3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine
 | |
| Names | |
|---|---|
| IUPAC name
4-(4-amino-3-chlorophenyl)-2-chloroaniline | |
| Other names
(1,1-Biphenyl)-4,4-Diamine,3,3-dichloro; 3,3-dichloro-4,4-biphenyldiamine 4,4'-Diamino-3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl o,o'-Dichlorobenzidine 3,3'-Dichlorobiphenyl-4,4'-diamine 3,3'-Dichloro-4,4'-biphenyldiamine 3,3'-Dichloro-4,4'-diaminobiphenyl | |
| Identifiers | |
| 91-94-1 | |
| ChEMBL | ChEMBL314470  |
| ChemSpider | 6803 |
| |
| Jmol-3D images | Image |
| KEGG | C19225 |
| PubChem | 7070 |
| |
| Properties | |
| C12H10Cl2N2 | |
| Molar mass | 253.13 g/mol |
| Appearance | Gray or purple crystalline solid |
| Melting point | 132 to 133 °C (270 to 271 °F; 405 to 406 K) |
| Boiling point | 402 °C (756 °F; 675 K) |
| 0.07% (15°C)[2] | |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | Potential carcinogen[2] |
| US health exposure limits (NIOSH): | |
| PEL (Permissible) |
carcinogen[2] |
| REL (Recommended) |
Ca[2] |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) |
Ca [N.D.][2] |
| Except where noted otherwise, data is given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa) | |
verify (what is: / ?) | |
| Infobox references | |
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine is an organic compound with the formula (C6H3Cl(NH2))2. The pure compound is pale yellow, but commercial samples are often colored. It is barely soluble in water and is often suppled as a wet paste. It is widely used in the production of diarylide dyes and diarylide yellow pigments used in the production of printing inks.[3]
Preparation and reactions
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine is prepared in two steps from 2-nitrochlorobenzene. The first step involves reduction with zinc in base to afford 3,3'-dichlorodiphenylhydrazine. This intermediate undergoes the benzidine rearrangement to afford 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine.[4]
Aqueous solutions of 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine degrade in light to monochloro derivative. It undergoes chlorination (for example in water treatment plants) to give the tetrachloro derivative.
The most widely practiced reaction of 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine is its double diazotization to afford [(C6H4Cl(N2))2]2+. This intermediate is then coupled to derivatives of acetoacetylaminobenzene (CH3C(O)CH2C(O)NHAr).[3]
Safety
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine is considered a carcinogen.[1] This compound has been shown to increase the incidence of tumors in animals.[5] Because it is structurally similar to benzidine, a known carcinogen, it is believed that it may share a similar mechanism in causing bladder cancer in humans.[5]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Dichlorobenzidine - Compound Summary, PubChem.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards #0191". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 K. Hunger. W. Herbst "Pigments, Organic" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2012. doi:10.1002/14356007.a20_371
- ↑ Schwenecke, H.; Mayer, D. (2005). "Benzidine and Benzidine Derivatives". Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_539.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "3, 3'-Dichlorobenzidine". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System. 7 March 2011. Accessed 3 May 2011.