2014 Thai coup d'état

2014 Thai coup d'état
Part of the 2013–14 Thai political crisis

Thai soldiers at Chang Phueak Gate, Chiang Mai
Date22 May 2014
Location Thailand
Result

Royal Thai Armed Forces takeover

Belligerents
National Council for Peace and Order Yingluck cabinet
Commanders and leaders
Prayut Chan-o-cha Niwatthamrong Boonsongpaisan

On 22 May 2014, the Royal Thai Armed Forces, led by General Prayut Chan-o-cha, Commander of the Royal Thai Army (RTA), launched a coup d'état, the 12th since the country's first coup in 1932, against the caretaker government of Thailand, following six months of political crisis.[1] The military established a junta called the National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO) to govern the nation.

After dissolving the government and the Senate, the NCPO vested the executive and legislative powers in its leader and ordered the judicial branch to operate under its directives. In addition, it partially repealed the 2007 constitution, declared martial law and curfew nationwide, banned political gatherings, arrested and detained politicians and anti-coup activists, imposed internet censorship and took control of the media.

The NCPO issued an interim constitution granting itself amnesty and sweeping power.[2] The NCPO also established a military dominated national legislature which later unanimously elected General Prayut as a new prime minister of the country.[3]

Background

In the 2011 general election, Yingluck Shinawatra and the Pheu Thai Party (PTP) obtained a landslide victory and formed the government with Yingluck as prime minister. Anti-government protests, led by former Democrat Party secretary general Suthep Thaugsuban, began in November 2013. Suthep later formed the People's Democratic Reform Committee (PDRC) for the purpose of demanding the establishment of an unelected "people's council" to supervise a "political reform". Pro-government groups, including the Red Shirts, held mass rallies in response. Violence occasionally occurred, resulting in a number of deaths and injuries.[4][5]

In December 2013, Yingluck dissolved the House of Representatives and scheduled a general election for 2 February 2014. Disrupted by the anti-government protesters, the election was not completed on that day. The Constitutional Court then nullified the election on 21 March 2014.[6] On 7 May 2014, the Constitutional Court unanimously removed Yingluck and nine other senior ministers from office over the controversial transfer of a top security officer in 2011.[7][8] The remaining ministers selected Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Commerce Niwatthamrong Boonsongpaisan to replace Yingluck as caretaker prime minister as protests continued.[9]

Immediately prior to the coup

Martial law imposition

General Prayut Chan-o-cha, RTA Commander.

The RTA intervened on 20 May 2014, when its commander General Prayut exercised the power under the Act promulgated by King Vajiravudh (Rama VI) entitled Martial Law, BE 2457 (1914),[10] to impose martial law nationwide as from 03:00 hours (local time). He said through a television pool that the imposition was due to continuous violence from various sides and was for the purpose of allowing the army to maintain and restore peace in a more effective manner.[11][12]

After imposing martial law, General Prayut ordered the dissolution of the Centre for Administration of Peace and Order, a police body formed by the caretaker government to resolve the crisis. He then established a Peace and Order Maintaining Command (POMC) with himself as its commander. Charged with the duty to "restore peace to the people from all sides without delay", the POMC is initially given the power to "prevent, suppress, abate and resolve" any situation affecting national security, to enforce every provision of the martial law and to summon any person. General Prayut also ordered the personnel of the police, navy, air force and Ministry of Defence to be subject to the POMC.[13][14]

In Bangkok, soldiers were stationed in many places[15] and the main roads were blocked.[16] The military retook the Government House from the PDRC protesters[17] and seized all television stations in Bangkok and some other parts of the country[18][19] before shutting down some stations, including those of the PDRC and the Red Shirts.[20] General Prayut later ordered all media to replace their regular programs with the POMC programs whenever he requires[21] and imposed a ban on publishing information which may affect the military's missions.[22] He also directed all government agency chiefs to report to him.[23]

On 21 May 2014, the POMC established an internet censorship task force and ordered internet service providers to report to it in order to control online content.[24]

The caretaker government stated that it had never been consulted about the martial law related decisions of the army, whilst the army claimed that the move was not a coup d'état and the government remained in office.[25]

Unsuccessful talks

After its establishment, the POMC held talks with the rival groups for two days in attempt to find resolution. It was reported that the participants were of conflicting opinions and no agreement could be adopted.[26] Moreover, during a talk, the caretaker government was requested by the Election Commission to resign.[27] But the government denied the request, saying it was required by the constitution to stay in office.[28] The 2007 constitution prescribed that the cabinet vacates office en bloc upon dissolution of the House of Representatives but it shall remain in office and continue to function until a new cabinet takes office.[29]

In the afternoon of 22 May 2014, the POMC held another talk at the Thai Army Club on Vibhavadi Rangsit Road.[26] The talk had proceeded for five hours[30] without reaching agreement, whilst the government maintained that it bore a legal duty to remain in office. At the meeting, General Prayut eventually said to Minister of Justice Chaikasem Nitisiri who led the government representatives: "The talk knows no end because you all only speak about the law. [...] The government insists that it won't resign, right?" Chaikasem replied: "Not at this moment". General Prayut then told the meeting that "Sorry, I must seize power"[31][32] and ordered the detention of the cabinet members as well as the leaders of the PDRC, Red Shirts and political parties who attended the talk, much to the dismay of the media representatives who were also present.[26] They are being held at the First Infantry Regiment of the King's Guards.[33]

Coup

Soldiers at Chang Phueak Gate, Chiang Mai

Launch of coup

On the evening of 22 May 2014, General Prayut announced through a televised address that the armed forces were assuming control of national administration,[34] formally launching a coup d'état against the caretaker government and establishing the NCPO to rule the state.[26]

Later that night, the NCPO repealed the 2007 constitution, save the second chapter which deals with the king. In addition, it formally ordered the dissolution of the caretaker government, but the Senate as well as all other state agencies, including the courts and the independent organs, were kept intact.[35] The NCPO announced its own composition as follows:[36]

The NCPO then announced that its leader will exercise all powers and duties which the laws invest in the prime minister and the cabinet, until there is a prime minister.[37][38] It also placed its members in charge of the government ministries and equivalent agencies.[39][40]

On 24 May 2014, the NCPO dissolved the existing Senate and granted the legislative power to its leader.[41] It ordered the judicial branch to operate under its directives.[42] It also transferred Police General Adul to an inactive post in the Office of the Prime Minister and replaced him with Police General Watcharapol Prasarnrajkit. Adul was seen as a loyalist to the deposed government.[41]

Arrest and detention of public figures

Immediately after the coup was launched, Caretaker Prime Minister Niwatthamrong, who did not attend the talk, left his office at the Ministry of Commerce so as to avoid being apprehended by the military.[28][43] The NCPO then ordered him and the cabinet members who were not detained to report to the military within that day.[44] It was reported that Niwatthamrong attempted to establish a government-in-exile at the United States embassy in Bangkok, but the embassy denied the report.[45]

On the night of 22 May 2014, military officers detained additional politicians, including Chalerm Yubamrung and his sons.[46] The following day, the NCPO summoned PTP members and Shinawatra family members, including Yingluck.[47][48] Niwatthamrong and Yingluck surrendered themselves to the NCPO on that day.[49] Yingluck was detained at an undisclosed "safe house".[50][51] The NPOC said it released her on 25 May.[52]

The NCPO later summoned another 114 prominent figures from both sides[53] and stated that those who refuse to submit to it will be apprehended and prosecuted.[54] Activist Sombat Boonngamanong, better known as Dotty Editor, was the first person who refused to surrender, saying "Hilarious. Not reporting [to the junta] is considered a criminal offense." He challenged the summons by posting on his Facebook: "Catch me if you can".[55][56] The NCPO responded by stating that in the morning of 24 May, it will send soldiers to apprehend those who failed to appear.[57] One of those apprehended on that day was Panthongtae Shinawatra, a nephew of Yingluck.[58] Sombat was eventually apprehended on 5 June 2014 in Chon Buri Province. The military tracked him down through the internet, using the IP address he used to post his comments.[59] In addition to two years in jail for violating its orders, the military said Sombat will face seven years of imprisonment on grounds of encouraging people to violate its orders, which are the "Law of the Nation". The military also said that those who provided residences to Sombat are to be dealt with by two years in jail on account of "harbouring a criminal".[60]

The NCPO also summoned all diplomatic corps in Bangkok to its headquarters. In its summons, it said the corps were merely "invited" to a meeting with the military figures, so that they would have "correct understanding" about its missions.[61] However, many foreign ambassadors to Thailand, including German Ambassador Rolf Peter Schulze, refused to go.[62]

Former Minister of Education Chaturon Chaisaeng was the first person to be tried in a military court for failing to appear as summoned by the NCPO. Soldiers apprehended Chaturon in front of a crowd of foreign journalists immediately after giving a press conference at the Foreign Correspondents' Club of Thailand on 27 May 2014. An NCPO spokesman also said that holding a press conference to foreign media is deemed improper and against NPCO policy.[63][64][65] Chaturon faces fourteen years of imprisonment in consequence of computer crime charges.[66]

Martial law allows the military to detain people for no more than seven days.[10] However, the NCPO does not observe the time limit. Some individuals have been held incommunicado for more than three weeks.[67]

Control of public activities and media

Upon announcing the coup, the NCPO laid down a ban on political gatherings and directed all protesters to disperse.[36] It ordered all educational institutes, both public and private, to close from 23 to 25 May 2014.[68] It also imposed a curfew throughout the country, ordering the people to stay indoors from 22:00 to 05:00 hours.[69] The curfew time was later changed to 24:00 to 04:00 hours, effective from 28 May 2014.[70] The curfew was lifted in most parts of the country on 13 June 2014.[71]

Furthermore, the NCPO ordered all television and radio stations to stop airing their own regular programs and to broadcast the RTA programs only.[72] It detained Wanchai Tantiwittayapitak, deputy director of the Thai Public Broadcasting Service which operates Thai PBS station, after he permitted the station to live broadcast a special program about the coup on YouTube instead of television.[73][74] On the program, several scholars, including Chulalongkorn University lecturer Gothom Arya, were interviewed and gave negative comments on the coup.[75] Thai PBS said Wanchai was taken to the First Army Area headquarters to "tune in understanding between the media and army".[76]

On 23 May 2014, the NCPO summoned all media chiefs to the Thai Army Club and ordered the internet service providers to censor any information deemed provocative, causing public disturbance, containing official secrets, likely detrimental to national security, or defamatory to the NCPO.[77] It also threatened to shut down social media if its operator fails to block information inciting unrest or inciting "opposition to peacekeeping".[78]

In the afternoon of 23 May, the analogue television networks, except Thai PBS, were allowed to resume their normal programs,[79] after the NCPO ordered the internet service providers to block all broadcast sharing attempts on the internet and instructed the National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission to shut down internet based television.[80] All digital television networks were permitted to resume their broadcast the following day.[81]

On 24 May 2014, the media organisations issued an open letter urging the NCPO to end the restriction of press freedom as soon as possible.[82] The NCPO responded by summoning all media operators, instructing them that they were required to attend a meeting with the NCPO first.[83]

Post-coup

Future roles

The NCPO stated on 23 May 2014 that it aimed to conduct national "economic, social and political" reforms before elections can be permitted.[84][85] It said a reform council and a national assembly will be set up to work on the reforms.[86] It also said it wanted to handle, inter alia, the rice pledge project problems, and will carry out a project of constructing roads on both edges of the Chao Phraya River.[84] The road construction project was originally initiated by the PTP in 2012 and was part of the flood control project.[87]

General Prayut said he will run the country until the situation requires an interim government.[86] In administering the country, he said he will use the military command and control systems which he believed would develop the country.[88] The NCPO also announced that its leader will determine the policies on national administration, both "short-term and long-term".[39]

Unlike in previous coups, there have been no promises of a quick return to civilian rule.[51] On 26 May, the NCPO held a press conference at which a Thai Rath journalist asked General Prayut if he would become a new prime minister himself. Prayut did not refuse, answering: "It is already in the plan." Another journalist from the Bangkok Post asked when an election will happen. Prayut replied: "[An election] depends on the situation. [There is] no deadline. That's enough," before walking out of the conference room.[89] The following day, both journalists were summoned by the NCPO on grounds of "giving questions that lessen public confidence in the ruler".[90]

An NCPO spokesman also said that normal democratic principles could not be applied at the current time.[91] The Sydney Morning Herald reported that the military's decisions showed that General Prayut is preparing "a long-term pervasive takeover without the calling of quick elections".[92]

On 29 May 2014, Lieutenant General Chatchalerm Chalermsukh, deputy army chief of staff, told reporters at a press conference in Bangkok, while elections would be held, there was no timetable. "Right conditions" would have to be put in place before an election took place, he said A day later in a national television address, General Prayut said elections would not be held for at least fifteen months. He warned against resistance to the military and called on all sides to co-operate and stop protesting.

Royal endorsement

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On 24 May 2014, the NCPO said King Bhumibol Adulyadej had acknowledged the coup, but stopped short of describing the response as an endorsement.[93] However on 26 May 2014 the King formally appointed General Prayut to run the country. In Thailand the monarchy is highly respected and royal endorsement is seen as legitimation of the takeover.[94]

Lèse majesté cases

At a press conference on 23 May 2014, the NCPO said one of its missions is to "severely" deal with lèse majesté offenders in Thailand and ordered the government officers to uphold this mission.[88]

On 25 May 2014, the NCPO authorised the military courts to try all cases concerning lèse majesté, sedition, national security and violation of NCPO orders.[95]

On that day, the NCPO searched the residence of Somyot Prueksakasemsuk, an imprisoned magazine editor sentenced in 2013 to 11 years in jail for lèse majesté. The NCPO detained his wife, who had been campaigning for political prisoners, and his son, a fourth year student at the Faculty of Law, Thammasat University.[96] Other critics of the lèse majesté law are being detained, as well.[97]

The NCPO later summoned a number of activists accused of lèse majesté and living in exile, including former Chulalongkorn University political science lecturer Giles Ji Ungpakorn and former minister Jakrapob Penkair. They were ordered to appear by 9 June 2014.[98]

Interim constitution

An interim constitution was enacted on 22 July 2014, paving the way for the establishment of a national legislature, a provisional government and a reform council.[99] The draft interim constitution originally required that a draft new constitution be approved by the citizens in a nationwide referendum before it is forwarded to the king for his signature. The requirement was disapproved by the NCPO and was deleted.[100] Wisanu Krua-ngam, a Chulalongkorn University law lecturer who drafted the interim constitution, explained that the requirement was deleted to avoid "lengthy process".[101]

Domestic responses

Pro- and anti-government protesters

Many PDRC protesters applauded the announcement of the coup at their rally sites.[102] Phra Buddha Issara, a Buddhist monk and PDRC co-leader, went onto the protest stage to proclaim the victory of the anti-government protesters before requesting his followers disperse and go home.[103] Soldiers took the pro-government protest sites and fired shots in the air to disperse the protesters.[104]

The last group of protesters left Bangkok in the evening of 23 May 2014.[105] The NCPO provided 70 military cars to send the protesters from both sides home.[106]

Anti-coup

Public protests

In spite of a ban on political gatherings of more than five people,[107] demonstrators, including Thammasat University students, marched to the Democracy Monument on 23 May 2014 to express their anger at the coup.[108] However the military stopped them from proceeding to the monument, citing fear of violence and clash.[109]

On the same day, separate protests also took place outside the Bangkok Art and Culture Centre, led by freelance media, artists and social activists. However, soldiers sent by the NCPO detained the protesters. A live round was fired and the whereabouts of the apprehended are not known.[110][111]

On 24 May 2014, a group of people held an anti-coup protest in front of Major Ratchayothin Cinema in Bangkok, where a company of troops with riot shields was stationed.[112] On that evening, another group of at least 1,000 protesters marched to the Victory Monument. The military tried to stop their procession, using a police truck. Some of the protesters were apprehended but were released after negotiation.[113][114]

At midday of 25 May 2014, a group of anti-coup protesters gathered in front of a McDonalds restaurant at Ratchaprasong, the heart of Bangkok. Soldiers, however, arrived and seized the area.[115][116] Another group of people tried to march from the Victory Monument to the Pathum Wan Intersection rallying against the coup. But the military managed to block them.[117]

Anti-coup protests also took place outside Bangkok. In Chiang Mai Province, a group of people clad in black as a sign of protest held anti-coup activities for days, including marching to the city's ancient walls where they performed a candle-lit ceremony opposing the military's action.[118] Some of them were apprehended by military on 24 May.[119] Anti-coup rallies also occurred in several other provinces. In Khon Kaen Province, students held a ceremony to bid farewell to democracy in front of Central Plaza Khon Kaen shopping mall where military officers were stationed.[120] In Maha Sarakham Province, students held an anti-coup protest in the middle of the city but soldiers came and seized protesting materials, such as banners.[121] A group of Thai people living in Australia held anti-coup activities at Kings Park, Perth, on 26 May.[122]

A number of anti-coup activists outside Bangkok were later summoned by regional military courts and were detained without charge.[123]

On 10 June 2014, Chalard Vorachat, a retired pilot officer and renowned hunger striker, sued the NCPO before the Criminal Court. Chalard alleged that the NCPO, by staging the coup, committed insurrection. The court dismissed the case, ruling that Chalard was not the victim and was therefore not entitled to institute the case, although Chalard claimed that he was the victim because his rights and liberties had been affected by the coup.[124]

Online activities

A banner in Bangkok, observed on 3 June 2014, informs the public that "like" or "share" activity on social media could land them in prison. The banner says this is "for the sake of the monarchy".
Image displayed from Thailand's Ministry of Information and Communication Technology when accessing prohibited content, such as The Daily Mail, from Thailand in 2014.

Anti-coup sentiment was also echoed on Thai social media such as Facebook, Twitter and Line,[108] even though the military had previously warned that it would block social media if material critical of the coup was published.[125]

A reporter, Pornthip Mongyai, was dismissed by her news agency, Mono Group, after a photo in which Pornthip, wearing a press armband, stood next to a line of soldiers with an "X" taped over her lips went viral on the internet.[126]

In response to anti-coup activities on social media, the NCPO ordered the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology (MICT) to block Facebook in Thailand "from time to time", effective from 28 May 2014. On that evening, Facebook was blocked for about an hour throughout the country.[127] The MICT stated on 24 May that more than 100 URLs have been blocked under martial law.[128]

People calling for protests on social media have been warned that they will face prosecution for sedition.[129] The military also said that liking an anti-coup page on Facebook constitutes a criminal offence.[130]

Anti-coup symbols

Thai protesters against the coup used the three-finger salute from The Hunger Games film series, symbolising their opposition to the coup.[131] The three fingers represent equality, liberty and brotherhood.[132] The military announced that it will arrest anyone who uses the salute.[133]

Protesters then adopted the sandwich as their new anti-coup symbol. They held activities of handing out sandwiches to those who wanted them, shouting "Sandwiches for democracy!".[134] On 22 June 2014, a student eating sandwiches in front of Siam Paragon and a group of students who were to organise a sandwich activity at the same venue were apprehended and were later placed under detention.[135] These students were said by the military to have committed an offence of "possessing sandwiches with ill intent".[136]

Apart from using the three-finger salute and eating sandwiches in public, two other acts of expressing anti-coup stance have been criminalised: reading George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four in public, and wearing shirts with certain slogans such as "Peace Please" and "Respect My Vote".[136]

Private citizens performing other symbolic acts have also been apprehended and detained. These included: an aged woman wearing a mask with the word "People",[137] a man shouting "I'm a common citizen who feels shame because there's another coup in my country",[138] a fried squid vendor wearing a red shirt,[139] a group of people having their own eyes, ears and mouths covered,[140] a group of movie commentators and artistic activists intending to organise the displaying of the film Nineteen Eighty-Four,[141] a group of people holding activities in front of Wat Phra Si Mahathat, a temple in Bangkok, to commemorate the transition of absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy on 24 June 1932,[142] a student playing "La Marseillaise" in public,[143] a group of people holding papers written "Where are the people?",[144] and a man holding a paper saying "Holding papers is not a crime".[145] They will be tried in military courts for sedition.[144]

Pro-coup

On 25 May 2014, a pro-coup group held a counter-rally at the Democracy Monument calling on the NCPO to conduct reforms before a general election. The following day, a group of officials from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs held a similar rally.[146]

Political parties

Democrat Party leader Abhisit Vejjajiva said on 25 May 2014 that he was sorry that he could not protect democracy.[147] However, the following day, he urged the NCPO to take tough measures against anti-coup groups.[148]

PDRC leader Suthep Thaugsuban alleged that he had already talked to General Prayut about how to exclude Thaksin and his family from power as early as in 2010. He also claimed that before declaring martial law, General Prayut told him that "Khun Suthep and your masses of PDRC supporters are too exhausted. It's now the duty of the army to take over the task".[149]

Academic and religious sectors

The coup also met with strong reactions from Thai academics, with the majority expressing serious concern over its negative impact on Thailand's democracy and human rights. But some Thai academics argued that there was no other solution to Thailand's problems.[150]

A group of university lecturers, who call themselves the Assembly for the Defence of Democracy (AFDD), issued a statement on 23 May 2014, emphasizing the right of the people to offer resistance to an illegitimate ruler and requesting the military to promptly release the detained protesters. In its statement, the AFDD said:[151]

A good ruler shall not rule by force. He must be accepted by the public, must gain public consent, must keep his words, and must acquire faith and trust from everyone. If the NCPO treats the people as its enemy and keeps on suppressing them by force, it will face endless resistance and will have to suppress countless people. Eventually, there will be no one left to be ruled.

On that day, the AFDD members gathered in front of the Dome Building of Thammasat University to express their anti-coup stance.[152] The scholars from the Midnight University also issued a statement denouncing the coup and demanding the resignation of the National Human Rights Commission.[153]

The academic sector also called on the NCPO members to disclose their interests to the public. However, the National Anti-Corruption Commission said that it is not required by any law.[154]

On 26 May 2014, Phra Paisal Visalo, a monk renowned for his roles in human rights protection, denounced the coup, saying "Even though this coup brought an end to some urgent problems [...], it is the beginning of new various problems which are surely more serious".[155]

In response to heavy opposition from the academic sector, military officers have been stationed at some higher education institutions to prevent their academics from expressing political opinions or holding political activities. These included Thammasat University's Tha Pra Chan Campus in Bangkok.[156]

The NCPO summoned leading pro-democracy scholars. Despite the NCPO threatening that those failing to show up will face criminal penalties, the summoned said they will not submit to the military.[157][158] A number of scholars failing to appear were later apprehended, such as Thammasat University law lecturer Sawatree Suksri who was apprehended at Suvarnabhumi Airport on 7 June 2014 after travelling back from the United States on a US embassy study trip about human rights.[159]

The military also ordered Thai diplomats to take measures to force the return of the summoned academicians living abroad.[160] One of the targets is Pavin Chachavalpongpun, a Thai associate professor at Kyoto University who challenged the summons by asking if he can send his pet chihuahua to meet with General Prayut in his stead.[161][162] The Thai ambassador in Tokyo and consul general in Osaka have both been told by the military that if they fail to force Pavin to return, they will either be transferred or forced out of the foreign service.[160] On 13 June 2014, the NCPO issued an arrest warrant against Pavin.[163]

International responses

Government sector

Supranational

Countries

Non-governmental sector

Impacts

The United States suspended US$3.5m in military aid to Thailand from its overall aid package of US$10.5 million[194] and cancelled military engagements, including military visits and training.[195] It also urged tourists to cancel trips and halted non-essential visits by its government officers.[194]

Some border checkpoints between Thailand and neighbouring states have remained closed following the coup.[196][197]

The Ministry of Tourism and Sports said on 27 May that the arrival of "foreign tourists has dropped by 20%".[198]

The coup also resulted in the cancellation of Taylor Swift's concert, formerly scheduled on 9 June 2014, in Bangkok,[199] and the postponement of several events, including USA Fair 2014 scheduled during 30 May–2 June 2014.[200]

Asia Sentinel reported on 9 June 2014 that Thai rights groups estimated that some 200 people remained in detention since the coup happened.[160]

After the NCPO vowed on 11 June 2014 to deal with illegal foreign workers in Thailand, saying "we see illegal workers as a threat",[201] a very large number of foreign migrants, more than half of whom were women and children, immediately left the country on that day. The International Organization for Migration described the event as a "sudden influx" and expressed its concern thereover.[202] The BBC reported on 16 June 2014 that more than 180,000 Cambodians have fled Thailand after the NCPO announced the crackdown.[203] A group of Cambodians died in a car accident on their way to the border and this enraged the Cambodian government which said the Thai military must be held responsible for all the problems that have occurred.[203] Burmese migrants in northern Thailand were arrested and were released only after a "protection fee" was paid. Rights groups said employers in southern Thailand had also advised their foreign workers to go into hiding in the woods or rubber plantations to avoid arrests.[204] The government also conducted an agrarian reform.[205]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Taylor, Adam; Kaphle, Anup (22 May 2014). "Thailand’s army just announced a coup. Here are 11 other Thai coups since 1932.". The Washington Post. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  2. ↑ "Military dominates new Thailand legislature". BBC. 2014-08-01. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
  3. ↑ "Prayuth elected as 29th PM". The National. 2014-08-21. Retrieved 2014-08-21.
  4. ↑ "Why is Thailand under military rule?". BBC. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  5. ↑ "Death toll in Thai anti-gov't protests reaches four, dozens injured". The Voice of Russia. 2014-02-18. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  6. ↑ "Constitutional Court nullifies Feb 2 election". The Nation. 2014-03-21. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  7. ↑ "Yingluck, 9 ministers removed from office". Bangkokpost. 7 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  8. ↑ อวสาน "ยิ่งลักษณ์"พ่วง รมต. ! "ศาล รธน.ฟันสิ้นสุดความเป็นรมต.ย้าย "ถวิล" มิชอบใช้อำนาจเอื้อ "เพรียวพันธ์" [The end of Yingluck and her fellow ministers, charter court removed them over abuse of power to transfer Thawin in favour of Priewpan] (in Thai). Manager. 2014-05-07. Retrieved 2014-05-07.
  9. ↑ "Yingluck removed, Niwatthamrong acting PM". Bangkok Post. 2014-05-07. Retrieved 2014-05-07.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Pakorn Nilprapunt (October 16, 2006). "Martial Law, B.E. 2457 (1914) unofficial translation" (PDF). Thailand Law Forum. Office of the Council of State (Thailand). Archived from the original on 2014-05-30. Retrieved May 30, 2014. Reference to Thai legislation in any jurisdiction shall be to the Thai version only. This translation has been made so as to establish correct understanding about this Act to the foreigners.
  11. ↑ ผบ.ทบ. ลงนามประกาศกฎอัยการศึกทั่วประเทศ มีผลวันนี้ 03.00 น. [RTA commander declares martial law nationwide, effective from today, 03:00 hrs] (in Thai). Manager. 2014-05-20. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
  12. ↑ "Thailand's army declares martial law, says not a coup". CNBC. 2014-05-19. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  13. ↑ "Orders 1, 2: Army takes over Capo". Bangkokpost. 20 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  14. ↑ กองทัพบกประกาศยุบ ศอ.รส. ตั้ง กอ.รส. ดูแลความสงบ "ประยุทธ์" คุมเอง [Army dissolves CAPO and establishes POMC to control peace, with Prayuth as its chief] (in Thai). Manager. 2014-05-20. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
  15. ↑ เอพีเผย ยอดเซลฟีกับสถานการ์ณประกาศกฎอัยการศึกในกรุงเทพฯ พุ่ง (in Thai). Manager. 2014-05-20. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
  16. ↑ เช็คเส้นทางรอบกรุงวันประกาศกฏอัยการศึก [Lets check the roads in Bangkok on this martial law day] (in Thai). Post Today. 2014-05-20. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
  17. ↑ ทหารเข้าคุมทำเนียบฯ ห้าม กปปส. ใช้สถานที่ [Military seizes government house and removes PDRC] (in Thai). Post Today. 2014-05-20. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
  18. ↑ ทหารพรึ่บคุมสื่อ [Military officers occupy media headquarters] (in Thai). Post Today. 2014-05-20. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
  19. ↑ ทหารคุมทีวีช่อง 11 เชียงใหม่ [Military controls TV 11 in Chiang Mai] (in Thai). Post Today. 2014-05-20. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
  20. ↑ กอ.รส. ออกคำสั่งที่ 6 ระงับทีวีดาวเทียม 11 ช่องออนแอร์ [POMC issues sixth order, shutting down eleven TV stations] (in Thai). Post Today. 2014-05-20. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
  21. ↑ กอ.รส. ออกคำสั่งที่ 1 [POMC issues first order] (in Thai). Post Today. 2014-05-20. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
  22. ↑ กอ.รส. ออกคำสั่งที่ 3 ห้ามสื่อข่าวกระทบการรักษาความสงบ [POMC issues third order, banning info likely to affect peacekeeping missions] (in Thai). Post Today. 2014-05-20. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
  23. ↑ กอ.รส. เชิญหัวหน้าส่วนราชการและผู้บริหารสื่อเข้าพบเพื่อชี้แจงสถานการณ์ที่สโมสรกองทัพบก [Government agency chiefs to report to the PC at Army Club] (in Thai). Post Today. 2014-05-20. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
  24. ↑ กอ.รส. ตั้งคณะทำงานคุมสื่อออนไลน์ [POMC sets up a task force to control online media] (in Thai). Manager. 2014-05-21. Retrieved 2014-05-21.
  25. ↑ "Thailand army declares martial law". BBC. 2014-05-20. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 'ประยุทธ์-เหล่าทัพ'แถลง'ควบคุมอำนาจรัฐ' [Prayuth and military chiefs are controlling state powers] (in Thai). Komchadluek. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  27. ↑ "Thai military says it's taken over the country in a coup". CNN. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 นิวัฒน์ธำรงเผ่นก่อนถูกยึดอำนาจ [Niwatthamrong fled before coup launched] (in Thai). Post Today. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  29. ↑ Council of State of Thailand (2007). "Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand 2007 (section 181)". Asian Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  30. ↑ Paula Hancocks, Michael Pearson (2014-05-22). "In Bangkok, low-key reaction as military stages coup". CNN. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  31. ↑ เผยเบื้องหลังระทึกยึดอำนาจ [Background of coup during the meeting] (in Thai). Matichon. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  32. ↑ "ศิริโชค" อ้าง "วราเทพ" บอก ปชป. "ผมไม่คุยกับพวกคุณแล้ว" ก่อนถึงนาทีสำคัญ [Sirichok claims Warathep told "I won't talk with you anymore" few minutes before the coup.] (in Thai). Matichon. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  33. ↑ ผบ.ทบ. แถลงยึดอำนาจ [Army chief seizes power] (in Thai). Post Today. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  34. ↑ "Military 'takes control' in Thailand". BBC. 22 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  35. ↑ คสช. ประกาศสิ้นสุด รธน. คงอำนาจ สว. [NCPO suspends charter, maintains senate] (in Thai). Post Today. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 คสช. ตั้งบิ๊กตู่หัวหน้าคณะ ให้ รธน. สิ้นสุดชั่วคราว ครม. หมดอายุ วุฒิฯ-องค์กรอิสระยังอยู่ [Big Tu leads NCPO, charter suspended, cabinet dissolved, senate and independent organs remain in existence] (in Thai). Manager. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  37. ↑ คสช. สั่งผู้ประกอบการสื่อสังคมออนไลน์ระงับส่งข้อความยั่วยุ [NCPO orders all online media service providers to suspend provocative info] (in Thai). Manager. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  38. ↑ "Coup leader to act as PM pending new premier appointment". The Nation. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 'คสช.' ประกาศ ฉ. 22 จัดส่วนงาน-กำหนดหน้าที่ความรับผิดชอบ [NCPO announcement 22: arrangement of administrative agencies and determination of duties and responsibilities] (in Thai). Thairath. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  40. ↑ "Prayuth divides administration responsibilities". The Nation. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "Senate dissolved, police chief sacked". Bangkok Post. 2014-05-24. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  42. ↑ รวมประกาศ-คำสั่งคณะรักษาความสงบแห่งชาติ [A collection of NCPO announcements and orders] (in Thai). Manager. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2014-05-24.
  43. ↑ นิวัฒน์ธำรงล่องหนหลัง คสช. ประกาศยึดอำนาจ [Niwatthamrong vanishes after NCPO seizes power] (in Thai). Dailynews. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  44. ↑ คสช. สั่ง 18 อดีต รมต. รักษาการรายงานตัว [NCPO orders 18 former ministers to report to it] (in Thai). Manager. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  45. ↑ ทูตสหรัฐฯ ยันข่าวลือนิวัฒน์ธำรงตั้งรัฐบาลพลัดถิ่น [US ambassador confirmed, Niwatthamrong's plan to set up a government in exile is false] (in Thai). Manager. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  46. ↑ "Chalerm arrested, report". The Nation. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  47. ↑ คสช. สั่งสาวกแม้วรายงานตัวเพิ่ม ปู - เจ๊แดง - สมชาย โดนด้วย [NCPO orders Thaksin's followers to report to it, including Pu, Sis Daeng and Somchai] (in Thai). Manager. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  48. ↑ "Shinawatras, Chalerm summoned by junta". Bangkok Post. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  49. ↑ 'นิวัฒน์ธำรง-สมชาย-ปู' เข้ารายงานตัวแล้ว [Niwatthamrong, Somchai, Pu report to the military] (in Thai). Komchadluek. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  50. ↑ Wassana Nanuam (2014-05-23). "Yingluck brought to 'safe house'". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 2014-05-24.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 "Thailand's coup leaders detain former PM Yingluck". BBC. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-24.
  52. ↑ "Yingluck goes home from barracks". Bangkok Post. 2014-05-25. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
  53. ↑ "NCPO summons over 100 prominent figures of rival sides". The Nation. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  54. ↑ "Yingluck reports to the generals". Bangkok Post. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  55. ↑ Aekarach Sattaburuth (2014-05-23). "Sombat: Catch me if you can". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  56. ↑ "'Catch me if you can,' Sombat tells coup makers". The Nation. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  57. ↑ "คุมยิ่งลักษณ์ไปค่ายอดิศร สระบุรี" [Yingluck taken to Adison Camp, Saraburi]. Manager. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  58. ↑ "Junta continues Thaksin purge". Bangkok Post. 2014-05-24. Retrieved 2014-05-24.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 "Thai police arrest 'taunting' anti-coup activist". BBC. 2014-06-06. Retrieved 2014-06-07.
  60. ↑ บก. ลายจุดเจอคดีหนักโทษสูงถึง 7 ปี คาดโทษให้ที่พักพิง บก. ลายจุดมีโทษ 2 ปี [Dotty Editor faces serious charges punishable by seven years in jail, those providing residences to him will be given two years in prison] (in Thai). Chao Praya News. 2014-06-08. Retrieved 2014-06-08.
  61. ↑ คสช. เชิญทูตานุทูต-ผู้แทนองค์การระหว่างประเทศ ฟังคำชี้แจง 16.00 น. นี้ [NCPO calls diplomatic corps to hear an explanation this 4 pm] (in Thai). Thairath. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-23. เพื่อให้เกิดความเข้าใจที่ถูกต้องตรงกันต่อการดำเนินงานของคณะรักษาความสงบแห่งชาติในการรักษาความสงบและการแก้ไขปัญหาความมั่นคงภายในราชอาณาจักร
  62. ↑ "ทูตเยอรมันทวีตระบุไม่ไปพบ คสช. หลังทหารเรียกทูตเข้าพบ" [German ambassador tweets he won't go the NCPO headquarters after the military summons diplomatic corps]. Prachatai. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  63. ↑ "Chaturon arrested at FCCT". Bangkok Post. 2014-05-27. Retrieved 2014-05-27.
  64. ↑ "Chaturon to be tried in military court". Bangkok Post. 2014-05-27. Retrieved 2014-05-27.
  65. ↑ "Chaturon to be tried in Court Martial: Winthai". Bangkok Post. 2014-05-27. Retrieved 2014-05-27.
  66. ↑ "Former Minister Chaturon faces computer crime charges". Prachatai. 2014-06-20. Retrieved 2014-06-23.
  67. ↑ ศูนย์ทนายความเพื่อสิทธิมนุษยชน เรียกร้องปล่อยตัว 'กริชสุดา คุณะเสน' ทันที ชี้คุมตัวเกิน กม. กำหนดแล้ว [Lawyers' Centre for Human Rights demanded release of Kritsuda Kunasen, pointing out that she has been detained for more than a period of time allowed by the law] (in Thai). Prachatai. 2014-06-21. Retrieved 2014-06-23.
  68. ↑ "Schools out Friday to Sunday". Bangkok Post. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  69. ↑ คสช. ประกาศกฎอัยการศึกทั่วราชอาณาจักร-เคอร์ฟิวห้ามออกนอกบ้าน 4 ทุ่มถึงตี 5 [NCPO imposed martial law and curfew nationwide, people must be indoors from 22:00 to 05:00 hrs] (in Thai). Manager. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  70. ↑ "Junta changes curfew time to midnight - 4 am". The Nation. 2014-05-27. Retrieved 2014-05-27.
  71. ↑ "Thai junta lifts nationwide curfew". BCC. 2014-06-13. Retrieved 2014-06-19.
  72. ↑ แถลงฉบับ 4 ให้สถานีวิทยุ-โทรทัศน์ถ่ายทอดรายการจากโทรทัศน์กองทัพบก [Fourth order: all TV and radio stations to broadcast RTA programs only] (in Thai). Thai Rath. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  73. ↑ "ไทยพีบีเอส" ยุติออกอากาศออนไลน์ - ทหารคุมตัว "วันชัย ตัน" รอง ผอ. ออกจากห้องออกอากาศ [Thai PBS stops online broadcasting as its deputy director Wanchai Tan is taken away from the studio by soldiers] (in Thai). Khao Sod. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  74. ↑ ไทยพีบีเอสออกอากาศผ่านยูทูบ [Thai PBS live broadcasts its program on YouTube] (in Thai). Prachatai. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  75. ↑ ไทยพีบีเอสออกอากาศผ่านยูทูบ [Thai PBS live on YouTube] (in Thai). Matichon. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  76. ↑ "TBPS News programme director taken away by military after airing news on Youtube". Prachatai. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2014-05-24.
  77. ↑ คสช. ประกาศให้ปลัดกระทรวงทำหน้าที่แทน รมต. - เรียกสื่อ หัวหน้าส่วนราชการเข้ารายงานตัว [NCPO orders permanent secretaries to serve as ministers and summons media and government agency chiefs] (in Thai). Manager. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  78. ↑ "NCPO threatens to shut down social media if used to incite unrest". The Nation. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  79. ↑ "Coup makers to allow Channels 3, 5, 7, 9 and NBT to resume broadcast Friday afternoon". The Nation. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  80. ↑ "Five TV stations to resume broadcasts". Bangkok Post. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  81. ↑ "All 24 digital TV stations, True Visions, some satellite TVs allowed to resume broadcast". The Nation. 2014-05-24. Retrieved 2014-05-24.
  82. ↑ "Media organisations urge junta to lift coup orders that restrict press freedom". The Nation. 2014-05-24. Retrieved 2014-05-24.
  83. ↑ "Junta summons TV operators, TV network operators". The Nation. 2014-05-24.
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 "Prayuth assigns duties, pledges to pay farmers". Bangkok Post. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  85. ↑ "Thailand coup: Thai army detains former PM Yingluck a day after coup". The Straits Times. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 "Reform, lawmaking bodies in pipeline". 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  87. ↑ ทำไมถนนเลียบแม่น้ำเจ้าพระยาจึงเป็นโครงการเร่งด่วนของ คสช. [Why is the construction of roads along both sides of Chao Phraya an urgent project of the junta?] (in Thai). Manager. 2014-05-26. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 ประยุทธ์แจง หน. ส่วนราชการ ปฏิรูปประเทศทุกด้านก่อนเลือกตั้ง [Prayuth tells govt agency chiefs, comprehensive reforms are required before elections] (in Thai). Manager. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
  89. ↑ "Transcript of coup maker Gen Prayuth's statement after royal endorsement, inclu Q&A w/ reporters". Prachatai. 2014-05-26. Retrieved 2014-05-27.
  90. ↑ หัวหน้า คสช. ขอสื่อฯ อย่ารุกไล่ ทำ ปชช. ขาดเชื่อมั่นผู้นำ [NCPO leader says, media shall not give questions that lessen public confidence in the ruler] (in Thai). 2014-05-27.
  91. ↑ "Thailand coup: Protests continue despite army warning". BBC. 2014-05-25. Retrieved 2014-05-25.
  92. ↑ Lindsay Murdoch (2014-04-25). "Thailand coup: Junta disbands Senate, tightens grip across country". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2014-04-25.
  93. ↑ "Thai coup leader cements grip, assumes law-making power". The Straits Times. 2014-05-24. Retrieved 2014-05-24.
  94. ↑ "Thai coup: Leader Gen Prayuth receives royal endorsement". The Nation. 2014-05-26. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
  95. ↑ "All crimes involved lese majeste, sedition subjected to Military Court: Thai Coup makers". Prachatai. 2014-05-25. Retrieved 2014-05-25.
  96. ↑ "BREAKING: Army searches Somyot's house, detains Somyot's wife and son". Prachatai. 2014-05-25. Retrieved 2014-05-25.
  97. ↑ "Outspoken journalist Pravit Rojanaphruk turned himself in to coup makers". Prachatai. 2014-05-25. Retrieved 2014-05-25.
  98. ↑ "Junta summons activists-lèse majesté suspects in exile". Prachatai. 2014-06-05. Retrieved 2014-06-07.
  99. ↑ "King has endorsed interim charter, says Prayuth". Bangkok Post. 2014-07-22. Retrieved 2014-07-22.
  100. ↑ คสช. สั่งตัดทำประชามติร่างรัฐธรรมนูญฉบับใหม่ [NCPO orders deletion of referendum on new charter draft] (in Thai). Isara News. 2014-06-23. Retrieved 2014-06-23.
  101. ↑ ""วิษณุ" ตอบ "ประวิตร" เรื่องอำนาจ หน. คสช. ตาม ม. 44 "จะว่าเรา Retro ก็แล้วแต่"" [About NCPO leader's power under section 44, Wisanu replied to Pravit: "I don't care if anybody says it's a retrograde step"] (in Thai). Prachatai. 2014-07-24. Retrieved 2014-07-27.
  102. ↑ กปปส. เฮเสียงนกหวีดลั่น-แกนนำอุบเงียบรอ "สุเทพ"-ทหารคุมตัว "เหวง" ให้ม็อบ นปช. กลับบ้าน [PDRC applauds the coup - their leaders remain quiet, waiting for Suthep's orders - Weng detained by military - Red Shirts return home] (in Thai). Manager. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  103. ↑ "All protesters dispersed by soldiers; PDRC jubilant". The Nation. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  104. ↑ Campbell, Charlie. "Thai Army Declares Military Coup". Time. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  105. ↑ "Last groups of protesters get marching". The Nation. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  106. ↑ คสช. จัดรถส่งผู้ชุมนุมทุกกลุ่มกลับภูมิลำเนา [NCPO provides cars to send all protesters home] (in Thai). Manager. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  107. ↑ Lefevre, Amy Sawitta. "Thai army bans groups of more than five people from gathering". Reuters. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 Ashayagachat, Achara. "Anti-coup rally on streets, social media". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  109. ↑ "Activists rally against coup in Bangkok". 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-24.
  110. ↑ วุ่น! ทหารจับผู้ประท้วงหน้าหอศิลป์ ยังไม่ทราบชะตากรรม [Turmoil occurs! Soldiers capture protesters at the art centre. Their fate is unknown.] (in Thai). Prachatai. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  111. ↑ ประชาชนรวมตัวหน้าหอศิลป์ กทม. คัดค้านรัฐประหาร [People gathers in front of Bangkok art centre to express opposition to the coup] (in Thai). Prachatai. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  112. ↑ "Thailand military: Former Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra, others held 'to think'". Fox News. 2014-05-24. Retrieved 2014-05-24.
  113. ↑ ปชช. นับพันต้านรัฐประหาร ขอเลือกตั้ง อนุสาวรีย์ฯ [Thousands of people hold anti-coup rally and call for election at Victory Monument] (in Thai). 2014-05-24. Retrieved 2014-05-25.
  114. ↑ "Police, troops block road to stop procession of anti-coup protesters". The Nation. 2014-05-24. Retrieved 2014-05-24.
  115. ↑ "Anti-coup protesters, soldiers clash at McDonalds Ratchaprasong". Prachatai. 2014-05-25. Retrieved 2014-05-25.
  116. ↑ "Protesters rally against coup at Ratchaprasong". The Nation. 2014-05-25. Retrieved 2014-05-25.
  117. ↑ "Troops block protesters from heading to Pathumvan Intersection". The Nation. 2014-05-25. Retrieved 2015-05-25.
  118. ↑ เชียงใหม่รวมตัวเป็นวันที่ 4 ชูป้าย "ขี้จุ๊เบ่เบ๊" ให้กองทัพ [Citizens of Chiang Mai gathered for four days, with the banner "liar" for the military] (in Thai). Prachatai. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  119. ↑ "Three arrested in anti-coup protest in Chiang Mai". Prachatai. 2014-05-25. Retrieved 2014-05-25.
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  121. ↑ ทหารไล่เก็บป้ายผ้าต้านรัฐประหารกลางเมืองสารคาม [Soldiers seize anti-coup banners in the middle of Sarakham] (in Thai). Prachatai. 2014-05-24. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
  122. ↑ ประท้วงรัฐประหารไทยใจกลางเพิร์ท ออสเตรเลีย ชี้เลือกตั้งคือคำตอบ [Anti-coup protesters in Perth, Australia, say election is the only way out] (in Thai). Prachatai. 2014-05-26. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
  123. ↑ "Chiang Rai Martial Court summons anti-coup protesters to hear charges". Prachatai. 2014-06-06. Retrieved 2014-06-07.
  124. ↑ "Court rejects Chalard's lawsuit". Bangkok Post. 2014-06-10. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
  125. ↑ "Army threatens social media block". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  126. ↑ "Thai reporter fired for taking picture defying the coup" (in Thai). Prachatai. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-24.
  127. ↑ ปลัดไอซีทีเผย ปิดเฟซบุ๊กทั่วประเทศเป็นระยะ [ICT permanent secretary: Facebook will be blocked nationwide from time to time] (in Thai). Spring News. 2014-05-28. Retrieved 2014-05-28.
  128. ↑ "Over 100 URLs blocked under Martial law". Prachatai. 2014-05-24. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
  129. ↑ Jonathan Head (2014-06-22). "Thai military stifles dissent". BBC. Retrieved 2014-06-28.
  130. ↑ อำนวยชี้ กดไลก์เฟซบุ๊กชุมนุมต้าน คสช. ถือว่าผิด [Amnuai: Liking anti-NCPO pages on Facebook is a crime] (in Thai). Daily News. 2014-06-09. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
  131. ↑ The Thai protesters' Hunger Games salute shows a lack of political thought
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  134. ↑ "Thai anti-coup protesters say it with sandwiches". Asian Correspondent. 2014-06-22. Retrieved 2014-06-22.
  135. ↑ "Police detains 8 student activists before their anti-coup sandwiches activity". Prachatai. 2014-06-22. Retrieved 2014-06-22.
  136. ↑ 136.0 136.1 Patrick Winn (2014-06-27). "4 absurdly harmless acts now criminalized by Thailand’s military rulers". Global Post. Retrieved 2014-06-28.
  137. ↑ "หญิงสูงวัยลุยเดี่ยวสวมหน้ากาก "People" ถูกจับกุมหน้าแยกราชประสงค์" [Old lady wearing "People" mask arrested in front of Ratchaprasong] (in Thai). Prachatai. 2014-06-01. Retrieved 2014-07-02.
  138. ↑ กลุ่มต้านรัฐประหารนัดกินแม็คโดนัลด์ราชประสงค์ [Anti-coup groups to hold a dinner at Ratchaprasong McDonald] (in Thai). Patrol News. 2014-06-29. Retrieved 2014-05-25.
  139. ↑ ทหารขับฮัมวี่จับพ่อค้าปลาหมึกทอดถอดเสื้อแดง [Soldiers came with Humvee to arrest fried squid seller wearing red shirt] (in Thai). Prachatai. 2014-06-29. Retrieved 2014-07-02.
  140. ↑ ควบคุมตัวประชาชนแสดงออกต้านรัฐประหารที่พารากอนรวม 7 ราย [Seven people expressing anti-coup stance arrested in front of Paragon] (in Thai). Prachatai. 2014-06-09. Retrieved 2014-07-02.
  141. ↑ ทหารเรียกนักวิจารณ์หนัง-นักกิจกรรมศิลปะเชียงใหม่เข้าพบเหตุคิดจัดฉายหนัง 1984 [Movie commentators and artistic activists summoned after intending to screen the film 1984] (in Thai). Prachatai. 2014-06-25. Retrieved 2014-07-02.
  142. ↑ คสช. ชี้จัดรำลึก 24 มิ.ย. ได้ ห้ามนัยยะการเมือง [NCPO said, activities commemorating 24 June can only be held without political hints] (in Thai). Prachatai. 2014-06-23. Retrieved 2014-07-02.
  143. ↑ รวมเสรีภาพที่ถูกคสช. นำไปปรับทัศนคติ (in Thai). Prachatai. 2014-07-02. Retrieved 2014-07-02.
  144. ↑ 144.0 144.1 ประมวลภาพ ปชช. นับพันต้านรัฐประหาร ขอเลือกตั้งอนุสาวรีย์ฯ [Gallery: Thousands of citizens hold anti-coup activities and demand elections at Victory Monument] (in Thai). Prachatai. 2014-05-25. Retrieved 2014-07-02.
  145. ↑ ดำเนินคดีเพิ่ม 1 รายชูป้ายต้าน รปห. [Another man arrested for holding anti-coup paper] (in Thai). Prachatai. 2014-06-11. Retrieved 2014-07-02.
  146. ↑ "Pro-coup group holds counter-rally". Bangkok Post. 2014-05-26. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
  147. ↑ "Abhisit apologises for failing to protect democracy".
  148. ↑ อภิสิทธิ์ชี้ คสช. ต้องใช้มาตรการเข้มขึ้นหลังมีกลุ่มก่อหวอดต้านอำนาจ [Abhisit: NCPO must take more serious measures against anti-coup groups] (in Thai). Thairath. 2014-05-26. Retrieved 2014-05-27.
  149. ↑ Charlie Campbell (2014-06-23). "A Yellow Shirt Leader Says the Thai Coup Was Planned in 2010". Time. Retrieved 2014-06-23.
  150. ↑ Chetchotiros, Nattaya. "Academics lambast military putsch". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  151. ↑ สปป. จี้ คสช. ปล่อยคนที่ถูกจับหน้าหอศิลป์ทันที [AFDD requests NCPO to release arrestees without delay] (in Thai). 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-24. การปกครองที่ดีนั้นไม่ใช่การปกครองด้วยการใช้กำลังบังคับข่มเหงเพียงอย่างเดียว แต่จะต้องทำให้ประชาชนยอมรับ ทำให้ประชาชนให้ความยินยอม เป็นผู้มีวาจาสัตย์ และเป็นที่ไว้เนื้อเชื่อใจของประชาชนทุกฝ่าย หากคณะรักษาความสงบแห่งชาติเห็นประชาชนเป็นศัตรูและมุ่งใช้กำลังข่มเหงเพียงอย่างเดียวเช่นนี้แล้ว ท่านก็จะต้องเผชิญกับการต่อต้านอย่างไม่รู้จบ และท่านก็จะปราบปรามประชาชนไปนับไม่ถ้วน จนกระทั่งท่านก็จะไม่เหลือประชาชนให้ปกครองอีกเลย
  152. ↑ "People will soon rise up against the military, coup lead to deeper conflict and violence: academic". Prachatai. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-24.
  153. ↑ มหาวิทยาลัยเที่ยงคืนเรียกร้องกรรมการสิทธิลาออก [Midnight University demands NHRC's resignation] (in Thai). Prachatai. 2014-05-24. Retrieved 2014-05-24.
  154. ↑ ปปช. เผยไร้ กม. กำหนด คสช. แสดงทรัพย์สิน [NACC: no law requires NCPO to disclose interests] (in Thai). Post Today. 2014-06-06. Retrieved 2014-06-07.
  155. ↑ "พระไพศาลเทศน์ผ่าน FB รปห. จุดเริ่มปัญหาใหม่อาจแรงกว่าเดิม" [Phra Paisal gave a sermon on FB, coup leads to more serious problems] (in Thai). Prachatai. 2014-05-26. Retrieved 2014-05-26. รัฐประหารครั้งนี้ แม้จะยุติปัญหาเฉพาะหน้าต่าง ๆ ได้ ... แต่มันเป็นจุดเริ่มต้นของปัญหาใหม่ ๆ ที่จะตามมาอีกมากมายซึ่งอาจรุนแรงกว่าปัญหาเดิม
  156. ↑ ธรรมศาสตร์ ท่าพระจันทร์ คุมเข้ม! ห้ามเคลื่อนไหวแสดงความคิดเห็นทางการเมือง [Thammasat's Tha Pra Chan under tight control! Political opinions and activities prohibited] (in Thai). Matichon. 2014-06-08. Retrieved 2014-06-08.
  157. ↑ "Coup makers summons critical academics, activists to report". Prachatai. 2014-05-24. Retrieved 2014-05-24.
  158. ↑ "35 politicians, scholars summoned". Bangkok Post. 2014-05-24. Retrieved 2014-05-24.
  159. ↑ "Nitirat member Sawatree Suksri arrested at the airport". Prachatai. 2014-06-07. Retrieved 2014-06-07.
  160. ↑ 160.0 160.1 160.2 "Thai Generals Go After Exiles and Academics". Asia Sentinel. 2014-06-09. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
  161. ↑ Saksith Saiyasombut & Siam Voices (2014-05-26). "TIMELINE: Thailand Coup Aftermath 2014 – May 26-28". Asian Correspondent. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
  162. ↑ "Muzzling Media in Coup-Ed up Thailand". Impact on Net. 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
  163. ↑ Pavin Chachavalpongpun (2014-06-19). "Thailand junta tries to silence its critics to protect the king". Washington Post. Retrieved 2014-06-20.
  164. ↑ "Council conclusions on Thailand FOREIGN AFFAIRS Council meeting Luxembourg, 23 June 2014". Council of the European Union. 2014-06-23. Retrieved 2014-06-23.
  165. ↑ "EEAS on Thai coup". EEAS. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  166. ↑ "Statement attributable to the Spokesman for the Secretary-General on Thailand". New York: Office of the United Nations Secretary-General. 22 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  167. ↑ "UN Human Rights Chief condemns military coup and urges prompt restoration of rule of law in Thailand". Prachatai. 2014-05-24. Retrieved 2014-05-24.
  168. ↑ "Thai Ambassador Called in for Talks". SBS. 23 May 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  169. ↑ "Cambodia keeps cool after coup in Thailand". The Phnom Penh Post. 23 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  170. ↑ "Thailand's army coup draws fire from world community". CBC News. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  171. ↑ "Chilean government condemns coup in the Kingdom of Thailand". Chilean Foreign Affairs Ministry. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  172. ↑ "China calls for dialogues and order in Thailand". Xinhuanet. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-25.
  173. ↑ "Comunicado de Prensa del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores sobre la situación en Tailandia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Colombia. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  174. ↑ "Hollande condemns Thai coup, calls for elections". The Nation. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  175. ↑ "Steinmeier zur Machtübernahme durch das Militär in Thailand" [Steinmeier on the military coup in Thailand] (in German). Foreign Office. 22 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  176. ↑ "Indonesia Calls For Restoration of Political Situation in Thailand". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Indonesia. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  177. ↑ Kishida, Fumio (22 May 2014). "タイにおける政変について（外務大臣談話）" [Statement by Mr. Fumio Kishida, Minister for Foreign Affairs, on the coup d’État in Thailand] (in Japanese). Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  178. ↑ "PRESS RELEASE THE CURRENT SITUATION IN BANGKOK, THAILAND". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  179. ↑ "Thai coup will not affect Malaysian politics, economy, says Dr Mahathir". The Malaysian Insider. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  180. ↑ "Philippines hopes for early return of democracy in Thailand". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  181. ↑ Комментарий Департамента информации и печати МИД России относительно военного переворота в Таиланде [Comments of the Press and Information Department of the MFA of Russia concerning the Military Coup in Thailand] (in Russian). Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 23 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  182. ↑ "SA condemns coup in Thailand". The Citizen. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  183. ↑ "MFA Spokesman’s Comments in response to media queries on the announcement of a coup in Thailand on 22 May 2014". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 22 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  184. ↑ "No: 161, 24 Mayıs 2014, Tayland'da Ordunun Yönetime El Koyması Hk.". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey. 24 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  185. ↑ "Foreign Secretary calls for return to democracy in Thailand". Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 22 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  186. ↑ "UK reviews military ties with Thailand". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
  187. ↑ "US Department of State on Thai coup". US Department of State. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  188. ↑ Reuters (5 June 2014). "China, Vietnam back new Thai military government after West's disavowal". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
  189. ↑ "International Scholars of Thai Studies Condemn the Coup and Call for an Immediate Return to Constitutional Rule". Prachatai. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-24.
  190. ↑ "Amnesty International slams arrests". Bangkok Post. 2014-05-24. Retrieved 2014-05-24.
  191. ↑ "THAILAND: Army issues summons to activists, academics, writers, and others". Asian Human Rights Commission. 2014-05-24. Retrieved 2014-05-25.
  192. ↑ "Thailand: Rights in 'Free Fall' After Coup". Human Rights Watch. 2014-05-24. Retrieved 2014-05-24.
  193. ↑ "US academic Noam Chomsky gives embattled Thai academic Pavin moral support" (in Thai). Prachatai. 2014-06-22. Retrieved 2014-06-22.
  194. ↑ 194.0 194.1 "Thailand army continues crackdown after coup". BBC. 2014-05-24. Retrieved 2014-05-25.
  195. ↑ "Statement by Pentagon Press Secretary Rear Admiral John Kirby on Thailand". 2014-05-24. Retrieved 2014-05-24.
  196. ↑ "Thai-Myanmar border gates closed following coup". Eleven Myanmar. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
  197. ↑ "After Coup in Thailand, Some Border Channels Closed". Cambodia Daily. 2014-05-24. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
  198. ↑ "Foreign tourists drop by 20 per cent following martial law imposition: permanent official". The Nation. 2014-05-27. Retrieved 2014-05-27.
  199. ↑ "Taylor Swift's concert cancelled". The Nation. 2014-05-27. Retrieved 2014-05-27.
  200. ↑ "USA Fair 2014 postponed". The Nation. 2014-05-27. Retrieved 2014-05-27.
  201. ↑ Agence France-Presse (2014-06-12). "Thailand's military junta vows to arrest undocumented immigrant workers". Rawstory.com. Retrieved 2014-06-14.
  202. ↑ "Thousands of Cambodian Migrants Leave Thailand: IOM Concern". International Organization for Migration. 2014-06-11. Retrieved 2014-06-14.
  203. ↑ 203.0 203.1 "Cambodia ramps up criticism of Thailand's junta". BCC. 2014-06-16. Retrieved 2014-06-19.
  204. ↑ Nang Mya Nadi (2014-06-19). "Arbitrary arrests of Burmese migrants continue in Chiang Mai". DVB. Retrieved 2014-06-20.
  205. ↑ 'พุทธะอิสระ'ร่างแม่บทสภาชาวนาและเกษตรกรไทย เน้นสร้างรายได้

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