8th Submarine Squadron (Imperial Japanese Navy)

The 8th Submarine Squadron of the Imperial Japanese Navy was based at Palau Jerejak, Penang, Malaya until late 1944 during World War II. Its mission was to disrupt Allied supply lines in aid of Nazi Germany.[1][2][3]

Japanese submarine I-10 at Penang in 1942

History

Italian submarine Conmandante Cappelini based at Penang

The squadron was raised at Kwajalein in the Marshall Islands on March 10, 1942 and was part of the 6th Fleet. On April 8 the squadron was transferred to Penang to support the Germans by disrupting Allied shipping in the Indian Ocean. At Penang the squadron shared the base with Italian and German submarines.

They were based at the RAF Glugor seaplane base which had originally been developed by the British. With its capture in 1941 the Japanese 101st Naval Construction Office took over use of the base as a repair and maintenance depot. On February 25, 1942 the 11th Submarine Flotilla was relocated there and absorbed by the 8th Submarine Squadron when they arrived in April.

The squadron was withdrawn from Penang in late 1944 because of Allied mines and because the base was within range of both B-24 Liberators and B29 bombers. A raid by mine-laying Liberators from No. 159 Squadron RAF on October 27, 1944 demonstrated this vulnerability. The last submarine to leave was the German U-843 on December 1.

Operations

1942

Further information: Attack on Sydney Harbour
Crews of the midget submarines that participated in the attacks on Madagascar and Sydney
Japanese Imperial Navy midget submarine

The squadron's first operation was a sweep by its 1st Division from Aden down the coast of East Africa to Madagascar. The auxiliary cruisers Aikoku Maru and Hōkoku Maru accompanied the Division. During the sweep the cruisers captured the Dutch tanker Genora 480 miles SSE of Diego Suarez on May 9.

Submarine I-10's seaplane overflew Diego Suarez on May 29 after the Allied landings. As a result submarines I-16, I-18, and I-20 were ordered by Ishizaki to use their midget submarines to attack the ships in the harbour. HMS Ramillies and the tanker British Loyalty were damaged in the attack. I-20's midget submarine crew of Lieutenant Saburo Akieda and Petty Officer Masami Takemoto were located and killed in a firefight with a Royal marines' patrol on the island near Anijabe; I-18's did not participate in the attack due to a malfunction, and I-16's midget sub never returned.

Also in May I-27 under Lieutenant Commander T. Fukumara participated in the unsuccessful midget submarine raid on Sydney. Her midget submarine, M-14, was lost in this raid. Through June the submarines focused their patrols on the Mozambique Channel, sinking 20 merchant ships (120,000 tons of shipping in total). I-30 sailed around the Cape of Good Hope to Lorient, arriving there on August 5 and thereby became the first Japanese submarine to sail into German territory during the war. On October 13 she was returning from Europe to Japan when she struck a mine and sank 3 miles east of Keppel Harbour.

From September to November the squadron's submarines sunk another 224,500 tons of shipping (40 ships in total) in the Indian Ocean. In November the two auxiliary cruisers associated with the squadron's Madagascar operation attacked the Dutch tanker Ondina and her Indian escort ship the HMIS Bengal. In the ensuing battle the Hokoku Maru was destroyed and the tanker was damaged. Both the Aikoku Maru and Bengal were undamaged and returned to their respective bases.

1943

Crew of I-8 at Brest

In 1943 a further 120,000 tons of shipping was sunk in the first four months of the year. I-29 under T. Kinashi rendezvoused with U-180 400 miles SSW of Madagascar. U-180 brought Chandra Bose from Germany. I-29 then took Bose to Sumatra. Bose was to become responsible for the Indian National Army. The Army had set up a school in Penang under Captain Mahmood Kan Durrani for training Indian agents who were in turn landed in India by the squadron's submarines.

On July 6 I-8 under Captain Shinji Uchino sailed from Penang to Brest, Germany, with the crew for the German-made RO 501. This was a 1,120-ton Type IXC U-boat. RO-501 was sunk in the Atlantic by the destroyer USS Francis M. Robinson on May 13, 1944. It never reached Japanese territory. On its return voyage in September or October, I-8 was attacked by Allied aircraft off the west coast of Africa but sustained no damage. Leaving Singapore in December, she reached Japan safely and returned to Penang in early 1944 with a new commander, Tatsunosuke Ariizumo.

On August 28 the first German U-boat, U-178, arrived at Penang. I-34 was sunk in the approach to Penang on November 13 by thre submarine HMS Taurus. I-34 was salvaged in 1961 by the Great Eastern Salvage Company and the remains of her crew cremated in a specially created shrine in Penang Bay. The bell of the I-34 was placed in the Mariners Club in Penang.

I-29 left for Europe in November. Arriving off the Spanish coast on March 10, 1944, she and her escort of four torpedo boats and eight Junkers JU 88s came under attack from Allied Coastal Command Mosquitoes and Liberator bombers. She survived the attack and arrived in Bourdeaux. She was sunk on her return journey in the Bashi Channel of the south coast of Taiwan on July 26 by the submarine USS Swordfish.

I-27 patrolled the Arabian Sea from September to December.

1944

On February 4 I-27 left Penang for Addu Atoll and Aden Bay. While underway, she intercepted and sank the troopship SS Khedive Ismail, but was in turn caught and sunk between the Maldive Islands and Addu Atoll by the convoy's escorts HMS Paladin and Petard.

In late February I-26 took 22 Indian National Army members to India to provide intelligence to the Japanese. The 22 were landed near Pasni (Pakistan) on March 27. I-26 was relocated to the Pacific and lost without trace in October.

Under Ariizumo, about July, I-8 was responsible for the massacre of unarmed merchant seamen from the SS Tjisalak (98 KIA) and Jean Nicolet (63 KIA). All the German and Japanese submarines were withdrawn from Penang by the end of 1944. None of the submarines in the Squadron survived the war.

Japanese Imperial Navy submarine I-8 in 1939

Commander

Initially the Commander Noboru Ishizaki held the rank of Captain, but eventually was promoted to Rear Admiral on November 1, 1942. He was born on October 20, 1893 and died in August 9, 1959. During his naval career he was the commanding officer of RO-59, RO-22, I-155, I-156, I-153, and I-3. He had commanded at various times Submarine Divisions 27, 25, 19, 12 and 1.

Ishizaki was replaced as Commander of the Squadron on August 19, 1943 by Admiral Ichioka Hisashi and became commander of the 11th Submarine Squadron from October 20, 1943 until December 21, 1944. Hisashi was Commander of the Squadron when I-8 and I-37 committed war crimes. I-37 machine gunned sailors in lifeboats from the stricken Ascot on February 19, 1944 and the British Chivalry on February 22. I-8 under Tatsunosuke Ariizumi's command did the same to the crew of the Tjisalak on March 26, 1944 and crew of the Jean Nicolet on July 2, 1944.[4] Because these events occurred under his command of the squadron, and because both submarines commanders were killed in action later in the war Hisashi was charged as a war criminal. Hisashi remained commander of the squadron until September 10, 1944. He died on February 14, 1963.

Organization

March 1942

1st Submarine Division
3rd Submarine Division
Fukumura Toshiaki - commander of I-27
14th Submarine Division

1943

Hie Maru before it was converted to a submarine tender
1st Submarine Division
14th Submarine Division

1944

See also

References

  1. ↑ War II: Yanagi Missions -- Japan's Underwater Convoys, Originally published by World War II magazine. Published Online: June 12, 2006
  2. ↑ The Penang Submarines, Dennis Gunton, City Council of George Town, Penang, Malaysia, 1970
  3. ↑ The Japanese Submarine Force and World War II, Carl Boyd and Akihiko Yoshida, Naval Institute Press, 2012, ISBN 1612512062, 9781612512068
  4. ↑ Ships from Hell: Japanese War Crimes on the High Seas in World War II, Raymond Lamont-Brown, The History Press, 2013, ISBN 075249483X, 9780752494838
  5. ↑ The Pacific War Papers, Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon, Publisher Potomac Books Inc, 2005, ISBN 1597974625, 9781597974622
  6. ↑ http://www.cgsc.edu/CARL/nafziger/943JANA.pdf Japanese Fleet January to May 1943
  7. ↑ Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons—Volume 2, page 380