, 1st Atlanta black college, founded 1868 Atlanta made state capital 1870 pop. 21,879 1871 Horse-drawn streetcars appear, enabling city expansion 1880 pop. 37,409 1880 Atlanta surpasses Savannah as Georgia's largest city 1881 International Cotton Exposition 1885 Georgia Tech founded 1886 Atlanta goes "dry"; Coca-Cola first sold; Henry Grady's "New South" speech in New York 1887 Piedmont Exposition; Inman Park, first garden suburb, founded; Coca-Cola invents the coupon 1889 First electric streetcars enable further expansion of city; State Capitol building opens 1890 pop. 65,533 1895 Cotton States Expo; Booker T. Washington gives "Atlanta Compromise" Speech 1900 pop. 89,872 - metro 419,375 1906 Atlanta Race Riot kills 27; Black businesses move to Sweet Auburn and west side 1910 pop. 154,839 - metro 522,442 1910 Restaurants segregated; other Jim Crow laws follow 1913 Leo Frank lynching; Georgia Tech starts "evening college", now Georgia State 1914 Coca-Cola president Asa Griggs Candler donates land for Emory University campus in Druid Hills 1917 Great Atlanta fire 1920 pop. 200,616 - metro 622,283 1923 Spring Street Viaduct opens, downtown rises above train tracks 1930 pop. 270,366 - metro 715,391 1936 William B. Hartsfield elected mayor; Techwood Homes built, first public housing in US 1939 Gone with the Wind premiere draws 300,000 to streets 1940s 1946 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) founded 1949 Last streetcar line converted to trolleybus 1950 pop. 331,314 - metro 997,666 1950 Transit strike, Atlanta Transit Co. takes over transit from Georgia Railway and Power 1952 Buckhead annexed 1958 Racist terrorists bomb "The Temple", believing Jews support black Civil Rights 1959 Trolleybuses, buses, public library desegregated; Lenox Square mall opens Metro population hits 1 million 1960 pop. 487,455 - metro 1,312,474 1960 Civil Rights sit-ins at Rich's, lunch counters 1961 Ivan Allen, Jr. becomes mayor; Public schools begin token desegregation; Rich's desegregates restaurant; John Portman opens Merchandise Mart, kicking off transformation of downtown 1962 106 Atlanta art patrons die in Paris air crash 1963 Trolleybuses converted en masse to buses 1968 Martin Luther King, Jr. assassinated 1969 Perimeter freeway opens 1970 pop. 496,973 - metro 1,763,626 1973 Maynard Jackson becomes first black mayor 1979 MARTA opens first rail rapid transit line; Child murders begin 1980 pop. 425,022 - metro 2,233,324 1980 CNN launches, Turner empire takes off 1982 Andrew Young becomes mayor 1988 Democratic Convention 1990 pop. 394,017 - metro 2,959,950 1992 Bank of America Plaza completed, tallest US building outside of NYC and Chicago 1996 Summer Olympics 2000 pop. 416,474 - metro 4,112,198 2005 Airport becomes world's busiest; BeltLine plan adopted, adding 40% to city's green space 2008 Delta becomes world's largest airline; Downtown tornadoes 2010 pop. 420,003 - metro (CSA) 5,729,304 2011 Atlanta first US city to demolish all public housing projects 2013 Atlanta Public Schools supervisor Beverly Hall convicted in cheating scandal

Antebellum

Slavery in the state of Georgia mostly constituted the main reason for early African American residency in the Atlanta area. The area that included Decatur was opened to settlement in 1823 following the forced abandonment of the area by the Cherokee Nation; with the ceding of the area under the Treaty of New Echota in 1835, plantations of rice and, later, cotton were installed in the area. Most slaves were brought from major ports such as Savannah and Charleston.

In 1850, the area which would become Atlanta, previously known as Terminus and Marthasville, had a population which included 493 African slaves, 18 free blacks, and 2,058 whites. The general population of the area had only recently skyrocketed from a mere total of 30 residents in 1842 due to the building of two Georgia Railroad freight and passenger trains (1845) and the Macon & Western (1846, a third railroad) which connected the little settlement with Macon and Savannah.

Civil War and Reconstruction

African American slaves in the Atlanta area became divided in their loyalties to the then-current status quo as the American Civil War took place between the Confederacy, of which Georgia, was a constituent member, and the Union states; the slavery regime also became harsher against both slave and free African Americans, who were severely restricted in their movements by both local and state government in order to prevent desertion of the African Americans to the Union side. However, many slaves from Atlanta took the chance to escape with Union soldiers under William Tecumseh Sherman in his March to the Sea following the razing of Atlanta to the ground; they followed his men to the Atlantic coast of Georgia, where they were granted land under Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 15 (later rescinded under president Andrew Johnson).

In 1865, the Atlanta City Council vowed equal protection for whites and blacks, and a school for black children, the first in the city, opened in an old church building on Armstrong Street. The Methodist Episcopal Church's Freedman Aid Society founded a coeducational school for African American legislators that would later become Clark College (now Clark Atlanta University) in Atlanta. In 1870, following the ratification of the 15th Amendment by the state legislature, the first two African American members were elected to the City Council, while Radical Republican Dennis Hammond sat as mayor.

According to the US Census and Slave Schedules, from 1860 to 1870 Fulton County more than doubled in population, from 14,427 to 33,336. The effects of African-American migration can be seen by the increase in Fulton County from 20.5% enslaved African Americans in 1860 to 45.7% colored (African-American) residents in 1870. In a pattern seen across the South after the Civil War, freedmen often moved from plantations to towns or cities for work. They also gathered in their own communities where they could live more freely from white control. Even if they continued to work as farm laborers, freedmen often migrated after the war. Fulton was one of several counties in Georgia where African American population increased significantly in those years.

Post-Reconstruction and Jim Crow

In the aftermath of Reconstruction, which mostly ended in 1877, African Americans in Atlanta were left to the mercies of the predominately white state legislature and city council, and were politically disenfranchized during the Jim Crow era; whites had used a variety of tactics, including militias and legislation, to re-establish political and social supremacy throughout the South. By the turn of the century, Georgia passed legislation that completed the disfranchisement of African Americans. Not even college-educated men could vote. However, while most black Atlantans were poor and disenfranchized by Jim Crow, the gradual nationwide rise of the black urban middle class became apparent in Atlanta, with the establishment of African American businesses, media and educational institutions.

Booker T. Washington, principal of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, delivered a speech to the 1895 Cotton States and International Exposition which urged African Americans to focus more upon economic empowerment instead of immediate socio-political empowerment and rights, much to the anger of other civil rights leaders, including W. E. B. Du Bois, a graduate of Fisk University and Harvard, who would become one of the major civil rights activists of the first half of the 20th century.

Competition for jobs and housing gave rise to fears and tensions. These catalyzed in 1906 in the Atlanta Race Riot. This left at least 27 dead, 25 of them African American,^[15] and over seventy people injured. Neighborhoods became more segregated as Blacks sought safety in majority-Black areas such as Sweet Auburn and areas west of Downtown. As racial tensions rose, particularly resentment from working-class whites against better-off Blacks, segregation was introduced into more areas of public life. For example, Atlanta's streetcars were officially segregated in 1910, with Blacks forced to sit at the rear.

In 1928, the Atlanta Daily World began publication, and continues as the oldest African American newspaper in circulation. From the 1920s to the 1940s, the Atlanta Black Crackers, a baseball team in the Negro Southern League, and later on, in the Negro American League, entertained sports fans at Ponce de Leon Park; some of the members of the Black Crackers would become players in Major League Baseball following the integration of the Negro Leagues into the larger leagues. Sweet Auburn would become one of the premier predominately African American urban settlements to the current day.

The Civil Rights Movement

Since the rise of the Civil rights movement of the 1960s, African Americans have wielded an increasingly potent degree of political power, most resultant in the currently unbroken string of African American mayors of the City of Atlanta since the election of Maynard Jackson in 1973; the current mayor of Atlanta is Kasim Reed. All elected mayors of Atlanta are and have been members of the Democratic Party.

Most recently, Atlanta resident Vernon Jones ran unsuccessfully in 2008 to become the first African American to win the Democratic primary for representation of the state in the United States Senate.

See Also

African-Americans in Georgia (U.S. state)

External links

• National Park Service - African American experience in Atlanta
• Atlanta History Timeline
• Carole Merritt, "African Americans in Atlanta: Community Building in a New South City," Southern Spaces, 20 March 2004.
• Rev. Edward R. Carter, The Black Side: a partial history of the business, religious, and educational side of the Negro in Atlanta, Ga. (1894)

African Americans by location Alabama California (Los Angeles) Florida Georgia (Atlanta) Illinois (Chicago) Louisiana Maryland Michigan (Detroit) Mississippi Nebraska (Omaha) Puerto Rico Tennessee Texas (Houston)

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References

City of Atlanta Atlanta metropolitan area State of Georgia United States of America Architecture Arts Crime Colleges and universities Cuisine Demographics Economy Festivals Geography Government History Media Music Museums Neighborhoods Nicknames Parks People Public schools Religion Skyscrapers Sports Tourism Transportation Tree canopy Category Portal