Actinopterygii

Ray-finned fish Temporal range: Late Silurian–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Rose fish
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Superclass*:	Osteichthyes
Class:	Actinopterygii Klein, 1885
Subclasses
Chondrostei Neopterygii

Actinopterygii /ˌæktɨnˌɒptəˈrɪdʒi.aɪ/, or the ray-finned fishes, constitute a class or subclass of the bony fishes.

The ray-finned fishes are so called because they possess lepidotrichia or "fin rays", their fins being webs of skin supported by bony or horny spines ("rays"), as opposed to the fleshy, lobed fins that characterize the class Sarcopterygii which also, however, possess lepidotrichia. These actinopterygian fin rays attach directly to the proximal or basal skeletal elements, the radials, which represent the link or connection between these fins and the internal skeleton (e.g., pelvic and pectoral girdles).

Numerically, actinopterygians are the dominant class of vertebrates, comprising nearly 99% of the over 30,000 species of fish.^[1] They are ubiquitous throughout freshwater and marine environments from the deep sea to the highest mountain streams. Extant species can range in size from Paedocypris, at 8 mm (0.3 in), to the massive ocean sunfish, at 2,300 kg (5,070 lb), and the long-bodied oarfish, at 11 m (36 ft).

Characteristics

Anatomy of a typical ray-finned fish

A - dorsal fin: B - fin rays: C - lateral line: D - kidney: E - swim bladder: F - Weberian apparatus: G - inner ear: H - brain: I - nostrils: L - eye: M - gills: N - heart O - stomach: P - gall bladder: Q - spleen: R - internal sex organs (ovaries or testes): S - ventral fins: T - spine: U - anal fin: V - tail (caudal fin). Possible other parts not shown: barbels, adipose fin, external genitalia (gonopodium)

Ray-finned fishes occur in many variant forms. The main features of a typical ray-finned fish are shown in the diagram at the left.

Fossil record

The earliest known fossil actinopterygiian is Andreolepis hedei, dating back 420 million years (Late Silurian). Remains have been found in Russia, Sweden, and Estonia.^[2]

Classification

Traditionally actinopterygians have been divided into the subclasses Chondrostei and Neopterygii. Neopterygii, in turn, have been divided into the infraclasses Holostei and Teleostei. Some morphological evidence suggests the Neopterygii is paraphyletic; however, recent work, based on taxon orders, is arranged in what has been suggested to represent the evolutionary sequence down to the level of order, based primarily on the long history of morphological studies. This classification, like any other taxonomy based on phylogenetic research, has been in a state of flux. Recent morphological and molecular data have shown several of these ordinal and higher-level groupings represent evolutionary grades rather than clades. Examples of demonstrably paraphyletic groups include the Paracanthopterygii, Scorpaeniformes, and Perciformes.^[3] Studies of the nonteleostean actinopterygians shows that polypterids (bichirs and ropefish) are the sister lineage of all other actinopterygians (Actinopteri), Acipenseriformes (sturgeons and paddlefishes) are the sister lineage of Neopterygii, and Holostei (bowfin and gars) are the sister lineage of teleosts. The Elopomorpha (eels and tarpons) appears to be the most basic teleosts.^[4]

Chondrostei	Atlantic sturgeon	Chondrostei (cartilage bone) are primarily cartilaginous fish showing some ossification. There are 52 species divided among two orders, the Acipenseriformes (sturgeons (pictured) and paddlefishes) and the Polypteriformes (reedfishes and bichirs). It is thought that the ancestors of the chondrosteans were bony fish but that this characteristic was lost in later evolutionary development, resulting in a lightening of the frame. Elderly chondrosteans show beginnings of ossification of the skeleton which suggests that this process is delayed rather than lost in these fish.[5] This group has at times been classified with the sharks: the similarities are obvious, not only do the chondrosteans mostly lack bone, the structure of the jaw is more akin to that of sharks than other bony fish, and both lack scales (excluding the Polypteriforms). Additional shared features include spiracles and, in sturgeons, a heterocercal tail (the vertebrae extend into the larger lobe of the caudal fin). However the fossil record suggests that these fish have more in common with the Teleostei than their external appearance might suggest.[5] Chondrostei is paraphyletic meaning that this subclass does not contain all the descendants of their common ancestor; reclassification of the Chondrostei is therefore not out of the question.
Neopterygii	Atlantic salmon	Neopterygii (new fins) appeared somewhere in the Late Permian, before the time of the dinosaurs. There are only few changes during their evolution from the earlier actinopterygians. They are a very successful group of fishes, because they can move more rapidly than their ancestors. Their scales and skeletons began to lighten during their evolution, and their jaws became more powerful and efficient. While electroreception and the ampullae of Lorenzini is present in all other groups of fish, with the exception of hagfish, Neopterygii has lost this sense, though it later re-evolved within Gymnotiformes and catfishes, who possess nonhomologous teleost ampullae.[6]

Skeleton of the angler fish, Lophius piscatorius. The first spine of the dorsal fin of the anglerfish is modified so it functions like a fishing rod with a lure

Skeleton of another ray-finned fish, the lingcod

Hypsospondylus fossil

The listing below follows FishBase^[7] with notes when this differs from Nelson^[8] and ITIS.^[9]

• Subclass Chondrostei
  • Order Polypteriformes, bichirs and reedfishes ^[10]
  • Order Acipenseriformes, sturgeons and paddlefishes
  • Order Cheirolepidiformes(†)
  • Order Guildayichthyiformes(†)
  • Order Luganoiiformes(†)
  • Order Palaeonisciformes(†)
  • Order Perleidiformes(†)
  • Order Phanerorhynchiformes(†)
  • Order Pholidopleuriformes(†)
  • Order Ptycholepiformes(†)
  • Order Saurichthyiformes(†)
  • Order Tarrasiiformes(†)
• Subclass Neopterygii
  • Infraclass Holostei
    • Order Lepisosteiformes, gars
    • Order Amiiformes, bowfins
  • Infraclass Teleostei
    • Superorder Osteoglossomorpha
      • Order Osteoglossiformes, bony-tongued fishes
      • Order Hiodontiformes, mooneye and goldeye
    • Superorder Elopomorpha
      • Order Elopiformes, ladyfishes and tarpon
      • Order Albuliformes, bonefishes
      • Order Notacanthiformes, halosaurs and spiny eels
      • Order Anguilliformes, true eels
      • Order Saccopharyngiformes, gulper eel
    • Superorder Clupeomorpha
      • Order Clupeiformes, herrings and anchovies
    • Superorder Ostariophysi
      • Order Gonorynchiformes, milkfishes
      • Order Cypriniformes, barbs, carp, danios, goldfishes, loaches, minnows, rasboras
      • Order Characiformes, characins, pencilfishes, hatchetfishes, piranhas, tetras, dourado / golden (genus Salminus) and pacu
      • Order Gymnotiformes, electric eels and knifefishes
      • Order Siluriformes, catfishes
    • Superorder Protacanthopterygii
      • Order Argentiniformes, barreleyes and slickheads (formerly in Osmeriformes)
      • Order Salmoniformes, salmon and trout
      • Order Esociformes pike
      • Order Osmeriformes, smelts and galaxiids
    • Superorder Stenopterygii (may belong in Protacanthopterygii)
      • Order Ateleopodiformes, jellynose fish
      • Order Stomiiformes, bristlemouths and marine hatchetfishes
    • Superorder Cyclosquamata (may belong in Protacanthopterygii)
      • Order Aulopiformes, Bombay duck and lancetfishes
    • Superorder Scopelomorpha
      • Order Myctophiformes, lanternfishes
    • Superorder Lampridiomorpha
      • Order Lampriformes, oarfish, opah and ribbonfishes
    • Superorder Polymyxiomorpha
      • Order Polymixiiformes, beardfishes
    • Superorder Paracanthopterygii
      • Order Percopsiformes, cavefishes and trout-perches
      • Order Batrachoidiformes, toadfishes
      • Order Lophiiformes, anglerfishes
      • Order Gadiformes, cods
      • Order Ophidiiformes, pearlfishes
    • Superorder Acanthopterygii
      • Order Mugiliformes, mullets
      • Order Atheriniformes, silversides and rainbowfishes
      • Order Beloniformes, flyingfishes
      • Order Cetomimiformes, whalefishes
      • Order Cyprinodontiformes, livebearers, killifishes
      • Order Stephanoberyciformes, ridgeheads
      • Order Beryciformes, fangtooths and pineconefishes
      • Order Zeiformes, dories
      • Order Gobiesociformes, clingfishes^[11]
      • Order Gasterosteiformes, sticklebacks
      • Order Syngnathiformes, seahorses and pipefishes^[12]
      • Order Synbranchiformes, swamp eels
      • Order Tetraodontiformes, filefishes and pufferfish
      • Order Pleuronectiformes, flatfishes
      • Order Scorpaeniformes, scorpionfishes and the sculpins
      • Order Perciformes, 40% of all fish, including anabantids, centrarchids (including bass and sunfish), cichlids, gobies, gouramis, mackerel, tuna, perches, scats, whiting, wrasses, bettas
• Incertae sedis
  • Order Peltopleuriformes(†)

Notes

External links

Wikispecies has information related to: Actinopterygii

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Actinopterygii.

• Actinopterygii at the Encyclopedia of Life
• Actinopterygii at UntamedScience.com
• Jonna, R. (2004) Actinopterygii Animal Diversity Web. Updated 29 August 2006. Accessed 2 February 2013.

Evolution of fish Forerunners Chordata Lancelet Haikouichthys Jawless fish Conodonts †Prioniodontida †Promissum Ostracoderms †Pteraspida †Thelodonti †Anaspida †Galeaspida †Pituriaspida †Osteostraci Jawed fish Spiny sharks †Climatiiformes †Ischnacanthiformes Placoderms †Antiarchi †Arthrodira †Brindabellaspida †Petalichthyida †Phyllolepida †Ptyctodontida †Rhenanida †Acanthothoraci † †Pseudopetalichthyida? †Stensioellida? Cartilaginous Elasmobranchii Holocephali Bony Lobe-finned Actinistia Coelacanth Lungfish Tetrapodomorpha Ray-finned Chondrostei Neopterygii Holostei Teleostei Lists Lists of prehistoric fish spiny sharks placoderms cartilaginous bony lobe-finned List of transitional fossils Related Prehistoric life Transitional fossils Vertebrate paleontology

Fins, limbs and wings Fins Aquatic locomotion Cephalopod fin Fish locomotion Fin and flipper locomotion Caudal fin Dorsal fin Fish fin flipper Lobe-finned fish Ray-finned fish Pectoral fins Limbs Limb development Limb morphology digitigrade plantigrade unguligrade uniped biped facultative biped triped quadruped Arthropod Cephalopod Tetrapod dactyly Digit Wings Flying and gliding animals Bat wing Bird wing keel skeleton feathers Insect wing Pterosaur wing Wingspan Evolution Evolution of fish Evolution of tetrapods Evolution of birds Origin of birds Origin of avian flight Evolution of cetaceans Comparative anatomy Convergent evolution Analogous structures Homologous structures Related Animal locomotion Gait Robot locomotion Samara Terrestrial locomotion Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water Rotating locomotion Undulatory locomotion