AMD Am2900
AMD Am2901: 4-Bit-Slice ALU
Am2900 is a family of integrated circuits (ICs) created in 1975 by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD). They were constructed with bipolar devices, in a bit-slice topology, and were designed to be used as modular components each representing a different aspect of a computer control unit (CCU). By using a bit slicing technique, Am2900 family was able to implement a CCU with data, addresses, and instructions to be any multiple of 4-bits by multiplying the number of ICs. One major problem with this modular technique was it required a larger amount of ICs to implement what could be done on a single CPU IC. The Am2901 chip was the arithmetic-logic unit (ALU), and the "core" of the series. It could count using 4 bits and implement binary operations as well as various bit-shifting operations.
The 2901 and some other chips in the family were second sourced by an unusually large number of other manufacturers, starting with Motorola and then Raytheon -- both in 1975 -- and also Cypress Semiconductor, National Semiconductor, NEC, Thomson, Signetics, and Elektronika.[1]
Computers made with Am2900-family chips
There are probably many more, but here are some known machines using these parts:
- The Itek Advanced Technology Airborne Computer (ATAC) used on the Galileo Attitude and Articulation Control Computer System and some Navy aircraft had a 16 register, 16-bit word width assembled from 4-bit-wide 2900 series processors. Four special instructions were added to the Galileo version of the ATAC, and later some chips were replaced with radiation-hardened 2901 chips.[2]
- Data General Nova 4, which obtained 16-bit word width using four Am2901 ALUs in parallel; one of the boards had 15 Am2901 ALUs on it.[3]
- Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-11 models PDP-11/23, PDP-11/34, and PDP-11/44 floating-point options (FPF11, FP11-A and FP11-F, respectively)[4][5]
- The Xerox Dandelion, the machine used in the Xerox Star and Xerox 1108 Lisp machine.[6]
- Several models of the GEC 4000 series minicomputers: 4060, 4150, 4160 (four Am2901 each, 16-bit ALU), and 4090 and all 418x and 419x systems (eighteen Am2901 each, 32-bit integer ALU or 8-bit exponent, 64-bit Double Precision floating point ALU).[7]
- The DEC KS10 PDP-10 model.[8]
- The UCSD Pascal P-machine processor designed at NCR by Joel McCormack.
- A number of MAI Basic Four machines.[9]
- The Tektronix 4052 graphics system computer.
- The SM-1420, Soviet clone of PDP-11, used Soviet clone of AM2901[10] perhaps also used in others.[11]
- The Lilith computer designed at ETH Zürich by Niklaus Wirth.
- Atari's vector graphics arcade machines Tempest, Battlezone, and Red Baron each used 4 Am2901 ICs in their "math box" auxiliary circuit boards.
- Simulation Excel (Sim-X), Oslo, Norway: Typographical workstation / typesetter; one of its four processors was a 16-bit microcoded calculation and transformation engine built from four 2901 slices and one 2910 address sequencer. The Sim-X machine used a 16-bit integer multiplier to optimize graphical transformations.[12] The machine debuted in 1983 and the company shut down in 1987.
- Eventide H949 Harmonizer; four Am2901 chips (and several microcode PROMs) are used to generate addresses and generate reference voltages for the DAC system — audio was not processed in the 2901 ALU section.
- Many Siemens Teleperm and S5 PLCs used for industrial control were built using the 2900 series.
- AT&T 3B20D processor.[13]
- Metheus / Barco Omega 400 and 500 Series graphics systems; four Am2901 chips (and eight microcode PROMs) were used to perform graphics operations on this 1982 display processor.
- Geac Computer Corporation 2000, 6000, 8000, and 9000 were all based on 4 x AM2901 chips. The GEAC 9500 was based on the AM29101. The GEAC 2000 was used in pharmacies. The other models were used in library, banking, and insurance automation. The 2000 was a single processor unit. The 6000 and 8000 contained four processors, each dedicated to one of comms, disk, tape, or program processing. The 8000 had local processor memory whereas the 6000 did not. The 9000 and 9500 were AMP systems with up to 8 CPU modules.
Members of the Am2900 family
AMD Am2903: 4-Bit-Slice ALU
AMD Am2909: 4-Bit-Slice Address Sequencer
The Am2900 Family Data Book lists:[14]
- Am2901 – 4-bit bit-slice ALU (1975)
- Am2902 – Look-Ahead Carry Generator
- Am2903 – 4-bit-slice ALU, with hardware multiply
- Am2904 – Status and Shift Control Unit
- Am2905 – Bus Transceiver
- Am2906 – Bus Transceiver with Parity
- Am2907 – Bus Transceiver with Parity
- Am2908 – Bus Transceiver with Parity
- Am2909 – 4-bit-slice address sequencer
- Am2910 – 12-bit address sequencer
- Am2911 – 4-bit-slice address sequencer
- Am2912 – Bus Transceiver
- Am2913 – Priority Interrupt Expander
- Am2914 – Priority Interrupt Controller
- Am2915 – Quad 3-State Bus Transceiver
- Am2916 – Quad 3-State Bus Transceiver
- Am2917 – Quad 3-State Bus Transceiver
- Am2918 – Instruction Register, Quad D Register
- Am2919 – Instruction Register, Quad Register
- Am2920 – Octal D-Type Flip-Flop
- Am2921 – 1-to-8 Decoder
- Am2922 – 8-Input Multiplexer (MUX)
- Am2923 – 8-Input MUX
- Am2924 – 3-Line to 8-Line Decoder
- Am2925 – System Clock Generator and Driver
- Am2926 – Schottky transistor 3-State Quad Bus Driver
- Am2927/Am2928 – Quad 3-State Bus Transceiver
- Am2929 – Schottky 3-State Quad Bus Driver
- Am2930 – Main Memory Program Control
- Am2932 – Main Memory Program Control
- Am2940 – Direct Memory Addressing (DMA) Generator
- Am2942 – Programmable Timer/Counter/DMA Generator
- Am2946/Am2947 – Octal 3-State Bidirectional Bus Transceiver
- Am2948/Am2949 – Octal 3-State Bidirectional Bus Transceiver
- Am2950/Am2951 – 8-bit Bidirectional I/O Ports
- Am2954/Am2955 – Octal Registers
- Am2956/Am2957 – Octal Latches
- Am2958/Am2959 – Octal Buffers/Line Drivers/Line Receivers
- Am2960 – Cascadable 16-Bit Error Detection and Correction Unit
- Am2961/Am2962 – 4-Bit Error Correction Multiple Buss Buffers
- Am2964 – Dynamic Memory Controller
- Am2965/Am2966 – Octal Dynamic Memory Driver, Image
Many of these chips also have 7400 series numbers such as the 74F2960 / Am2960.
See also
References
- ↑ "AMD 2901 bit-slice processor family". cpu-world.com. Retrieved 2014-08-26.
- ↑ "Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience". Distributed Computing On Board Voyager and Galileo. NASA. Retrieved 2014-08-26.
|chapter=ignored (help) - ↑ "Data General NOVA4/X recovered from Bakersfield". January 17, 2005. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
- ↑ "Photo of DEC11-34". CPU museum web site. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
- ↑ John Holden. "Production PDP-11 Models". University of Sydney School of Psychology. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
- ↑ Nathan Lineback. "Xerox Star". Nathan's Toasty Technology page. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
- ↑ Andrew Gabriel (1997). "GEC 4000 series processors". Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
- ↑ Klaus Michael Indlekofer (November 11, 2002). "Computer Architectures". K.M.I. - the site. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
- ↑ "Field Information Bulletin 113". March 28, 1988. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
- ↑ Семененко, В.А.; Ступин, Ю.В. (1993). Справочник по электронной вычислительной технике (in Russian). p. 124. ISBN 5-217-02090-3.
- ↑ "Part VII: Advanced Micro Devices Am2901, a few bits at a time". Great Microprocessors of the Past and Present. Russian Supercomputer Software Department. 1998. Archived from the original on June 16, 2009. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
- ↑ Kari Johnson (1983). "An IEEE Floating Point Arithmetic Implementation" (PDF). IEEE Symposium on Computer Arithmetic: 130–135. doi:10.1109/ARITH.1983.6158083.
- ↑ Rolund, M. W.; Beckett, J. T.; Harms, D. A. (January 1983). "3B20D Central Processing Unit" (PDF). The Bell System Technical Journal. 1.1.2 Data manipulation unit 62 (1): 193.
- ↑ "The Am2900 Family Data Book with Related Support Circuits" (PDF). AM-PUB003. Advanced Micro Devices. 1979. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Am29xx. |
- Introduction to Designing with the Am2900 Family of Microprogramable Bipolar Devices Vol 1 Bitsavers' PDF Document Archive
- Introduction to Designing with the Am2900 Family of Microprogramable Bipolar Devices Vol 2 Bitsavers' PDF Document Archive
- Am29C300/29300 Data Book Bitsavers' PDF document archive
- CPU-World photos of 2900 Family ICs
- Bit-Slice Design: micro-controllers and ALUs. an Introduction to the Am2900 Family
- Bit-Sliced Microprocessor of the Am2900 Family
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