78th Academy Awards

78th Academy Awards

Official poster
Date March 5, 2006
Site Kodak Theatre
Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Host Jon Stewart
Pre-show Billy Bush
Chris Connelly
Cynthia Garrett
Vanessa Minnillo[1]
Producer Gil Cates
Director Louis J. Horvitz
Highlights
Best Picture Crash
Most awards Brokeback Mountain, Crash, King Kong and Memoirs of a Geisha (3)
Most nominations Brokeback Mountain (8)
TV in the United States
Network ABC
Duration 3 hours, 33 minutes[2]
Ratings 38.64 million
22.91% (Nielsen ratings)
 < 77th Academy Awards 79th > 

The 78th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) took place March 5, 2006, at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles. The ceremony was scheduled one week later than usual to avoid conflicting with the 2006 Winter Olympics.[3] During the ceremony, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented Academy Awards of (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories honoring films released in 2005. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J. Horvitz.[4][5] Actor Jon Stewart hosted the show for the first time.[6] Two weeks earlier in a ceremony at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills, California held on February 18, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Rachel McAdams.[7]

Crash won three awards including Academy Award for Best Picture.[8][9] Other winners included Brokeback Mountain, King Kong, and Memoirs of a Geisha also with three awards apiece, and Capote, The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, The Constant Gardener, Hustle and Flow, March of the Penguins, The Moon and the Son: An Imagined Conversation, A Note of Triumph: The Golden Age of Norman Corwin, Six Shooter, Syriana, Tsotsi, Walk the Line, and Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit with one each. The telecast garnered nearly 39 million viewers in the United States.

Winners and nominees

The nominees were announced on January 31, 2006, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in the Academy's Beverly Hills headquarters by Sid Ganis, president of the Academy, and actress Mira Sorvino.[10] Brokeback Mountain led all nominees with eight nominations; Crash, Good Night, and Good Luck, and Memoirs of a Geisha tied for second with six nominations each.[11] All five Best Picture nominees received corresponding Best Director nominations (the fourth occurrence in Oscar history since the Best Picture nominees roster was limited to five films).[12]

The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 5, 2006.[13] Crash was the first Best Picture winner since 1976's Rocky to win only three Oscars.[14] Best Director winner Ang Lee became the first non-Caucasian winner of the aforementioned category.[15] For this first time since the 34th ceremony held in 1962, all four acting winners were first time nominees.[16][17] Best Supporting Actor winner George Clooney was the fifth person to receive acting, directing, and screenwriting nominations in the same year and the first person to achieve this feat for two different films.[18] With his latest nominations for Best Original Score, composer John Williams tied with the late Alfred Newman for the second most Oscar nominations of any individual.[19] "It's Hard out Here for a Pimp" became the second rap song to win Best Original Song and the first such song to be performed at an Oscars ceremony.[20]

Awards

An Asian male wearing a grey jacket over an unbuttoned blue shirt is standing in front of a red wall with white text.
Ang Lee, Best Director winner
Portrait of a man with eyeglasses holding a microphone. He is wearing a red and blue plaid unbuttoned collared shirt.
Philip Seymour Hoffman, Best Actor winner
Upper torso of a blonde-haired female who is smiling while wearing a black and white polka dot coat.
Reese Witherspoon, Best Actress winner
Photo of a male wearing a tuxedo and a black bowtie.
George Clooney, Best Supporting Actor winner
A brown-haired woman is seen smiling. She is wearing a white dress.
Rachel Weisz, Best Supporting Actress winner
Paul Haggis, Best Original Screenplay co-winner
Martin McDonagh, Best Live Action Short winner

Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface.[21]

Best Director
Best Adapted Screenplay
Best Sound Mixing

Academy Honorary Award

Multiple nominations and awards

The following 19 films received multiple nominations:

Nominations Film
8
 Brokeback Mountain
6 Crash
Good Night, and Good Luck.
Memoirs of a Geisha
5 Capote
Munich
Walk the Line
4 King Kong
Pride & Prejudice
The Constant Gardener
3 Cinderella Man
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
War of the Worlds
2 A History of Violence
Hustle & Flow
Mrs Henderson Presents
North Country
Syriana
Transamerica

 The following four films each received multiple awards:
Awards Film
3 Brokeback Mountain
Crash
King Kong
Memoirs of a Geisha

Presenters and performers

The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers.[23]

Presenters

Name(s) Role
Kane, TomTom Kane Announcer for the 78th annual Academy Awards
Kidman, NicoleNicole Kidman Presenter of the award for Best Supporting Actor
Stiller, BenBen Stiller Presenter of the award for Best Visual Effects
Witherspoon, ReeseReese Witherspoon Presenter of the award for Best Animated Feature
Watts, NaomiNaomi Watts Introducer of the performance of Best Song nominee "Travelin' Thru"
Wilson, LukeLuke Wilson
Owen Wilson 		Presenters of the award for Best Live Action Short Film
Chicken Little Chicken Little
Abby Mallard 		Presenters of the award for Best Animated Short Film
Aniston, JenniferJennifer Aniston Presenter of the award for Best Costume Design
Crowe, RussellRussell Crowe Presenter of the biographical films montage
Carell, SteveSteve Carell
Will Ferrell 		Presenters of the award for Best Makeup
McAdams, RachelRachel McAdams Presenter of the segment of the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement and Gordon E. Sawyer Award
Freeman, MorganMorgan Freeman Presenter of the award for Best Supporting Actress
Bacall, LaurenLauren Bacall Presenter of the film noir montage
Howard, TerrenceTerrence Howard Presenter of the award for Best Documentary Short Subject
Theron, CharlizeCharlize Theron Presented the Academy Award for Documentary Feature
Lopez, JenniferJennifer Lopez Introducer of the performance of Best Song nominee "In the Deep"
Bullock, SandraSandra Bullock
Keanu Reeves 		Presenters of the award for Best Art Direction
Jackson, Samuel L.Samuel L. Jackson Presenter of the political films montage
Ganis, SidSid Ganis Special presentation regarding activities funded by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
Hayek, SalmaSalma Hayek Introducer of the special instrumental solo performance to the tune of Best Original Score nominees
Presenter of the award for Best Original Score
Gyllenhaal, JakeJake Gyllenhaal Presenter of the epic films montage
Alba, JessicaJessica Alba
Eric Bana 		Presenters of the award for Best Sound Mixing
Streep, MerylMeryl Streep
Lily Tomlin 		Presenters of the Academy Honorary Award to Robert Altman
Ludacris, Ludacris Introducer of the performance of Best Song nominee "It's Hard out Here for a Pimp"
Latifah, QueenQueen Latifah Presenter of the award for Best Original Song
Garner, JenniferJennifer Garner Presenter of the award for Best Sound Editing
Clooney, GeorgeGeorge Clooney Presenter of the In Memoriam tribute
Smith, WillWill Smith Presenter of the award for Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
Zhang, ZiyiZiyi Zhang Presenter of the award for Best Film Editing
Swank, HilaryHilary Swank Presenter of the award for Best Actor
Travolta, JohnJohn Travolta Presenter of the award for Best Cinematography
Foxx, JamieJamie Foxx Presenter of the award for Best Actress
Hoffman, DustinDustin Hoffman Presenter of the award for Best Adapted Screenplay
Thurman, UmaUma Thurman Presenter of the award for Best Original Screenplay
Hanks, TomTom Hanks Presented of the award for Best Director
Nicholson, JackJack Nicholson Presenter of the award for Best Picture

Performers

Name(s) Role Performed
Conti, BillBill Conti Musical arranger
Conductor 		Orchestral
Parton, DollyDolly Parton Performer "Travelin' Thru" from Transamerica
York, KathleenKathleen York Performers "In the Deep" from Crash
Perlman, ItzhakItzhak Perlman Performer Performed musical selections for Best Original Score nominees
Three 6 Mafia, Three 6 Mafia
Taraji P. Henson 		Performers "It's Hard Out Here for a Pimp" from Hustle and Flow

Ceremony information

Photo of a Jewish male smiling while looking toward his right side and crossing his arms. He is wearing a black coat over a white shirt and a black tie.
Jon Stewart hosted the 78th Academy Awards.

Despite the negative reception from the preceding year's ceremony, the Academy hired Gilbert Cates to oversee production of the awards gala.[4] However, in an article published in The New York Times, it was revealed that 2005 host Chris Rock would not return to host the show.[24] According to a statement released by his publicist, "He didn't want to do it in perpetuity, He'd like to do it again down the road."[25] Many media outlets also speculated that several AMPAS members felt uncomfortable with Rock's disparaging comments about Colin Farrell, Jude Law, and Tobey Maguire.[26][27] Initially, Cates sought actor and veteran Oscar host Billy Crystal to host the ceremony again. However, Crystal declined the offer citing his commitment to his one-man comedy show 700 Sundays.[28][29]

In January 2006, Cates announced that actor, comedian, and talk show host Jon Stewart, who had previously hosted two consecutive Grammy Awards ceremonies in 2001 and 2002, was chosen as host of the 2006 telecast.[30] Cates explained the decision to hire him saying, "My wife and I watch him every night. Jon is the epitome of a perfect host — smart, engaging, irreverent and funny."[31] In a statement, Stewart expressed that he was honored to be selected to emcee the program jokingly adding, "Although, as an avid watcher of the Oscars, I can't help but be a little disappointed with the choice. It appears to be another sad attempt to smoke out Billy Crystal."[32]

Several other people and companies participated in the production of the ceremony. Bill Conti served as musical supervisor for the telecast.[33] Media firm The Ant Farm produced a thirty-second trailer promoting the broadcast featuring clips highlighting past Oscar winners to the tune of the song "Our Lives" by The Calling.[34] Previous Oscar hosts such as Whoopi Goldberg and Chris Rock, and actors Mel Gibson, George Clooney, Halle Berry appeared in an opening comedic sketch.[35] Actor Tom Hanks participated in a pre-taped comedic sketch lampooning Oscar speeches.[36] Stephen Colbert narrated two different mock attack ads lampooning both the intense campaigning and lobbying during Oscar season put forth by film studios and political advertising during elections.[37] Violinist Itzhak Perlman performed excerpts from the five nominees for Best Original Score.[38]

Box office performance of nominated films

For first time since 1996, the field of major nominees favored independent, low-budget films over blockbusters.[39][40] The combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees when the Oscars were announced was $186 million with an average gross of $37.3 million per film.[41] Crash was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $53.4 million in domestic box office receipts. The film was followed by Brokeback Mountain ($51.7 million), Munich ($40.8 million), Good Night and Good Luck ($25.2 million), and finally Capote ($15.4 million).[41]

Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 35 nominations went to 13 films on the list. Only Walk the Line (19th), Cinderella Man (41st), Wallace and Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (45th), and Crash (48th) were nominated for Best Picture, Best Animated Feature, or any of the directing, acting, or screenwriting.[42] The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (1st), Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2nd), The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe (3rd), War of the Worlds (4th), King Kong (5th), Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (7th), Batman Begins (8th), March of the Penguins, (26th), and Memoirs of a Geisha (47th).[42]

Critical reviews

The show received a mixed reception from media publications. Some media outlets were more critical of the show. Television critic Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette lamented that Stewart was more "amusing than funny". He added, "Many of his jokes fell flat with the stars in the Kodak Theatre, and his tendency to bow down before celebrities quickly grew tiresome."[43] Tom Shales from The Washington Post bemoaned, "It's hard to believe that professional entertainers could have put together a show less entertaining than this year's Oscars, hosted with a smug humorlessness by comic Jon Stewart, a sad and pale shadow of great hosts gone by." He also derided the "piles and piles and miles and miles of clips from films present and past" writing that it "squandered the visual luster" of the ceremony.[44] Associated Press television critic Frazier Moore complained, "Stewart, usually a very funny guy, displayed a lack of beginner's luck as first-time host...His usually impeccable blend of puckishness and self-effacement fell flat in the service of Oscar." He also criticized the decision to play music over the winner's acceptance speeches calling it "distracting and obnoxious."[45]

The majority of other media outlets received the broadcast more positively. St. Louis Post-Dispatch television critic Gail Pennington praised Stewart's performance as host writing that he "did the Oscars proud Sunday night, turning in a four-star hosting performance that unfortunately made the rest of the show seem sluggish by comparison."[46] Film critic Roger Ebert lauded Stewart remarking that his opening monologue was "on target, topical and funny," and added, "He was as relaxed, amusing and at home as Johnny Carson."[47] Columnist Ray Richmond of The Hollywood Reporter gave high marks for Stewart commenting, "He seemed at times nervous and self-conscious, but on the whole, Stewart delivered with just the right balance of reverence and smugness."[48]

Ratings and reception

The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 38.94 million people over its length, which was a % decrease from the previous year's ceremony.[49] The show also earned lower Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony with 22.91% of households watching over a 35.58 share.[50] In addition, it garnered a lower 18–49 demo rating with a 12.55 rating over a 35.37 share among viewers in that demographic.[50]

In July 2006, the ceremony presentation received nine nominations at the 58th Primetime Emmys.[51] The following month, the ceremony won four of those nominations for Outstanding Art Direction (Roy Christopher and Jeff Richman), Outstanding Directing for a Variety, Music, or Comedy Program (Louis J. Horvitz), Outstanding Main Title Design (Renato Grgic, Alen Petkovic, Kristijan Petrovic, and Jon Teschner), and Outstanding Sound Mixing For A Variety, Music, or Animation Series or Special (Patrick Baltzell, Robert Douglass, Edward J. Greene, Jamie Santos, and Tom Vicari).[52][53]

In Memoriam

The annual In Memoriam tribute was presented by actor George Clooney. The montage featured an excerpt of the theme from Now, Voyager composed by Max Steiner.[54]

See also

Notes

a^ : Best Foreign Language Film nominee Paradise Now was initially nominated as a submission from Palestine.[55] However, following protests from pro-Israeli groups in the United States, the Academy decided to designate it as a submission from the Palestinian Authority, a move that was decried by the film's director Hany Abu-Assad.[56][57] During the awards ceremony, the film was eventually announced by presenter Will Smith as a submission from the Palestinian Territories.[58]

References

  1. ↑ "Oscar Watch: Thesps added to kudocast". Variety (PMC). February 16, 2006. Retrieved April 17, 2014.
  2. ↑ Rich, Joshua (March 10, 2006). "Go Figure". Entertainment Weekly (Time Warner). Retrieved March 27, 2014.
  3. ↑ Feiwell, Jill (December 16, 2004). "Olympics delay Oscars". Variety (PMC). Retrieved April 24, 2014.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Archerd, Army (November 16, 2005). "Cates taking the Oscar lead". Variety (PMC). Retrieved April 29, 2014.
  5. ↑ "Oscar Watch: Horvitz to helm kudocast". Variety (PMC). December 13, 2005. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
  6. ↑ "Jon Stewart to host 2006 Academy Awards". The Seattle Times (The Seattle Times Company). January 5, 2006. Retrieved April 17, 2014.
  7. ↑ "Past Scientific & Technical Awards Ceremonies". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 21, 2013.
  8. ↑ Vancheri, Barbara (March 6, 2006). "'Crash' fatal to 'Brokeback' in best picture race". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Crain Communications). Retrieved April 14, 2014.
  9. ↑ MacDonald, Moira (March 6, 2006). ""Crash" landing! Drama comes out of nowhere on Oscar night". The Seattle Times (The Seattle Times Company). Retrieved June 24, 2014.
  10. ↑ Marcus, Lawrence (January 29, 2006). "Oscar Watch: Sorvino to help unveil noms". Variety (PMC). Retrieved April 25, 2014.
  11. ↑ Arnold, William (January 31, 2006). "No surprise here: 'Brokeback' leads Oscar hopefuls". Seattle Post-Intelligencer (Hearst Corporation). Retrieved March 27, 2013.
  12. ↑ Karger, Dave (February 3, 2006). "'Mountain' Tops". Entertainment Weekly (Time Warner). Retrieved 26 June 2014.
  13. ↑ "Nominees & Winners for the 78th Academy Awards". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  14. ↑ Kargetr, Dace (March 10, 2006). "The Big Night". Entertainment Weekly (Time Warner). Retrieved June 26, 2014.
  15. ↑ Lundergaard, Erik (March 6, 2006). "Oscar misfire: ‘Crash’ and burn". NBC News. NBCUniversal. Retrieved February 27, 2011.
  16. ↑ "'Crash' Upsets 'Brokeback' At Oscars". CBS News (CBS Corporation). March 5, 2006. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
  17. ↑ Osborne 2008, p. 370
  18. ↑ "Academy Awards 2006 trivia". BBC News (BBC). March 3, 2006. Retrieved April 17, 2014.
  19. ↑ Bradford, Marlee (January 31, 2006). "Williams Ties Record for Oscar Nominations". The Film Music Society. Retrieved May 24, 2014.
  20. ↑ Robertson, Jessica (March 6, 2006). "Three 6 Mafia Take Home Oscar". Rolling Stone. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
  21. ↑ "The 78th Academy Awards (2006) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved 2011-11-20.
  22. ↑ Rainer, Peter (March 5, 2006). "Mr. Altman's unflinching eye". Los Angeles Times (Tribune Company). Retrieved April 17, 2014.
  23. ↑ "78th Academy Awards Presenters and Performers". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. AMPAS. Archived from the original on January 7, 2007. Retrieved March 27, 2014.
  24. ↑ Waxman, Sharon (December 9, 2005). "Chris Rock Will Not Return as Oscar Host". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). Retrieved April 29, 2014.
  25. ↑ Mitovich, Matt Webb (December 9, 2005). "2006 Oscars Won't Rock". TV Guide. Retrieved April 29, 2014.
  26. ↑ "Chris Rock won't host next Academy Awards". USA Today (Gannett Company). December 10, 2005. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  27. ↑ Fernandez, Maria Elena (December 10, 2005). "Rock not asked back as Oscar host". Los Angeles Times (Tribune Company). Retrieved April 29, 2014.
  28. ↑ "Crystal feels badly about Oscar". Variety (PMC). December 21, 2005. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
  29. ↑ Steinberg, Jacques (February 20, 2006). "A First-Time Oscar Host in Search of That Fine Line". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). Retrieved June 25, 2014.
  30. ↑ Vancheri, Barbara (January 6, 2006). "Jon Stewart Will Host 78th Annual Academy Awards". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Crain Communications). Retrieved June 24, 2014.
  31. ↑ Breznican, Anthony (January 5, 2006). "Stewart will host the Oscars". Variety (PMC). Retrieved June 25, 2014.
  32. ↑ "And the Oscar job goes to ... Jon Stewart". NBC News (NBC Universal). January 5, 2006. Retrieved July 6, 2013.
  33. ↑ "Bill Conti named musical director for 78th Academy Awards". USA Today (Gannett Company). December 29, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2014.
  34. ↑ Brown, Maressa (January 15, 2006). "Oscar Watch: Acad trailer coming to theaters". Variety (PMC). Retrieved April 29, 2014.
  35. ↑ Kaufman, Gil (March 6, 2006). "Oscar Host Jon Stewart Gives Mad Props to Three 6 Mafia, Fears Russell Crowe Beat-Down". MTV (Viacom Media Networks). Retrieved April 29, 2014.
  36. ↑ Stack, Tim (March 10, 2006). "Oscar Stop Watch". Entertainment Weekly (PMC). Time Warner. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
  37. ↑ Goodman, Tim (March 6, 2006). "The Oscars may be one of our few national rituals. Good or bad, we're on the couch, watching". The San Francisco Chronicle (Hearst Corporation). Retrieved April 29, 2014.
  38. ↑ McNamara, Mary (March 6, 2006). "Backstage, where the stars align". Los Angeles Times (Tribune Company). Retrieved June 23, 2014.
  39. ↑ Bates, Jim (February 1, 2006). "Movies at their best, but has anyone seen them?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
  40. ↑ Smith, Meil (February 7, 2007). "Oscar watch: And the cash goes to...". CNN Money (Time Warner). Retrieved April 25, 2014.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "2006 Academy Award Nominations and Winner for Best Picture". Box Office Mojo (Amazon.com). Retrieved April 17, 2014.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "2005 Domestic Grosses (as of January 30, 2006)". Box Office Mojo (Amazon.com). Retrieved March 5, 2014.
  43. ↑ Owen, Rob (March 6, 2006). "Tuned In: Oscar opens with class, but ends up a B-movie". Pittsburgh-Post Gazette (Crain Communications). Retrieved April 30, 2014.
  44. ↑ Shales, Tom (March 6, 2006). "Memo to Jon Stewart: Keep Yout 'Daily' Job". The Washington Post (The Washington Post Company). Retrieved April 30, 2014.
  45. ↑ Moore, Frazier (March 6, 2006). "Jon Stewart was disappointing host of bland Oscarcast". Star Tribune (The Star Tribune Company). Retrieved June 25, 2014.
  46. ↑ "Oscar host Jon Stewart is worth the wait". St. Louis Post-Dispatch (Lee Enterprises). March 6, 2006. p. C1.
  47. ↑ Ebert, Roger (March 5, 2006). "'Crash'-ing a joyous Oscar party". Chicago Sun-Times (Sun-Times Media Group). Retrieved June 25, 2014.
  48. ↑ Richmond, Ray (March 6, 2006). "78th Academy Awards". The Hollywood Reporter (Prometheus Global Media). Retrieved June 23, 2014.
  49. ↑ Levin, Gary (March 7, 2006). "Low ratings crash party". USA Today (Gannett Company). Retrieved March 27, 2014.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 "Academy Awards ratings" (PDF). Television Bureau of Advertising. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
  51. ↑ "Primetime Emmy Award database". Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (ATAS). Retrieved January 14, 2014.
  52. ↑ "The complete list of winners". Los Angeles Times (Tribune Company). August 28, 2006. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
  53. ↑ "Complete list of 2006 Emmy winners". Baltimore Sun (Tribune Company). August 28, 2006. Retrieved May 25, 2014.
  54. ↑ Burlingame, John (March 6, 2006). "Santaolalla scores, Three 6 Mafia raps up at Academy Awards". The Film Music Society. Retrieved May 25, 2014.
  55. ↑ Gray, Tim (February 14, 2006). "Acad denies ‘Now’ rumors". Variety (PMC). Retrieved June 25, 2014.
  56. ↑ Gray, Tim (March 1, 2006). "Oscar tune impugned". Variety (PMC). Retrieved June 26, 2014.
  57. ↑ Agassi, Tirah (February 26, 2006). "Middle East tensions hang over Palestinian nominee for an Oscar / 'Paradise Now' traces lives of two men who are suicide bombers". San Francisco Chronicle (Hearst Corporation). Retrieved 25 June 2014.
  58. ↑ Zayid, Maysoon (December 16, 2013). "'Omar' and the Oscars". The Daily Beast (The Newsweek Daily Beast Company). Retrieved June 25, 2014.

Bibliography

  • Osborne, Robert (2008). 80 Years of the Oscar: The Complete History of the Academy Awards. New York, United States: Abbeville Publishing Group. ISBN 0-7892-0992-6.

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