2015 Nepal earthquake

2015 Nepal earthquake
Kathmandu
Date 25 April 2015
Origin time 11:56:26 NST[1]
Magnitude 7.8Mw[1] or 8.1 Ms[2]
Depth 15.0 kilometers (9 mi)[1]
Epicenter 28°08′49″N 84°42′29″E / 28.147°N 84.708°ECoordinates: 28°08′49″N 84°42′29″E / 28.147°N 84.708°E[1]
Type Thrust[1]
Areas affected
Max. intensity IX (Violent)[1]
Aftershocks 6.6Mw on 25 April at 12:30[3]
6.7Mw on 26 April at 12:54[4]
Casualties

6,311+ confirmed dead,[lower-roman 1] [5] though the real death toll could be as high as 10,000[6]

14,000+ injured[7]

The 2015 Nepal earthquake (the Himalayan earthquake)[8][9] which killed at least 6,300 people and injured more than twice as many as of 1 May 2015,[lower-roman 1] occurred at on 25 April with a moment magnitude (Mw) of 7.8Mw[1] or 8.1Ms[2] and a maximum Mercalli Intensity of IX (Violent). Its epicenter lay in Barpak village of Gorkha district and its hypocenter was at a depth of approximately 15 km (9.3 mi).[1]

It was the most powerful disaster to strike Nepal since the 1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake.[10][11][12] Some casualties have also been reported in the adjoining areas of India, China, and Bangladesh.

The earthquake triggered an avalanche on Mount Everest, killing at least 19,[13] making it the deadliest day on the mountain in history.[14] It triggered another huge avalanche in Langtang valley, where 250 are now missing.[15] Centuries-old buildings were destroyed at UNESCO World Heritage sites in the Kathmandu Valley, including some at the Kathmandu Durbar Square, the Patan Durbar Square and the Bhaktapur Durbar Square. Nepal's government has declared three days of mourning after the quake.[16]

Geophysicists and other experts had warned for decades that Nepal was vulnerable to a deadly earthquake, particularly because of its geology, urbanization, and architecture.[17][18]

Continued aftershocks occurred throughout Nepal, with one shock reaching a magnitude of 6.7 on 26 April at NST.[4] The country is at continued risk of landslides as well.[19] Even five days after the Great Quake, rescue teams are still pulling out survivors trapped under rubble both inside and outside Kathmandu Valley.[20]

Earthquake

Map of the earthquake and its aftershocks

The earthquake occurred on 25 April 2015 at NST (06:11:26 UTC) at a depth of approximately 15 km (9.3 mi) (which is considered shallow and therefore more damaging than quakes that originate deeper in the ground),[21] with its epicenter approximately 34 km (21 mi) east-southeast of Lamjung, Nepal, lasting approximately twenty seconds.[22] The earthquake was initially reported as 7.5 Mw by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) before it was quickly upgraded to 7.9 Mw and finally downgraded to 7.8 Mw. The China Earthquake Networks Center (CENC) reported the earthquake's magnitude to be 8.1 Ms. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) said two powerful quakes were registered in Nepal at 06:11 UTC and 06:45 UTC. The first quake measured 7.9 Mw and its epicenter was identified at a distance of 80 km to the northwest of Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. Bharatpur was the nearest major city to the main earthquake, 53 km (33 mi) from the epicenter. The second earthquake was somewhat less powerful at 6.6 Mw. It occurred 65 km (40 mi) east of Kathmandu and its seismic focus lay at a depth of 10 km (6.2 mi) below the earth's surface. Over thirty-five aftershocks of magnitude 4.5 Mw or greater occurred in the day following the initial earthquake, including the one of magnitude 6.6 Mw.[23]

According to the USGS, the temblor was caused by a sudden thrust, or release of built-up stress, along the major fault line where the Indian Plate, carrying India, is slowly diving underneath the Eurasian Plate, carrying much of Europe and Asia.[21] Kathmandu, situated on a block of crust approximately 120 km (75 miles) wide and 60 km (37 miles) long, reportedly shifted 3 m (10 ft) to the south in just 30 seconds.[24]

The risk of a large earthquake was well known beforehand. In 2013, in an interview with seismologist Vinod Kumar Gaur, The Hindu quoted him as saying, "Calculations show that there is sufficient accumulated energy [in the MFT], now to produce an 8 magnitude earthquake. I cannot say when. It may not happen tomorrow, but it could possibly happen sometime this century, or wait longer to produce a much larger one."[25] According to Brian Tucker, founder of a nonprofit organisation devoted to reducing casualties from natural disasters, some government officials had expressed confidence that such an earthquake would not occur again. Tucker recounted a conversation he had had with a government official in the 1990s who said, "We don't have to worry about earthquakes anymore, because we already had an earthquake"; the previous earthquake to which he referred occurred in 1934.[26]

Geology

M6+ Himalayan region earthquakes, 1900–2014

Nepal lies towards the southern limit of the diffuse collisional boundary where the Indian Plate underthrusts the Eurasian Plate,[27] occupying the central sector of the Himalayan arc, nearly one-third of the 2,400 km (1,500 mi) long Himalayas. Geologically, the Nepal Himalayas are sub-divided into five tectonic zones from north to south, east to west and almost parallel to sub-parallel.[28] These five distinct morpho-geotectonic zones are: (1) Terai Plain, (2) Sub Himalaya (Sivalik Range), (3) Lesser Himalaya (Mahabharat Range and mid valleys), (4) Higher Himalaya, and (5) Inner Himalaya (Tibetan Tethys).[29] Each of these zones is clearly identified by their morphological, geological, and tectonic features.[29]

The convergence rate between the plates in central Nepal is about 45 mm (1.8 in) per year. The location, magnitude, and focal mechanism of the earthquake suggest that it was caused by a slip along the Main Frontal Thrust.[1][30]

The earthquake's effects were amplified in Kathmandu as it sits on the Kathmandu Basin, which contains up to 600 m (2,000 ft) of sedimentary rocks, representing the infilling of a lake.[31]

Based on a study published in 2014, of the Main Frontal Thrust, on average a great earthquake occurs every 750 ± 140 and 870 ± 350 years in the east Nepal region.[32] A study from 2015 found a 700-year delay between earthquakes in the region. The study also suggests that because of tectonic stress buildup, the earthquake from 1934 in Nepal and the 2015 quake are connected, following a historic earthquake pattern.[33]

Intensity

Nepal earthquake ShakeMap

According to "Did You Feel It?" (DYFI?) responses on the USGS website, the intensity in Kathmandu was IX (Violent).[1] Tremors were felt in the neighboring Indian states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, West Bengal, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat,[34] in the Indian capital region around New Delhi[35] and as far south as Karnataka.[36] Many buildings were brought down in Bihar. Minor cracks in the walls of houses were reported in Odisha. Minor quakes were registered as far as Kochi in the southern state of Kerala. The intensity in Patna was V (Moderate).[37] The intensity was IV (Light) in Dhaka, Bangladesh.[1] The earthquake was also experienced across southwestern China, ranging from the Tibet Autonomous Region to Chengdu, which is 1,900 km (1,200 mi) away from the epicenter.[38] Tremors were felt in Pakistan[39] and Bhutan.[1]

Aftershocks

A major aftershock of magnitude 6.7 Mw occurred on 26 April 2015 in the same region at 12:55 NST (07:09 UTC), with an epicenter located about 17 km (11 mi) south of Kodari, Nepal.[39][40] The aftershock caused fresh avalanches on Mount Everest and was felt in many places in northern India including Kolkata, Siliguri, Jalpaiguri and Assam.[41] The aftershock caused a landslide on the Koshi Highway which blocked the section of the road between Bhedetar and Mulghat.[42]

A model of GeoGateway, based on a United States Geological Survey mechanism of a near-horizontal fault as well as location of aftershocks showed that the fault was an 11° dip striking at 295°, 50 km (31 mi) wide, 150 km (93 mi) long, and had a dip slip of 3 m (9.8 ft).[43] The USGS says the aftershock on Sunday registered at a shallow depth of 10 km (6.2 mi).[41]

Assuming that this earthquake was the largest event in this seismic episode, Nepal could expect more than 30 aftershocks greater than magnitude 5 over the following month.[44] As of 1 May 2015, 120 aftershocks had occured with different epicenters and magnitudes above 4 Mw.[45][46]

Immediate aftermath

Casualties by country
Country Deaths Injuries Ref.
Nepal Nepal > 6,260
 > 14,446 [lower-roman 1] [47][48]
India India 78 288 [49]
China China 25 383 [50]
Bangladesh Bangladesh 4 200 [51]
Total > 6,367 > 15,317
Foreign casualties in Nepal
Country Deaths Ref.
India India 7 [52]
China China 4 [53]
Italy Italy 4 [54]
United States United States 4 [55]
France France 3 [56]
Germany Germany 2 [57][58]
Australia Australia 1 [59]
Estonia Estonia 1 [60]
Hong Kong Hong Kong

United Kingdom United Kingdom

 1 [61][62]
Japan Japan 1 [63]
New Zealand New Zealand 1 [64]
Total 29

Casualties

The earthquake killed at least 6,621 and injured more than twice as many, as of 1 May 2015,[lower-roman 1] [47] Nepal's Prime Minister, Sushil Koirala, has said [65] that the number could reach 10,000.[66] The rural death toll may have been lower than expected as villagers were outdoors working during the time the quake hit.[67]

On 27 April, The Himalayan Times reported that as many as 20,000 foreign nationals may have been visiting Nepal at the time of the earthquake, although reports of foreign deaths were relatively low. As reports came in from isolated villages, it was possible that total deaths would reach or exceed the more than 10,000 killed in the 1934 earthquake.[68] Hundreds of people are still considered missing and more than 450,000 are displaced.[48]

As of 4:14 p.m. 27 April in India, Home Minister Rajnath Singh, confirmed that 56 people died in the state of Bihar, 12 in Uttar Pradesh, 3 in West Bengal and 1 in Rajasthan.[69]

Avalanches on Mount Everest

This earthquake caused many avalanches on Mount Everest. At least 19 climbers, including Google executive Dan Fredinburg,[70] are dead, with dozens injured or missing.

Landslides in the Langtang Valley

In the Langtang valley located in Langtang National Park around 250 people were reported missing after an avalanche hit the village of Ghodatabela[71] and the village of Langtang. The avalanche was estimated to have been two to three kilometres wide. Ghodatabela was an area popular on the Langtang trekking route.[72] The village of Langtang may have been destroyed by the avalanche. Around 300 were estimated to have died in smaller settlements on the outskirts of Langtang that were buried during the earthquake, such as Chyamki, Thangsyap, and Mundu. Twelve locals and two foreigners were believed to have survived. Smaller landslides occured in the Trishuli River Valley with reports of significant damage at Mailung, Simle, and Archale.[15][73][74][75]

Damage

The Dharahara before the earthquake

The Tribhuvan International Airport serving Kathmandu was closed immediately after the quake, but was re-opened later in the day for relief operations, with commercial flights planned to resume on April 26.[76] It has since shut down operations sporadically due to aftershocks,[77] and many workers are not at their posts, either from becoming earthquake casualties or because they are dealing with its aftereffects.[78]

Kathmandu Durbar Square before the earthquake

Reports from Christian websites reported that some churches fell onto the heads of congregations while they were praying, as Saturday is the Nepalese Sabbath. The collapsed buildings may have affected hundreds of Nepali Christians.[79]

The remains of the Dharahara after the earthquake

Kathmandu Durbar Square, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, collapsed,[22] as did the Dharahara tower, built in 1832; the collapse of the latter structure killed at least 180 people,[80][81][82][83] Manakamana Temple in Gorkha was also destroyed. The northern side of Janaki Mandir has been reported to be damaged.[84] Several temples, including Kasthamandap, Panchtale temple, the nine-storey Basantapur Durbar, the Dasa Avtar temple and two dewals located behind the Shiva Parvati temple were demolished by the quake. Few other monuments, including the Kumari Temple and the Taleju Bhawani Temple, among others, have partially collapsed.[85]

The top of the Jay Bageshwori Temple in Gaushala and some parts of the Pashupatinath Temple, Swyambhunath, Boudhanath Stupa, Ratna Mandir, inside Rani Pokhari, and Durbar High School have been destroyed.[86] Telephone service in Kathmandu has been sporadic since the quake, as has electricity.[78]

In Patan, the Char Narayan Mandir, the statue of Yog Narendra Malla, a pati inside Patan Durbar Square, the Taleju Temple, the Hari Shanker, Uma Maheshwor Temple and the Machhindranath Temple in Bungmati were destroyed. In Tripureshwor, the Kal Mochan Ghat, a temple inspired by Mughal architecture, was completely destroyed and the nearby Tripura Sundari also suffered significant damage. In Bhaktapur, several monuments, including the Fasi Deva temple, the Chardham temple and the 17th century Vatsala Durga Temple, were fully or partially destroyed.[86]

Outside the Valley, the Manakamana Temple in Gorkha, the Gorkha Durbar, the Palanchowk Bhagwati, in Kavrepalanchowk District, the Rani Mahal in Palpa District, the Janaki Mandir in Janakpur, the Churiyamai in Makwanpur District, the Dolakha Bhimsensthan in Dolakha District, and the Nuwakot Durbar were partially destroyed.[86]

Historian Prushottam Lochan Shrestha stated, "We have lost most of the monuments that had been designated as World Heritage Sites in Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur District, Nepal. They cannot be restored to their original states."[86]

Economic effects

Road damage in Nepal

Nepal, with a total Gross Domestic Product of USD$19.921 billion (according to a 2012 estimate),[87] is one of Asia's poorest countries, and has little ability to fund a major reconstruction effort on its own.[88] Even before the quake, the Asian Development Bank estimated that it would need to spend about four times more than it currently does annually on infrastructure through 2020 to attract investment.[88] The U.S. Geological Survey initially estimated economic losses from the temblor at 9 percent to 50 percent of gross domestic product, with a best guess of 35 percent. "It’s too hard for now to tell the extent of the damage and the effect on Nepal’s GDP", according to Hun Kim, an Asian Development Bank (ADB) official. The ADB said on the 28th that it would provide a USD$3 million grant to Nepal for immediate relief efforts, and up to USD$200 million for the first phase of rehabilitation.[88]

Building damage as a result of the earthquake

"This is a very catastrophic event in a very poor nation. The cost of reconstruction over the next few years will be massive. Rebuilding costs could easily exceed USD$5 billion, which would be about 20 percent of Nepal's gross domestic product. Massive international disaster relief and rescue efforts will be needed urgently, as well as large-scale international financial and technical assistance for long-term reconstruction of the economy." said Rajiv Biswas, chief Asia-Pacific economist at Colorado-based consultancy services IHS Inc.[88][89]

Coverage on social media

The earthquake received extensive coverage on social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter. Close to 5 million tweets relating to Nepal were published during the first three days following the disaster.[90] Official Nepal government social media profiles were also used by the Nepal Police,[91][92] the Office of the Prime Minister of Nepal Prime Minister's Disaster Relief Fund[93] and the National Emergency Operation Centre.[94] A group of popular Nepalese accounts on social media were constantly providing rescue and relief information to the world. The hashtag #NepalEarthquake was in popular use on Twitter,[95] and a subreddit on the website Reddit was also created.[96]

International aid


Being Nepal's immediate neighbour, India was the first to respond, with Operation Maitri, which provided rescue and relief by its armed forces within hours.[97] It also evacuated its own and other countries' stranded nationals.

On 26 April 2015, international aid agencies and governments mobilized to respond to the earthquake. However, they faced challenges in getting assistance to the country and distributing it amid the widespread devastation.[98] The global response was coordinated by the Nepalese government through its National Emergency Operation Center.[98] Relief efforts were hampered by congestion at Kathmandu's airport.

As of 29 April 2015, international aid agencies like Medecins Sans Frontieres and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies had landed emergency medical teams and aid in Nepal,[99][100] but they had struggled to fully identify the areas where they were needed, especially in the outlying areas accessible only by helicopter.[101]

UNICEF appealed for donations, as close to 1.7 million children had been driven out into the open, and were in desperate need of drinking water, temporary shelters, sanitation and protection from disease outbreak due to rotting dead bodies, as well as psychological counseling as of 29 April 2015. It distributed water, tents, hygiene kits, water purification tablets and buckets.[102]

Summary of international relief efforts in Nepal and surrounding countries following the 2015 Nepal earthquake
Aid agency / Country Cash donation (USD) Humanitarian aid and supplies Other aid Source
Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) Rapid intervention surgical kit with 11-member team left Kathmandu for Ghorka (200 km north-west) (61 staff deployed) Water and sanitation – makeshift camps – Tudikhel (Kathmandu), Bhaktapur (14 km east of Kathmandu), first-aid material to Bhaktapur hospital [99][101]
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies $535,664.55 emergency fund activated Volunteers (first-aid, search-&-rescue) Blood-bank supplies to areas in the capital [100]
 European Union $3.3 million Aid, first-response teams and civil-protection experts [103]
 Algeria $1 million 70 relief workers, medicines, and other supplies [104]
 Australia $4 million AUD$2.5 million to Australian NGOs; $2.0 million to UN partners; $500,000 to the Australian Red Cross. 2 humanitarian experts and a crisis-response team [105][106]
 Austria $835,000 Austrian Red Cross search-&-rescue staff [107]
 Azerbaijan 1 ton of medical supplies, tents, blankets and water (Ministry of Emergency Situations) [108]
 Bangladesh BAF Lockheed C-130B aircraft with 10 tonnes of relief materials – tents, dry food, water, blankets, etc. A 34-member team (6 military medical teams and foreign ministry officials) Stranded Bangladeshis airlifted. [109][110][111][112]
 Belgium $1 million Search-&-rescue teams [106]
 Bhutan $1 million 63 personnel medical team [113][114][115][116]
[117]
 Brunei 8 man relief team (2 doctors, 4 paramedics from the Royal Brunei Armed Forces (RBAF) and Brunei’s Gurkha Reserve Unit (GRU) [118]
 Canada $4.16 million; $832,000 to the Canadian Red Cross A Boeing C-17 with supplies – blankets, jerry-cans, kitchen sets, hygiene kits, and tarps 150 Canadian troops; a Disaster Assistance Response Team – 30 experts; pledges by humanitarian organizations; immigration assistance [119][120][121][122]
[123]
 China Tents, blankets, and generators; emergency response for citizens China International Search and Rescue Team (CISAR) – 268 members, 26 search-&-rescue dogs, 39 helicopters [124][125][126][127]
[128][129][130]
 Colombia Fundraising by the Colombian Red Cross Over 1,500 volunteers from national societies. Evacuation of citizens and aid (when needed) [131][132][133][134]
 Czech Republic $791,378 A Boeing 737 – blankets, medical supplies, water and food; and a special trauma team. 36 medical workers and 13 firefighters. Evacuated 54 Czechs and 48 EU citizens. [135][136][137]
 Denmark $744,000 Aid (TBD) [138]
 Estonia Fundraising 15 rescue workers and medics (could not land – airport congestion) [139][140][141]
 Finland $2.25 million, fundraising – Finnish Red Cross Medical and logistical supplies A Finnish Red Cross relief workers team [142][143][144]
 France Equipment and supplies Crisis centre at Foreign Ministry; a reinforcement team in New Delhi; 11 rescuers, (more help if needed) [145][146]
 Germany A mobile medical centre 52 relief workers team – physicians, searchers, dog squads; the German Federal Agency for Technical Relief (THW)'s Rapid Deployment Unit Water and Sanitation Abroad (SEEWA) [147][148][149]
 Greece Search-&-rescue teams [106]
 Hong Kong $6.45 million [150][151]
 India Material aid in Operation Maitri (as of Tuesday 28 April):

• hundreds of tons of food and dry rations
• 5,000 vials of insulin
• 3 tons of relief material
• 1 tons of blankets
• Several tons of stretchers, tents
• 2 tons of medical supplies
• over 100,000 water (non-bottled and bottled – Indian Railways)
• Helicopters – Mi-17, Cheetah, HAL Dhruv ALH
• Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
• 8 member medical team
• 4 bed health camp (Lagankhel)
• Light vehicles
Evacuation of over 220,000 Indian by air and road

 [152][153][154][155]
[156][157][158][159][160]
[161][162][163]
[164][165][166]
 Indonesia $2 million 2 Boeing 737-400s belonging to the Indonesian Armed Forces and Garuda Indonesia, flew with 6 tons of relief supplies – blankets, body bags, food, water
hospital and sleeping tents, medical equipment: and medicines
 66 personnel of SAR and Medical team [167][168]
 Iran An 80,000 pounds (36,000 kg) relief package (via India) [169][170][171]
 Israel Two El Al Boeing 747-400 jets carrying an IDF search-&-rescue team – medical elements & tons of equipment – a field hospital (with premature-babies ward), cutters, electronic sniffers, generators, and lighting equipment. 264 person search-&-rescue team, including physicians; two El Al planes for evacuation [172][173][174]
 Italy $334,000 [175]
 Japan $8.4 million Emergency relief supplies worth US$210,000 70 experts – Foreign Ministry, the National Police Agency, and JICA, along with rescuers, search-&-rescue dog handlers, communication specialists, physicians, and field coordinators [106][176][177]
 Malaysia 20 doctors – Mercy Malaysia; 30-man rescue team - Special Malaysia Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team [178][179]
 Maldives Other aid (TBA) [180]
 Mexico Earthquake rescue brigade and engineers. [147][181][182]
 Monaco Other aid (TBA) [147]
 Netherlands $4.45 million 5 tons of relief supplies 62-man and 8-dog team; several physicians, nurses, and engineers [183]
 New Zealand $771,000 in humanitarian aid 45 urban search and rescue technicians [184]
 Norway $17.3 million [185]
 Pakistan Four Lockheed C-130 planes with a 30-bed hospital, 2,000 military meals, 600 blankets, 200 tents, and other assorted relief items Military emergency personnel including army doctors, medical staff, and the combined ERRA-NDMA's special search and rescue teams with sniffer dogs [186][187]
 Philippines Soldiers, Philippine Red Cross staff, and volunteers [188][189]
 Poland 81 firefighters of the State Fire Service, 12 search and rescue dogs, and 6 doctors of the Polish Center for International Aid [190][191]
 Qatar 2 aircraft with 60 tons of relief materials, such as food, medicines, power generators, and tents; 2 additional aircraft with 120 tons of relief materials, in addition to a field hospital provided by Qatari Red Crescent Aid operations [192]
 Russia Other aid (TBA) 50 highly skilled rescue workers [193]
 Singapore $100,000 55 members of the Singapore Civil Defence Force; officers from Singapore's police forces, including the Gurkha Contingent; another relief team .[106][194]
 Slovenia $55,000 [195][196][197]
 South Africa A search and rescue team composed of members of the South African Police Service with police dogs to aid in the rescue operation. [198]
 South Korea $1 million 40 search and rescue workers [199][200]
 Sri Lanka SLAF C-130 Hercules flight and SriLankan Airbus A330 flight with 17 tonnes of medicine, engineering, signal and ordnance equipment, supportive transport requirements, water bottles, health accessories, dry rations, and water purification tablets, etc. Groups of specialist physicians, other medical staff, and medicine; 44 military personnel and 4 medical consultants; a team of 156 persons, including 11 airmen, 4 medical consultants, and 14 sailors; 97 service personnel: 72 Army personnel, 14 Navy personnel, 11 Air Force personnel [201][202]
  Switzerland Experts, including a physician, a building surveyor, and a water quality technician [203]
 Sweden $1.5 million 60 search and rescue staff, along with dogs [204]
 Taiwan $300,000 Nepal rejected Taiwan's offer to send search and rescue teams due to "China factor". [205][206]
 Thailand $200,000 by government
$302,000 by the king		 Medics and rescue staff [207][208][209][210]
 Turkey Up to 65 search and rescue staff [211]
 United Arab Emirates $1.36 million Medical and food supplies, purchased from India 88 search and rescue staff [106][212]
 United Kingdom $23.14 million, of which $7.713 million was donated by the government and $7.713 million was donated by the public 30 tonnes of humanitarian aid and 11 tonnes of equipment A team of 60 search and rescue responders and medical experts deployed by the Department for International Development; engineers from the British Army's Brigade of Gurkhas [213][214][215]
[216]
 United States $10 million A disaster response team from USAID; Urban Search and Rescue Virginia Task Force 1 from Fairfax County, Virginia was deployed to Nepal from the Dover Air Force Base; Los Angeles County's Urban Search and Rescue California Task Force 2; U.S. Army Green Beret soldiers [217][218][219][220]
[221]
  Vatican City $100,000 [222]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 "M7.8 – 29 km ESE of Lamjung, Nepal". United States Geological Survey. 25 April 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "2015年4月25日尼泊尔8.1级地震情况通报（in Chinese）". China Earthquake Networks Center. 25 April 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  3. ↑ "M6.6 - 49km E of Lamjung, Nepal".
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "M6.7 - 17km S of Kodari, Nepal". usgs.gov.
  5. ↑ "Nepal PM faces ire of quake victims". The Hindu. 29 April 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  6. ↑ Nepalese Prime Minister says death toll could be 10,000, Reuters
  7. ↑ The Assam Tribune Online
  8. ↑ Cindy Tran; Liam Quinn (25 April 2015). "Desperate families of DOZENS of Australians unaccounted in the deadly Himalayan earthquake disaster take to social media with pleas for help finding their loved ones". Daily Mail. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  9. ↑ Chidanand Rajghatta (26 April 2015). "Is this the 'Big Himalayan Quake' we feared?". The Times of India. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  10. ↑ "What 1934 Told Nepal to Expect About the Next Big Quake".
  11. ↑ "Timeline: Nepal 2015 to 1934, the worst quake disasters in the last 80 years". Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  12. ↑ "Nepal earthquake: Eerie reminder of 1934 tragedy".
  13. ↑ nytimes.com 2015-04-27 katmandu-nepal-fear-loss-and-devastation, nytimes.com; accessed 28 April 2015.
  14. ↑ "First survivors of Mount Everest avalanche reach Kathmandu". Fox News. The Associated Press. 26 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Up to 250 missing after avalanche hits Nepal trekking route". "Mail Online". Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  16. ↑ "Nepal government declares three days of mourning after deadly quake". Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  17. ↑ "Experts had warned for decades that Nepal was vulnerable to a killer quake". Washington Post. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  18. ↑ Colin Stark (26 April 2015). "Nepal earthquake: 'A tragedy waiting to happen' - CNN.com". CNN. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  19. ↑ "Earth Quake-hit Nepal at high risk of landslides in coming weeks". Free Press Journal.
  20. ↑ "Still finding survivors".
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Howard, Brian Clark (25 April 2015). "Nepal Earthquake Strikes One of Earth's Most Quake-Prone Areas". National Geographic. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Powerful earthquake hits Nepal". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  23. ↑ "1 Day, Magnitude 2.5+ Worldwide". Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  24. ↑ Joel Achenbach (27 April 2015). "Kathmandu shifts three metres in 30 seconds". Sydney Morning Herald (Washington Post). Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  25. ↑ Internet Desk. "Was this the big earthquake that was predicted in the Himalayas?". The Hindu. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  26. ↑ "Experts had warned for decades that Nepal was vulnerable to a killer quake". Washington Post. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  27. ↑ Amos, Jonathan (25 April 2015). "Why Nepal is so vulnerable to quakes". BBC. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  28. ↑ "GEOLOGY OF NEPAL HIMALAYA". n.d. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "General Geology". Government of Nepal. 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  30. ↑ Josh Fischman. "How The Deadly Nepal Earthquake Happened [GRAPHIC]". scientificamerican.com. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  31. ↑ Mughier J.L., Huyghe P., Gajurel A.P., Upreti B.N. & Jouanne F.; Huyghe; Gajurel; Upreti; Jouanne (2011). "Seismites in the Kathmandu basin and seismic hazard in central Himalaya" (PDF). Tectonophysics 509 (1–2): 33–49. Bibcode:2011Tectp.509...33M. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2011.05.012. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  32. ↑ L. Bollinger, S. N. Sapkota, P. Tapponnier, Y. Klinger, M. Rizza, J. Van der Woerd, D. R. Tiwari, R. Pandey, A. Bitri, S. Bes de Berc (2014). "Return period of great Himalayan earthquakes in Eastern Nepal: evidence from the Patu and Bardibas strands of the Main Frontal Thrust". Journal of Geophysical Research. doi:10.1002/2014JB010970.
  33. ↑ "Nepal quake 'followed historic pattern'". BBC. April 27, 2015.
  34. ↑ "Andhra Pradesh earthquake update: Aftershocks of Nepal Earthquake felt in Visakhapatnam, Godavari and Srikakulam districts". Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  35. ↑ "Tremors felt in Delhi, Metro services briefly disrupted".
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  209. ↑ บิ๊กตู่สั่งสธ.-กองทัพส่งความช่วยเหลือให้เนปาล - โพสต์ทูเดย์ ข่าว (Thai)
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Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Note: Officially, Dead - 6,260, Injured - 14,446, Destroyed Houses - 329,119 (10,445+14,201+160,786+143,687), Homeless - Not filled up. Data as of May 1, 2015 18:30 hrs. Source: National Emergency Operation Centre (Nepal Govt.) Nepali English

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2015 Nepal earthquake.