22nd United States Congress

22nd Congress redirects here, for the Soviet congress, see 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

22nd United States Congress


21st ←	→ 23rd
United States Capitol (1827)
Duration: March 4, 1831 – March 4, 1833

Senate President:	John C. Calhoun (1831–1832) Vacant (1832–1833)
Senate Pres. pro tem:	Samuel Smith Littleton Tazewell Hugh L. White
House Speaker:	Andrew Stevenson
Members:	48 Senators 213 Representatives 3 Non-voting members
Senate Majority:	Jacksonian
House Majority:	Jacksonian

Sessions
1st: December 5, 1831 – July 16, 1832 2nd: December 3, 1832 – March 2, 1833

The Twenty-second United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1831 to March 4, 1833, during the third and fourth years of Andrew Jackson's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Fourth Census of the United States in 1820. Both chambers had a Jacksonian majority.

Major events

Main articles: 1831 in the United States, 1832 in the United States and 1833 in the United States

December 28, 1832: Vice President John C. Calhoun resigned. The first Vice President of the United States to do so.
Nullification Crisis

Major legislation

Main article: Major legislation: 22nd United States Congress

July 14, 1832: Tariff of 1832, ch. 227, 4 Stat. 583
March 2, 1833: Tariff of 1833 (Compromise Tariff), ch. 55, 4 Stat. 629
March 2, 1833: Force Bill, ch. 57, 4 Stat. 632

Party summary

The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this congress. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section.

Senate

	Party (Shading shows control)			Total	Vacant

	Anti- Jacksonian (Anti-J)	Jacksonian (J)	Nullifier (N)
End of the previous congress	22	25	0	47	1

Begin	21	24	2	47	1
End	23	23	1	47	1
Final voting share	7001489000000000000♠48.9%	7001489000000000000♠48.9%	7000210000000000000♠2.1%

Beginning of the next congress	25	20	1	46	2

House of Representatives

	Party (Shading shows control)				Total	Vacant

	Anti- Jacksonian (Anti-J)	Anti- Masonic (Anti-M)	Jacksonian (J)	Nullifier (N)
End of the previous congress	72	6	134	0	212	1

Begin	69	17	121	4	211	2
End	68	17	123	4	212	1
Final voting share	7001321000000000000♠32.1%	7000800000000000000♠8.0%	7001580000000000000♠58.0%	7000190000000000000♠1.9%

Beginning of the next congress	62	25	144	9	240	0

Leadership

President of the Senate
John C. Calhoun

Senate

President: John C. Calhoun (J), resigned December 28, 1832, thereafter vacant.
President pro tempore: Samuel Smith (J), first elected December 5, 1831
- Littleton W. Tazewell (J), elected July 9, 1832
- Hugh Lawson White (J), elected December 3, 1832

House of Representatives

Speaker: Andrew Stevenson (J)

Members

This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district.

Senate

Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1832; Class 2 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 1834; and Class 3 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring reelection in 1836.

Georgia

2. George M. Troup (J)
3. John Forsyth (J)

Illinois

3. Elias K. Kane (J)
2. John M. Robinson (J)

Indiana

3. William Hendricks (Anti-J)
1. Robert Hanna (Anti-J), from August 19, 1831 until January 3, 1832
- John Tipton (J), from January 3, 1832

Kentucky

2. George M. Bibb (J)
3. Henry Clay (Anti-J), from November 10, 1831

Louisiana

3. Josiah S. Johnston (Anti-J)
2. Edward Livingston (J), until May 24, 1831
- George A. Waggaman (Anti-J), from November 15, 1831

Maine

1. John Holmes (Anti-J)
2. Peleg Sprague (Anti-J)

Maryland

1. Samuel Smith (J)
3. Ezekiel F. Chambers (Anti-J)

Massachusetts

2. Nathaniel Silsbee (Anti-J)
1. Daniel Webster (Anti-J)

Mississippi

1. Powhatan Ellis (J), until July 16, 1832
- John Black (J), from November 12, 1832
2. George Poindexter (Anti-J)

Missouri

1. Thomas H. Benton (J)
3. Alexander Buckner (J)

New Hampshire

2. Samuel Bell (Anti-J)
3. Isaac Hill (J)

New Jersey

1. Mahlon Dickerson (J)
2. Theodore Frelinghuysen (Anti-J)

New York

1. Charles E. Dudley (J)
3. William L. Marcy (J), until January 1, 1833
- Silas Wright, Jr. (J), from January 4, 1833

North Carolina

2. Bedford Brown (J)
3. Willie P. Mangum (J)

Ohio

1. Benjamin Ruggles (Anti-J)
3. Thomas Ewing (Anti-J)

Pennsylvania

1. Isaac D. Barnard (J), until December 6, 1831
- George M. Dallas (J), from December 13, 1831
3. William Wilkins (J)

Rhode Island

2. Nehemiah R. Knight (Anti-J)
1. Asher Robbins (Anti-J)

South Carolina

2. Robert Y. Hayne (N), until December 3, 1832
- John C. Calhoun (N), from December 29, 1832
3. Stephen D. Miller (N), until March 2, 1833, vacant for remainder of term

Tennessee

2. Hugh Lawson White (J)
1. Felix Grundy (J)

Vermont

1. Horatio Seymour (Anti-J)
3. Samuel Prentiss (Anti-J)

Virginia

2. Littleton W. Tazewell (J), until July 16, 1832
- William C. Rives (J), from December 10, 1832
1. John Tyler (J)

President pro tempore
Samuel Smith

President pro tempore
Hugh Lawson White

House of Representatives

The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.

Alabama

Connecticut

All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

Delaware

At-large. John J. Milligan (Anti-J)

Georgia

All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

At-large. Thomas F. Foster (J)
At-large. Henry G. Lamar (J)
At-large. Wilson Lumpkin (J), until ????, 1831
- Augustin S. Clayton (J), from January 21, 1832
At-large. Daniel Newnan (J)
At-large. Wiley Thompson (J)
At-large. James M. Wayne (J)
At-large. Richard Henry Wilde (J)

Illinois

At-large. Joseph Duncan (J)

Indiana

1. Ratliff Boon (J)
2. John Carr (J)
3. Johnathan McCarty (J)

Kentucky

1. Henry Daniel (J)
2. Thomas A. Marshall (Anti-J)
3. Chilton Allan (Anti-J)
4. Robert P. Letcher (Anti-J)
5. Richard M. Johnson (J)
6. Joseph Lecompte (J)
7. John Adair (J)
8. Nathan Gaither (J)
9. Charles A. Wickliffe (J)
10. Christopher Tompkins (Anti-J)
11. Albert G. Hawes (J)
12. Chittenden Lyon (J)

Louisiana

1. Edward D. White (Anti-J)
2. Philemon Thomas (J)
3. Henry A. Bullard (Anti-J)

Maine

1. Rufus McIntire (J)
2. John Anderson (J)
3. Edward Kavanagh (J)
4. George Evans (Anti-J)
5. Cornelius Holland (J)
6. Leonard Jarvis (J)
7. James Bates (J)

Maryland

The 5th district was a plural district with two representatives.

1. Daniel Jenifer (Anti-J)
2. Benedict J. Semmes (Anti-J)
3. George C. Washington (Anti-J)
4. Francis Thomas (J)
5. Benjamin C. Howard (J)
5. John T. H. Worthington (J)
6. George E. Mitchell (J), until June 28, 1832
- Charles S. Sewall (J), from October 1, 1832
7. John L. Kerr (Anti-J)
8. John S. Spence (Anti-J)

Massachusetts

1. Nathan Appleton (Anti-J)
2. Rufus Choate (Anti-J)
3. Jeremiah Nelson (Anti-J)
4. Edward Everett (Anti-J)
5. John Davis (Anti-J)
6. Joseph G. Kendall (Anti-J)
7. George J. Grennell, Jr. (Anti-J)
8. Isaac C. Bates (Anti-J)
9. George N. Briggs (Anti-J)
10. Henry A. S. Dearborn (Anti-J)
11. John Quincy Adams (Anti-J)
12. James L. Hodges (Anti-J)
13. John Reed, Jr. (Anti-J)

Mississippi

At-large. Franklin E. Plummer (J)

Missouri

At-large. Spencer D. Pettis (J), until August 28, 1831
- William H. Ashley (J), from October 31, 1831

1. James Lent (J), until February 22, 1833, vacant thereafter
2. John T. Bergen (J)
3. Churchill C. Cambreleng (J)
3. Gulian C. Verplanck (J)
3. Campbell P. White (J)
4. Aaron Ward (J)
5. Edmund H. Pendleton (Anti-J)
6. Samuel J. Wilkin (Anti-J)
7. John C. Brodhead (J)
8. John King (J)
9. Job Pierson (J)
10. Gerrit Y. Lansing (J)
11. Erastus Root (J)
12. Joseph Bouck (J)
13. William G. Angel (J)
14. Samuel Beardsley (J)
15. Michael Hoffman (J)
16. Nathan Soule (J)
17. John W. Taylor (Anti-J)
18. Nathaniel Pitcher (J)
19. William Hogan (J)
20. Charles Dayan (J)
20. Daniel Wardwell (J)
21. John A. Collier (Anti-M)
22. Edward C. Reed (J)
23. Freeborn G. Jewett (J)
24. Ulysses F. Doubleday (J)
25. Gamaliel H. Barstow (Anti-M)
26. William Babcock (Anti-M)
26. John Dickson (Anti-M)
27. Frederick Whittlesey (Anti-M)
28. Grattan H. Wheeler (Anti-M)
29. Phineas L. Tracy (Anti-M)
30. Bates Cooke (Anti-M)

North Carolina

1. William B. Shepard (Anti-J)
2. John Branch (J), from May 12, 1831
3. Thomas H. Hall (J)
4. Jesse Speight (J)
5. James I. McKay (J)
6. Robert Potter (J), until November ????, 1831
- Micajah T. Hawkins (J), from December 15, 1831
7. Lauchlin Bethune (J)
8. Daniel L. Barringer (J)
9. Augustine H. Shepperd (J)
10. Abraham Rencher (J)
11. Henry W. Connor (J)
12. Samuel P. Carson (J)
13. Lewis Williams (Anti-J)

Ohio

1. James Findlay (J)
2. Thomas Corwin (Anti-J)
3. Joseph H. Crane (Anti-J)
4. Joseph Vance (Anti-J)
5. William Russell (J)
6. William Creighton, Jr. (Anti-J)
7. Samuel F. Vinton (Anti-J)
8. William Stanbery (Anti-J)
9. William W. Irvin (J)
10. William S. Kennon, Sr. (J)
11. Humphrey H. Leavitt (J)
12. John Thomson (J)
13. Elisha Whittlesey (Anti-J)
14. Eleutheros Cooke (Anti-J)

Pennsylvania

There were six plural districts, the 7th, 8th, 11th & 16th had two representatives each, the 4th & 9th had three representatives each.

1. Joel B. Sutherland (J)
2. Henry Horn (J)
3. John G. Watmough (Anti-J)
4. Joshua Evans, Jr. (J)
4. William Hiester (Anti-M)
4. David Potts, Jr. (Anti-M)
5. Joel K. Mann (J)
6. John C. Bucher (J)
7. Henry King (J)
7. Henry A. P. Muhlenberg (J)
8. Peter Ihrie, Jr. (J)
8. Samuel A. Smith (J)
9. Lewis Dewart (J)
9. James Ford (J)
9. Philander Stephens (J)
10. Adam King (J)
11. Thomas H. Crawford (J)
11. William Ramsey (J), until September 29, 1831
- Robert McCoy (J), from November 22, 1831
12. Robert Allison (Anti-M)
13. George Burd (Anti-J)
14. Andrew Stewart (Anti-M)
15. Thomas M.T. McKennan (Anti-M)
16. Harmar Denny (Anti-M)
16. John Gilmore (J)
17. Richard Coulter (J)
18. John Banks (Anti-M)

Rhode Island

Both representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

At-large. Tristam Burges (Anti-J)
At-large. Dutee J. Pearce (Anti-J)

1. Jonathan Hunt (Anti-J), until May 15, 1832
- Hiland Hall (Anti-J), from January 1, 1833
2. Rollin C. Mallary (Anti-J), until April 15, 1831
- William Slade (Anti-M), from November 1, 1831
3. Horace Everett (Anti-J)
4. Heman Allen (Anti-J)
5. William Cahoon (Anti-M)

Virginia

1. Thomas Newton, Jr. (Anti-J)
2. John Y. Mason (J)
3. William S. Archer (J)
4. Mark Alexander (J)
5. Thomas T. Bouldin (J)
6. Thomas Davenport (J)
7. Nathaniel H. Claiborne (J)
8. Richard Coke, Jr. (J)
9. Andrew Stevenson (J)
10. William F. Gordon (J)
11. John M. Patton (J)
12. John J. Roane (J)
13. Joseph W. Chinn (J)
14. Charles F. Mercer (Anti-J)
15. John S. Barbour (J)
16. William Armstrong (Anti-J)
17. Robert Allen (J)
18. Philip Doddridge (Anti-J), until November 19, 1832
- Joseph Johnson (J), from January 21, 1833
19. William McCoy (J)
20. Robert Craig (J)
21. Lewis Maxwell (Anti-J)
22. Charles C. Johnston (J), until June 17, 1832
- Joseph Draper (J), from December 6, 1832

Non-voting members

Speaker of the House
Andrew Stevenson

Changes in membership

The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.

Senate

replacements: 7
- Jacksonians: no net change
- Anti-Jacksonians: no net change
deaths: 0
resignations: 7
interim appointments: 1
Total seats with changes: 9

State (class)	Vacator	Reason for change	Successor	Date of successor's formal installation
Indiana (1)	Vacant	James Noble died in previous Congress	Robert Hanna (AJ)	Installed August 19, 1831
Kentucky (3)	Vacant	Vacancy in term	Henry Clay (AJ)	Installed November 10, 1831
Louisiana (2)	Edward Livingston (J)	Resigned May 24, 1831 after being appointed U.S. Secretary of State	George A. Waggaman (AJ)	Installed November 15, 1831
Pennsylvania (1)	Isaac D. Barnard (J)	Resigned December 6, 1831 due to ill health	George M. Dallas (J)	Installed December 13, 1831
Indiana (1)	Robert Hanna (AJ)	Successor elected January 3, 1832	John Tipton (J)	Installed January 3, 1832
Mississippi (1)	Powhatan Ellis (J)	Resigned July 16, 1832 after being appointed U.S. District Judge	John Black (J)	Installed November 12, 1832
Virginia (2)	Littleton Waller Tazewell (J)	Resigned July 16, 1832	William C. Rives (J)	Installed December 10, 1832
South Carolina (2)	Robert Y. Hayne (N)	Resigned December 13, 1832 to become Governor of South Carolina	John C. Calhoun (N)	Installed December 29, 1832
New York (3)	William L. Marcy (J)	Resigned January 1, 1833 after becoming Governor of New York	Silas Wright (J)	Installed January 4, 1833
South Carolina (3)	Stephen D. Miller (N)	Resigned March 2, 1833 due to ill health	Vacant	Not filled this term

House of Representatives

replacements: 9
- Jacksonians: 1-seat net gain
- Anti-Jacksonians: 2-seat net loss
- Anti-Masonics: 1-seat net gain
deaths: 8
resignations: 2
contested election: 0
Total seats with changes: 11

Main article: List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives

District	Vacator	Reason for change	Successor	Date successor seated
North Carolina 2nd	Vacant	Vacancy in term	John Branch (J)	Seated May 12, 1831
Georgia At-large	Wilson Lumpkin (J)	Resigned some time in 1831 before the convening of Congress	Augustin S. Clayton (J)	Seated January 21, 1832
Vermont 2nd	Rollin C. Mallary (AJ)	Died April 15, 1831	William Slade (AM)	Seated November 1, 1831
Missouri AL	Spencer D. Pettis (AJ)	Died August 28, 1831	William H. Ashley (AJ)	Seated October 31, 1831
Pennsylvania 11th	William Ramsey (J)	Died September 29, 1831	Robert McCoy (J)	Seated November 22, 1831
North Carolina 6th	Robert Potter (J)	Resigned November ????, 1831	Micajah T. Hawkins (J)	Seated December 15, 1831
Vermont 1st	Jonathan Hunt (AJ)	Died May 15, 1832	Hiland Hall (AJ)	Seated January 1, 1833
Virginia 22nd	Charles C. Johnston (J)	Died June 17, 1832	Joseph Draper (J)	Seated December 6, 1832
Maryland 6th	George E. Mitchell (J)	Died June 28, 1832	Charles S. Sewall (J)	Seated October 1, 1832
Virginia 18th	Philip Doddridge (AJ)	Died November 19, 1832	Joseph Johnson (J)	Seated January 21, 1833
New York 1st	James Lent (J)	Died February 22, 1833	Vacant	Not filled this Congress

Employees

Senate

Chaplain: John P. Durbin (Methodist), elected December 19, 1831
- Charles C. Pise (Roman Catholic), elected December 11, 1832
Secretary: Walter Lowrie
Sergeant at Arms: Mountjoy Bayly

House of Representatives

Chaplain: Reuben Post (Presbyterian) elected December 5, 1831
- William Hammett (Presbyterian), elected December 3, 1832
Clerk: Matthew St. Clair Clarke
Doorkeeper: Overton Carr, elected December 5, 1831
Sergeant at Arms: John O. Dunn

References

Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.

External links

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