2014 Pacific typhoon season
Season summary map | |
First system formed | January 10, 2014 |
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Last system dissipated | January 1, 2015 |
Strongest storm | Vongfong – 900 hPa (mbar), 215 km/h (130 mph) (10-minute sustained) |
Total depressions | 30 |
Total storms | 23 |
Typhoons | 11 |
Super typhoons | 8 (unofficial) |
Total fatalities | 538 total |
Total damage | $8.41 billion (2014 USD) |
Pacific typhoon seasons 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 | |
Related article | |
The 2014 Pacific typhoon season was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation, in which tropical cyclones formed in the western Pacific Ocean. The season began with the formation of Tropical Storm Lingling on January 10, 2014; and ended after Tropical Storm Jangmi which dissipated on January 1, 2015. The season was not as active and costly as the previous typhoon season.
Tropical Storm Lingling in mid-January was the first major natural disaster in the Philippines after Typhoon Haiyan in 2013, as it caused widespread landslide incidents and floods in Mindanao, resulting in 70 deaths and damage at over 566 million pesos in the island. In June, Tropical Storm Hagibis caused US$131 million in damages and killed 11 people in China. In July and August, Typhoon Neoguri and Typhoon Halong made landfall over Japan, they both caused nearly US$160 million in damages. Typhoon Rammasun made landfall over the Philippines, China and Vietnam and caused over US$7 billion in damages and 195 deaths, becoming the costliest and deadliest tropical cyclone in the northwestern Pacific in 2014. Typhoon Matmo is believed to be the main reason behind the crash of TransAsia Airways Flight 222, a day after landfall; it caused US$567 million in damages. Hurricane Genevieve crossed the International Date Line from the Central Pacific and entered the basin in early August.
Typhoon Kalmaegi made landfall over the Phillippines, China and Vietnam and Tropical Storm Fung-wong made landfall over Phillippines, Taiwan and China in mid-September. They caused over $146 million in damages, and marked the 5th year anniversary of Typhoon Ketsana devastating the Philippines. Typhoon Phanfone and Typhoon Vongfong (Vongfong was the most powerful tropical cyclone of 2014, and the most intense since Typhoon Haiyan) made landfall over Japan in October. Both Phanfone and Vongfong caused $100 million in damages and killed 20 people. Typhoon Nuri was a violent typhoon, and later became one of the most intense extratropical cyclones in the north Pacific Ocean since reliable records began and indirectly contributed to below-average temperatures in North America.
In late November, Tropical Storm Sinlaku struck the Philippines and southern Vietnam; it caused over $4 million in damages in the Philippines and Vietnam. Typhoon Hagupit made landfall over the Philippines for three days, caused 18 deaths and $114 million in damages in early December. In late December and early January 2015, Tropical Storm Jangmi made landfall over southern Philippines, produced heavy rainfall which caused flooding. The flood in the Philippines caused at least $28.3 million and 66 deaths in damages.
Seasonal forecasts
TSR forecasts Date | Tropical storms | Total Typhoons | Intense TCs | ACE Index | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average (1965–2013) | 26 | 16 | 8 | 295 | [1] |
May 6, 2014 | 27 | 17 | 11 | 375 | [1] |
July 3, 2014 | 26 | 16 | 9 | 335 | [1] |
August 5, 2014 | 26 | 16 | 9 | 328 | [1] |
Other forecasts Date | Forecast Center | Tropical storms | Total Typhoons | Ref | |
May 5, 2014 | CMA-STI | 26–28 | – | [1] | |
June 30, 2013 | CWB | 29–32 | – | [2] | |
Actual activity | JMA | 23 | 11 | ||
Actual activity | JTWC | 22 | 12 |
During each season, several national meteorological services and scientific agencies forecast how many tropical cyclones, tropical storms, and typhoons will form during a season and/or how many tropical cyclones will affect a particular country.[1] These agencies include the Tropical Storm Risk (TSR) Consortium of the University College London, Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) and the Taiwan's Central Weather Bureau.[1][2][3] During October 2013, the Vietnamese National Center for Hydro Meteorological Forecasts (VNCHMF) predicted that one to two tropical cyclones would develop and possibly affect Vietnam between November 2013 and April 2014.[4] Within its January — June seasonal climate outlook, PAGASA predicted that one to two tropical cyclones were likely to develop and/or enter the Philippine area of responsibility between January and March while three to six were predicted for the April to June period.[3] During March the Hong Kong Observatory predicted that the typhoon season in Hong Kong, would be near normal with four to seven tropical cyclones passing within 500 km (310 mi) of the territory compared to an average of 6.[5]
On May 5 and 6, China Meteorological Administration's Shanghai Typhoon Institute (CMA-STI) predicted that 26-28 tropical storms would develop over the basin, while Tropical Storm Risk issued their first forecast for the season and predicted an active typhoon season.[1] As a result 27 tropical storms, 17 typhoons and 11 intense typhoons were predicted to occur, while an ACE Index of 375 was also predicted by TSR.[1] In late June Taiwan's Central Weather Bureau predicted that 29-32 tropical storms would develop over the basin, while three-five systems were expected to affect Taiwan itself.[2] Within its July — December seasonal climate outlook, PAGASA predicted that eight to ten tropical cyclones were likely to develop and/or enter the Philippine area of responsibility between July and September, while five to seven were predicted for the October–December period.[6] Within its two final forecasts for 2014, Tropical Storm Risk predicted that 26 tropical storms, 16 typhoons and 9 intense typhoons would develop over the basin.[1]
Season summary
Storms
Tropical Storm Lingling (Agaton)
Tropical storm (JMA) | |||
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Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |||
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Duration | January 10 – January 20 | ||
Peak intensity | 65 km/h (40 mph) (10-min) 1002 mbar (hPa) |
On January 10, the JMA reported that a tropical depression had developed, about 1,800 km (1,120 mi) to the southeast of Manila, Philippines.[7][8] The JMA expected the system to develop into a tropical storm within 24 hours, despite it being located in an area of marginal conditions for further development.[7][9] The JMA downgraded it back to a weak tropical disturbance on January 12, when convection became more disorganized.[10][11] Although it's remnants crossed Mindanao, Philippineson January 13 and emerged into the area off the northeast coast of Mindanao on the next day.[12][13] The system intensified into a tropical depression again on January 15 with the poor structure under high vertical wind shear and strong northeasterly surges, and the JTWC issued a TCFA on the system on the next day, for the consolidating structure and more favorable conditions.[14][15]
On January 17, PAGASA upgraded the system to a tropical depression and gave the local name Agaton.[16] During the next day the JMA reported that the system had intensified into a tropical storm and named it Lingling.[17] Six hours later, the JTWC upgraded Lingling to a tropical storm, based on the scatterometer data and Dvorak estimates.[18] Half a day later, however, the JTWC downgraded Lingling to a tropical depression, for significantly diminishing convection.[19] Late on January 19, the JTWC issued the final warning on Lingling.[20] The system was last noted by the JMA, during January 20, as it dissipated to the southeast of the Philippines.[21]
Despite not making landfall as a tropical cyclone on the Philippines, the system brought considerable rainfall over several days to southern Mindanao that caused six flooding and sixteen landslide incidents.[22][23] As a result the majority of the 70 deaths caused by the system in the Philippines, were as a result of landslides or people drowning.[22][23] Other impacts caused by Lingling (Agaton) included damage to 3482 houses and flooding to the irrigation dams in Cateel, Davao Oriental.[23] Overall the total cost of damages was estimated at PHP566 million (US$12.5 million) with damage to infrastructure estimated at PHP273 million and PHP293 million for agriculture.[22][23]
Tropical Storm Kajiki (Basyang)
Tropical storm (JMA) | |||
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Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |||
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Duration | January 29 – February 1 | ||
Peak intensity | 65 km/h (40 mph) (10-min) 1000 mbar (hPa) |
On January 29, the JMA reported that a tropical depression had developed about 475 km (295 mi) to the south-southeast of Hagåtña, Guam.[24] Over the next day the system moved westwards within an area that was marginal for further development, with low to moderate vertical wind shear and moved into the Philippine area of responsibility.[22][24][25] As a result PAGASA named the system Basyang during January 30, while the JTWC initiated advisories and designated the system as Tropical Depression 02W.[22][26] The system subsequently continued to move westwards under the influence of the subtropical ridge of high pressure, before it reached its peak intensity as a tropical storm with wind speeds of 65 km/h (40 mph) during January 31.[22][26] According to PAGASA, the storm made landfall over Siargao Island on January 31.[27] Due to the unfavorable conditions in the South China Sea, Kajiki dissipated late on February 1.[28][29]
During its duration, Kajiki killed 6 people in the Philippines.[30]
Typhoon Faxai
Typhoon (JMA) | |||
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Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS) | |||
| |||
Duration | February 27 – March 5 | ||
Peak intensity | 120 km/h (75 mph) (10-min) 975 mbar (hPa) |
On February 27, the JMA started to monitor a tropical disturbance, that had developed, about 630 km (390 mi) to the south-southeast of Hagåtña, Guam.[31] During the following day, it was upgraded by the JTWC to a tropical depression, and designated as 03W.[32][33] Several hours later, the JMA upgraded the system to a tropical storm and named it Faxai.[34][35] Faxai began to rapidly intensify into a severe tropical storm, and then typhoon, for a short period of time on March 4.[36][37][38] The system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone during March 6, before it dissipated during March 8, while located around 800 km (495 mi) to the northeast of Wake Island.[31]
Despite passing well to the east of Guam, Faxai's wind and an enhanced wind flow to the north of the typhoon, generated large swells, which claimed the life of a women.[39]
Tropical Depression Caloy
Tropical depression (JMA) | |||
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Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |||
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Duration | March 18 – March 24 | ||
Peak intensity | <55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min) 1004 mbar (hPa) |
Early on March 18, the JMA reported that a tropical depression had developed about 375 mi (605 km) to the east of Melekeok, Palau.[40] Over the next few days, the system became more organised and it was named Caloy by PAGASA on March 21.[41] Late on March 22, the system was designated as 04W by the JTWC.[42] Due to less convection and land reaction on March 24, the system was downgraded to a disturbance and dissipated later that day.[43][44] The remnant disturbance continued to move westwards before it was last noted on March 25, to the northeast of Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei.[45]
Tropical Storm Peipah (Domeng)
Tropical storm (JMA) | |||
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Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |||
| |||
Duration | April 2 – April 15 | ||
Peak intensity | 65 km/h (40 mph) (10-min) 998 mbar (hPa) |
On March 30, a cluster of thunderstorms formed near the equator and Papua New Guinea.[46] The large cluster separated into 2 systems, with the other strengthening into Cyclone Ita.[47] It intensified into a tropical depression on April 2[48][49] and strengthened into 05W by the JTWC the next day.[50] On April 4, convection built up and the system intensified into a tropical storm, prompting the JMA to name it Peipah.[51] Two days later, the system entered into the Phillippine Area of Responsibility, and was named Domeng by PAGASA.[52] Early on April 9, Peipah weakened to a tropical depression.[53] Later on April 10, the JMA declared that Peipah had dissipated as the JTWC classifies that it is still a tropical depression.[54][55] The PAGASA and JTWC issued its final warning on Peipah later that day, while the storm's remnants continued to move slowly northwestward towards the eastern Philippines.[56][57] Late on April 13, the remnants of Peipah regenerated into a tropical depression to the east of the Philippines, while slowly continuing to approach the island nation.[58] On April 15, the depression became disorganized and the system's convection was displaced from its center of circulation, prompting the JTWC to issue its final advisory on the system.[59] During the next several hours, the remnants of the depression turned towards the southwest, until it dissipated late on April 15, just off the northeastern coast of the island of Mindanao.[59]
Severe Tropical Storm Tapah
Severe tropical storm (JMA) | |||
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Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS) | |||
| |||
Duration | April 27 – May 2 | ||
Peak intensity | 95 km/h (60 mph) (10-min) 985 mbar (hPa) |
Early on April 27, the JMA reported that a tropical depression had formed about 420 km (260 mi) to the south-southeast of Hagåtña, Guam.[60] Later that day, the JTWC upgraded it to Tropical Depression 06W as it moved north.[61] Due to warm waters, the system rapidly intensified into a tropical storm with the JMA naming it Tapah on April 28.[62][63] Later that day, convection occurred and the system was upgraded to a severe tropical storm.[64] Early on April 29, the JTWC upgraded Tapah into a minimal typhoon.[65] It weakened back to a tropical storm during April 30.[60] During May 1, the system weakened into a tropical depression because of the effects of strong vertical windshear and a decrease in sea surface temperatures, before the JTWC issued their final advisory on the system.[60][66] The system was subsequently last noted by the JMA during the next day, as it dissipated over 1,300 km (810 mi) to the south-east of Tokyo, Japan.[60]
Tropical Storm Mitag (Ester)
Tropical storm (JMA) | |||
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Subtropical storm (SSHWS) | |||
| |||
Duration | June 9 – June 12 | ||
Peak intensity | 75 km/h (45 mph) (10-min) 994 mbar (hPa) |
Late on June 6, a low-pressure area formed near the island of Guangdong, China, embedded from the monsoon trough. The next day, the system slowly moved in an eastward direction.[67] Early on June 9, the JMA reported that it intensified into a tropical depression which had developed about 115 km (71 mi) to the south-southeast of Hengchun, Taiwan.[68] On June 10, PAGASA named the system Ester, as it brought flooding to the Philippines.[69][70][71] On the night of the next day, convection increased to the system as the JMA upgraded to Tropical Storm Mitag.[72][73] In the same time, the JTWC classified it as subtropical.[74] The system was last noted by the JMA during June 12, as the system was absorbed by a developing extratropical cyclone located north of Japan.[75]
There was no damage reported in association with Tropical Storm Mitag (Ester) in the Philippines, however, it did prompt PAGASA to declare the official start of the rainy season on June 10.[22][76][77]
Tropical Storm Hagibis
Tropical storm (JMA) | |||
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Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |||
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Duration | June 13 – June 18 | ||
Peak intensity | 65 km/h (40 mph) (10-min) 996 mbar (hPa) |
Similar to the formation of Mitag, a small circulation started to develop in the South China Sea, late on June 8.[78] Early on June 11, the system was upgraded to a tropical disturbance.[79] On June 13, the JMA classified the storm as a tropical depression, as it started to move slowly towards the northeast.[80] Early on June 14, the JTWC issued a TCFA alert on the tropical depression.[81] Later that day, the JTWC upgraded the storm to Tropical Depression 07W, and at the same time, the JMA upgraded it to a tropical storm, naming it Hagibis.[82] Early on June 15, Hagibis made landfall over southern China.[83] During the next day, both agencies stopped issuing warnings on the system, as it rapidly weakened to a tropical depression over land.[84][85] Its remnants still continued to move northward, by on June 17, the remnants of Hagibis curved eastwards, as it re-generated into a tropical storm.[86] As a result, the JMA reinitiated advisories on Hagibis.[87] Late on June 17, Hagibis transitioned into an extratropical cyclone.[88] On June 21, the remnants of the storm were absorbed by another developing extratropical cyclone to the north.[89] The system moved out of the basin on June 23.[90]
About 13,000 people were affected by the storm.[91][92] Economic losses from Hagibis reached a total of 577 million yuan ($93 million USD). Two days later, it was topped to 675 million yuan ($103.3 million USD),[93] and reached a total of $131 million as of June 20.[94][95] As of June 19, the Chinese Government had reported that there were 11 casualties in regions affected by Hagibis.[96]
Typhoon Neoguri (Florita)
Typhoon (JMA) | |||
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Category 4 super typhoon (SSHWS) | |||
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Duration | July 2 – July 11 | ||
Peak intensity | 185 km/h (115 mph) (10-min) 930 mbar (hPa) |
A weak tropical disturbance formed near Guam on June 30.[97][98] On July 1, it further intensified due to warm sea-surface temperatures and convection, and it was upgraded to a tropical depression late on July 2.[99] The next day, it was classified as Tropical Depression 08W by JTWC.[100] Early on July 4, it was upgraded to a tropical storm by the both agencies, with the latter naming it as Neoguri.[101][102][103] Later that day, Neoguri rapidly intensified into a minimal typhoon.[104] Early on July 5, it once again rapidly intensified and was upgraded to Category 4 status by the JTWC as the eye developed clearly.[105] In the same time, the storm entered the PAR, with PAGASA giving it the name Florita.[106] Late the next day, Neoguri entered an area of very warm sea temperatures as it intensified into a super typhoon by the JTWC and reached peak intensity early on July 7.[107] Early on July 8, Neoguri weakened to a Category 3 typhoon,[108][109] and PAGASA stated that the storm had exited their area later that day.[110] Late the next day, Neoguri further weakened to a severe tropical storm by the JMA. Due to the strong jet stream, Neoguri moved in an eastward direction instead of moving towards Korea. On July 10, JMA downgraded the system to a tropical storm as the JTWC made their final warning and stopped issuing advisories, as it showed signs that it was becoming extratropical.[111][112] At the same time, Neoguri's circulation became totally exposed as it was affecting southern Japan.[113] The JMA made their final warning early on July 11, as Neoguri became extratropical.[114] The extratropical remnants of Neoguri collided with another weak, developing system north of it late on July 13.[115]
Typhoon Rammasun (Glenda)
Typhoon (JMA) | |||
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Category 4 super typhoon (SSHWS) | |||
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Duration | July 9 – July 20 | ||
Peak intensity | 165 km/h (105 mph) (10-min) 935 mbar (hPa) |
During July 10, the JMA and JTWC reported that a tropical depression had developed to the southeast of the Mariana Islands, with the latter assigning it the designation 09W.[116][117] On the night of the same day, JTWC downgraded 09W to a tropical depression as it passed through Guam, entering an area of favorable conditions and low vertical wind shear on July 12.[118] Later that day, the JMA had upgraded it to Tropical Storm Rammasun.[119] Tracking westward at over 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph), the system's convective banding became more persistent.[120] Rammasun held that intensity as it entered the PAR, with PAGASA assigning the name Glenda on July 13.[121] The system finally gradually developed further to a severe tropical storm as it entered an area of favorable environmental conditions, warm waters and low vertical wind shear.[122][123] Both the JMA and the JTWC upgraded Rammasun to a typhoon, as an eye developed. In the morning hours of July 15, Rammasun further intensified into a Category 3 typhoon with a minimum pressure of 945 millibars. With JTWC's best track data, they upgraded it to Category 4 status, as it made landfall over Albay.[124][125] Due to land interaction, Rammasun rapidly weakened to a minimal typhoon and its eye collapsed late on July 16.[126] Later that day, the storm entered the South China Sea and re-intensified to a Category 3 typhoon. On July 18, Rammasun entered another area of very warm sea-surface temperatures, as it strengthened to Category 4 super typhoon status again by the JTWC,[127] but this time it reached its peak intensity.[128] Later that day, the center of Rammasun made landfall over Hainan.[129] The next day, the storm started to weaken and it weakened to Category 2 strength. Later that day, both agencies downgraded Rammasun to a tropical storm as it moved to the province of Guangxi and made its third landfall.[130][131] JTWC made its final warning on the system on the night of the same day. Early on July 20, the JMA reported that Rammasun had weakened to a tropical depression before it was last noted later that day over the Chinese Province of Yunnan.[132][133][134]
As of July 17, it is reported from NDRRMC that the death toll has reached 40 and the total amount of damages were amounted to 1 billion ($27 million USD).[135] In China, 18 persons were killed due to the storm.[136] Total damages amounted to $7 billion USD. Rammasun killed nearly 200 people.
Typhoon Matmo (Henry)
Typhoon (JMA) | |||
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Category 2 typhoon (SSHWS) | |||
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Duration | July 16 – July 25 | ||
Peak intensity | 130 km/h (80 mph) (10-min) 965 mbar (hPa) |
Late on July 13, the Intertropical Convergence Zone spawned another tropical disturbance.[137] But due to Typhoon Rammasun being nearby, the disturbance started to weaken. The next day, it gathered warm waters and favorable conditions. Very early on July 16, the JMA upgraded the system to a weak tropical depression, as it started to show signs of intensification. At the same time, the JTWC issued a TCFA on the system.[138][139] The next day, the JTWC upgraded the system to Tropical Storm 10W, while the JMA named the system Matmo, after it strengthened to a tropical storm. Early on July 18, Matmo entered the PAR, with PAGASA giving it the name Henry.[140] On July 19, the JMA upgraded the system to a severe tropical storm. During the next day, Matmo began to slowly intensify to a typhoon. The JTWC, on the other hand, still classified the system as a tropical storm. Later that day, the JTWC upgraded it to a Category 1 typhoon. At the same time, Matmo curved towards the northwest.[141] Late on July 22, the JMA downgraded Matmo to a severe tropical storm. Early the next day, the JTWC instead upgraded Matmo to a Category 2, as the storm re-intensified. With that, a small unclear eye developed in Matmo's center.[142]
One person was reported dead and there was some damage reported.[143] At least 48 people died in a plane crash in the Taiwan strait, the crash may have been caused by the typhoon.[144] As of July 24, according to the Yilan County Government, the agricultural damage in the county was estimated at about NT$44 million ($1.5 million USD).[145]
Severe Tropical Storm Nakri (Inday)
Severe tropical storm (JMA) | |||
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Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |||
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Duration | July 19 – August 4 | ||
Peak intensity | 100 km/h (65 mph) (10-min) 980 mbar (hPa) |
On July 19, a tropical depression formed to the southeast of Guam.[146] It slowly moved in a northwest direction over the next few days.[147] Early on July 22, the JTWC issued a TCFA Alert, but later that day, the system lost its organization, and was downgraded to a low pressure area.[148][149] Early on July 24, the low-pressure area re-formed east of Palau.[150] JMA upgraded the system to a tropical depression early on July 26,[151] as it started to move in a northward direction. The depression continued to intensify, even though it didn't reach tropical storm strength. Due to weakening convection east of the storm's center, it started to weaken on July 28. Later that day, more convection increased in the western side of the storm, and it began to reintensify. On July 29, the JMA upgraded the system to Tropical Storm Nakri. The JTWC, on the other hand, still classified it as a disturbance or a monsoonal depression, even while deep convection was occurring in Nakri.[152] Due to the deep pressure of Nakri, the JMA upgraded it to a severe tropical storm on July 31.[153] On August 2, the JTWC issued advisories of Nakri, and was given the designation 12W. The next day, Nakri encountered strong vertical windshear which caused the storm to weaken. Later that day, the JTWC issued their final advisory. The JMA followed suit the next day.
Typhoon Halong (Jose)
Typhoon (JMA) | |||
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Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS) | |||
| |||
Duration | July 27 – August 11 | ||
Peak intensity | 195 km/h (120 mph) (10-min) 920 mbar (hPa) |
On July 26, the JMA began to monitor a low-pressure area near Chuuk. After the system stalled for a few days, it was upgraded to a tropical depression on July 27. Early on July 29, the depression showed signs of intensification and with that, the JTWC upgraded it to Tropical Storm 11W. Later that day, the JMA upgraded 11W to Tropical Storm Halong.[154][155] At the same time, Halong started developing a small, unclear eye.[156] Around this time, gale and typhoon force winds were reported over Guam.[157] For over 24 hours, Halong's intensification stalled due to unfavorable upper-level winds and strong vertical wind shear. Very late on July 30, JMA upgraded Halong to a severe tropical storm, as the storm resumed its intensification. During the next day, both agencies upgraded Halong to a minimal typhoon. At the same time, Halong started undergoing rapid deepening.[158] On August 2, Halong's developed a clearer eye, and then it intensified to a Category 2 typhoon in less than 24 hours.[159][160] At the same day, due to excellent equatorial outflow and favorable conditions, it rapidly intensified into a Category 5 super typhoon. At the same time, PAGASA had reported that Halong had entered their area of responsibility, and assigned it the name Jose.[161] On August 4, Halong underwent an eyewall replacement cycle and consequently, it weakened to a Category 4 typhoon.[162][163] The next day, Halong weakened to a minimal typhoon, although it was a deep typhoon due to its pressure. In the same day, its convection was steadily weakening.[164] On August 6, NASA has reported that Halong was beginning to replace a new eye. This made the JTWC upgraded it to a category 2 typhoon again.[165] Its eye continued to undergo the eyewall replacement cycle until August 8. In the same day, Halong weakened to a category 1 and started to affect mainland Japan.[166] The JTWC downgraded Halong to a tropical storm on August 9, while the JMA followed suit several hours later. Halong made landfall over the southern part of Japan prior to August 10.[167] On August 10, JTWC made their final bulletin on Halong, as it was leaving the country.[168] Early on August 11, the JMA reported that Halong had transitioned into an extratropical cyclone while it was located to the northeast of Tokyo, Japan. Over the next couple of days the system moved westwards and moved into the Sea of Okhotsk, before it was last noted by the JMA during August 15, as it moved into the Pacific Ocean.
Typhoon Genevieve
Typhoon (JMA) | |||
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Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS) | |||
| |||
Duration | August 7 (Entered basin) – August 14 | ||
Peak intensity | 205 km/h (125 mph) (10-min) 915 mbar (hPa) |
On August 7, Hurricane Genevieve entered the West Pacific basin at Category 4 super typhoon status.[169] Later that day, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) upgraded the system to a Category 5 super typhoon.[170] Genevieve entered an area of favorable conditions and low vertical windshear, as it continued to intensify. Later on August 7, Genevieve reached its peak intensity, with winds of 110 knots (205 km/h; 125 mph), and with this, it became the third strongest storm within the Northwest Pacific in 2014.[171] On August 9, Genevieve started to move in a northward direction, towards low to moderate vertical windshear.[172] Later that day, the JTWC downgraded the system to a category 3 typhoon.[173] Later that day, Genevieve rapidly weakened to a strong Category 2 typhoon, as it began to encounter increasing windshear and drier inflow, to the south of the system. At the same time, the eye of the typhoon began to shrink.[174][175] On August 10, Genevieve weakened to a minimal typhoon, as it began to develop a secondary eye, but the secondary eye soon disappeared, due to the storm moving over cooler waters.[176] Both agencies downgraded the system to a severe tropical storm later that day, and rapidly weakening to a minimal tropical storm on August 11.[177] Later that day, Genevieve started to lose its identity, and showed a bit of subtropical characteristics. With this, JTWC issued their final advisory on the storm.[178] However, JMA tracked Genevieve until August 14, as it interacted with a high-pressure area. The remnant energy of Genevieve continued and was absorbed by a developing low-pressure area north of it on August 15.[179][180]
Severe Tropical Storm Fengshen
Severe tropical storm (JMA) | |||
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Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |||
| |||
Duration | September 5 – September 10 | ||
Peak intensity | 110 km/h (70 mph) (10-min) 975 mbar (hPa) |
An area of convectional cloudiness persisted near Palau on the end of August.[181] On September 1, it was dubbed into a disturbance and had entered an area of favorable environments of developing further in the next couple of days. The disturbance wandered in the west Philippine Sea and moved northwards, while intensifying. On September 5, JMA upgraded it to a tropical depression.[182] The next day, JTWC issued a TCFA Alert, as it steadily intensifies with enough convection and still favorable conditions. During September 7, JMA upgraded it to Tropical Storm Fengshen, as JTWC designates it as 13W.[183][184] Due to strong thunderstorms and enough convection, Fengshen steadily intensified. On September 9, Fengshen reached its peak intensity as a severe tropical storm, without becoming a typhoon as it even created an eye.[185][186] Although the storm reached severe tropical storm strength, Fengshen collided with a developing front and started to weaken east of Japan.[187] Both the JMA and the JTWC issued their final warnings on Fengshen, as it becomes an extratropical storm.[188]
Tropical Depression Karding
Tropical depression (JMA) | |||
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Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |||
| |||
Duration | September 5 – September 8 | ||
Peak intensity | 55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min) 1002 mbar (hPa) |
Late on September 5, the JMA reported that a tropical depression had developed out of an area of low pressure that had crossed central Luzon and was now located about 430 km (265 mi) to the south-west of Manila.[22][189] During the next day, JTWC issued a TCFA while PAGASA named the depression Karding. JTWC classified it as Tropical Depression 14W on September 7, due to strong banding clouds surrounding the center. Although this did not continue as JMA made their final warning due to the large amount of disorganization.[190][191]
Typhoon Kalmaegi (Luis)
Typhoon (JMA) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS) | |||
| |||
Duration | September 10 – September 17 | ||
Peak intensity | 140 km/h (85 mph) (10-min) 960 mbar (hPa) |
On September 10, a tropical disturbance forms northeast of Palau with a possibility of becoming a tropical cyclone in the next few days.[192] Later the same day, the JTWC had reported that it had intensified into a tropical depression, giving the designation "15W". Early on September 12, the JMA finally started to track 15W as a tropical depression. In the same time, PAGASA had issued their first advisories on the storm, naming it as Tropical Depression Luis.[193][194] As Luis entered a more conducive environment, it had steadily intensified into a tropical storm and was named Kalmaegi by the JMA later that day and the JTWC followed suit on the same day.[195] The storm entered an area of warm waters as the JMA upgraded it to a typhoon, while JTWC upgraded it to a category 1 typhoon late on September 13. Kalmaegi made landfall over Cagayan early the next day, as it start to interact with land and weakened to a tropical storm. On September 15, Kalmaegi entered the South China Sea and intensified again.[196] Although, Kalmaegi intensified with a deep pressure. The typhoon reached its peak strength, while making its second landfall over Hainan Island.[197] Kalmaegi rapidly weakened to a large tropical storm as it continued to move in a westward direction. Both agencies classified Kalmaegi as a tropical depression and had dissipated later that day.[198]
Tropical Storm Fung-wong (Mario)
Tropical storm (JMA) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |||
| |||
Duration | September 17 – September 24 | ||
Peak intensity | 85 km/h (50 mph) (10-min) 985 mbar (hPa) |
Late on September 13, an area of convectional cloudiness persisted near the same position where Kalmaegi formed. The next day, JTWC upgraded it as a tropical disturbance. The system entered an area of moderate vertical windshear and towards warm waters, as it was upgraded into a tropical depression by the JMA early on September 17. On the same day, the depression moved into the Philippine Area of Responsibility and was locally named, Mario.[199] Later the same day, JTWC classified it as Tropical Depression 16W. As vertical windshear decreased around the storm system, it gathered more strength. With this, JMA classified it as a tropical storm, naming it Fung-wong on September 18.[200] Fung-wong maintained its intensity while affecting Luzon. The storm made landfall in the night of the next day over the northern tip of Cagayan.[201] Early on September 20, JMA upgraded it to severe tropical storm strength, although it failed to intensify and reached its peak strength later that day. However, it was recorded colder cloud tops surrounding the center is still bringing heavy rainfall over northern Philippines.[202] The storm made landfall on the shores of the southeastern part of Taiwan the next day. Fung-wong later weakened due to land reaction. Late on September 22, Fung-wong encountered some moderate vertical windshear and approached Eastern China.[203] Both agencies downgraded Fung-wong to a tropical storm, just as it was making landfall over Shanghai on September 23.[204] On September 24, Fung-wong started to interact with a frontal system. Later on the same day, both the JMA and JTWC issued their final advisory on the system, stating that it had become extratropical.[205][206]
Just like Karding, it was reported hail in Makati on September 18, due to the western outflow and thunderstorms of Fung-wong.[207] Severe flooding has occurred in many places in Luzon, especially Manila following the aftermath of Typhoon Kalmaegi.[208]
Severe Tropical Storm Kammuri
Severe tropical storm (JMA) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |||
| |||
Duration | September 23 – September 30 | ||
Peak intensity | 95 km/h (60 mph) (10-min) 985 mbar (hPa) |
Similar to the formation of Fung-wong, an area of convectional cloudiness persisted on September 19. On September 22, both the JMA and JTWC starts to monitor a tropical disturbance over the Mariana Islands within that area or convection. The JMA had upgraded it to a tropical depression, as it starts to show signs of intensification early on September 23. This continued until on September 24, when the JMA upgraded the storm to Tropical Storm Kammuri, while the JTWC designated the system as 17W.[209] As the low-level circulation improved, Kammuri became more organized. With this, a large eye started to develop.[210] On September 26, the JMA upgraded the system to a severe tropical storm.[211] Later that day, Kammuri reached its peak intensity.[212] On September 27, Kammuri started to interact with the outflow of the extratropical remnants of Fung-wong, as well as vertical windshear, which caused Kammuri to weaken.[213][214] On the next day, the JMA downgraded Kammuri to a tropical storm, as the system continued to weaken.[215] On September 30, Kammuri transitioned into an extratropical cyclone, prompting the JMA to issue its final advisory on the storm.
Typhoon Phanfone (Neneng)
Typhoon (JMA) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Category 4 super typhoon (SSHWS) | |||
| |||
Duration | September 28 – October 6 | ||
Peak intensity | 175 km/h (110 mph) (10-min) 935 mbar (hPa) |
On September 26, a large area of convection persisted well west of the International Dateline.[216] In the same time, JTWC had classified it as a tropical disturbance.[217] The JMA classified this to a tropical depression on September 28, while the JTWC designated it as 18W the next day. On September 29, 18W intensified into Tropical Storm Phanfone, due to very favorable conditions and intense thunderstorms rich with convection surrounding the storm's center. Due to these factors, Phanfone continued displaying signs of intensification later that day.[218][219] Phanfone strengthened into a minimal typhoon late on September 30. But due to warm sea-surface temperatures and very favorable environments, Phanfone underwent rapid deepening on October 1.[220] The next day, Phanfone strengthened into a category 4 typhoon. However, the storm then weakened to a category 3. This is due to its eye replacing the old one and undergoing a minor eyewall replacement cycle,[221] although the JTWC upgraded Phanfone to a category 4 again late on October 3. In the same time, Phanfone entered the PAR, with PAGASA assigning the name Neneng,[222] although the storm exited the basin several hours later.[223] On October 4, Phanfone reached its peak intensity, with the JTWC classifying it as a super typhoon.[224] After it affected Japan, the JTWC issued its last advisory on the system, as it tracked noreastward and extremely affected by a strong vertical wind shear.[225]
Typhoon Vongfong (Ompong)
Typhoon (JMA) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS) | |||
| |||
Duration | October 2 – October 14 | ||
Peak intensity | 215 km/h (130 mph) (10-min) 900 mbar (hPa) |
On September 30, the JTWC had been monitoring a weak tropical disturbance which formed from the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The system steadily intensified as it moved towards favorable environments and warm waters.[221][226] On October 2, the JMA upgraded the system to a tropical depression. Later that day, the JTWC classified it as Tropical Storm 19W. 19W soon intensified into a tropical storm, with the JMA naming it Vongfong upon its intensification into a tropical storm.[227] Due to a strong outflow, Vongfong intensified into a minimal typhoon, even as it affected the Mariana Islands. Warnings were canceled in the area, as Vongfong moved in a westward direction.[228] The next day, Vongfong entered an area of warm waters. This allowed the system to enter a rapid deepening phase, and as a result, it was upgraded to a Category 3 typhoon by the JTWC later that day. Late on October 7, PAGASA declared that Vongfong had entered their area of responsibility, and named it Ompong.[229] Early on October 8, Vongfong intensified from a Category 3 to a Category 5 super typhoon.[230] This also made Vongfong the most powerful tropical cyclone of 2014,[231] and the most intense since Typhoon Haiyan.[232] Although Vongfong maintained its intensity, the typhoon undergo an eyewall replacement cycle and this made Vongfong to weaken late the next day.[233] On October 10, the JTWC downgraded Vongfong to a category 3 typhoon, as its convection started to weakened slightly.[234] This also made the system weakened to a category 2 typhoon early on October 11, and passed by the island of Okinawa.[235] Due to drier inflow, Vongfong weakened to a weak typhoon. Vongfong made landfall over southwestern Japan on October 13, just as both agencies downgraded it to a strong tropical storm.[236][237] Dry air surrounded to southern periphery of Vongfong as the JMA issued its final advisory. The JTWC followed suit as the system became fully extratropical on October 14. The extratropical remnants of Vongfong exited the West Pacific basin three days later.
Typhoon Nuri (Paeng)
Typhoon (JMA) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS) | |||
| |||
Duration | October 30 – November 6 | ||
Peak intensity | 205 km/h (125 mph) (10-min) 910 mbar (hPa) |
Late on October 28, the JTWC spotted a weak tropical disturbance east of Guam.[238][239] The next day, it had consolidated over favorable environments,[240] whereas the JMA classified the disturbance as a tropical depression on October 30.[241] On the following day, the JTWC issued warnings on the tropical depression, which was designated as 20W.[242] Later that day, the JMA upgraded 20W to Tropical Storm Nuri, as the JTWC had later followed suit.[243] Early on November 1, Nuri gradually intensified as it entered the PAR, with PAGASA naming it Paeng.[244][245] Later that day, the JMA upgraded the storm to a severe tropical storm.[246][247] Due to an increase of convective activity, Nuri had intensified into a typhoon.[248] On November 2, Nuri had undergone a phase of rapid deepening and dropped 55 millibars in one day.[249][250] This also made the JTWC upgrade Nuri to a Category 4 typhoon. On November 3, Nuri continued to intensify and reached Category 5 strength, as it started to move in a northward direction.[250] Later that day, Nuri reached its peak intensity, with maximum sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph) and tied with Vongfong.[250] Some shear and cool sea-surface temperatures caused Nuri to weaken early on November 3.[251] The next day, both the JMA and the JTWC downgraded Nuri to a category 3 typhoon.[252][253] Around that time, the storm underwent an eyewall replacement cycle.[254]
Tropical Storm Sinlaku (Queenie)
Tropical storm (JMA) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |||
| |||
Duration | November 26 – November 30 | ||
Peak intensity | 85 km/h (50 mph) (10-min) 990 mbar (hPa) |
On November 23, a cluster of thunderstorms was located near the equator. Late on November 24, a broad area of low-pressure develops well east of Mindanao, Philippines. On November 26, the area gradually developed convection near its center and PAGASA had upgraded it to Tropical Depression Queenie.[255] Later the same day, both the JMA and the JTWC classified Queenie as a tropical depression, with the JTWC also designating it as 21W.[256][257] On November 28, the JMA upgraded the system to a tropical storm, assigning the name Sinlaku,[258] while the JTWC followed suit. Due to low vertical windshear, Sinlaku gathered strength while it was on the South China Sea. The next day, convective activity increased near the storm's center. Later that day, Sinlaku made landfall over Vietnam as it started to weaken. Both agencies downgraded the system to a tropical depression early on November 30 and made their final advisories later that day.
Typhoon Hagupit (Ruby)
Typhoon (JMA) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS) | |||
| |||
Duration | November 30 – December 12 | ||
Peak intensity | 215 km/h (130 mph) (10-min) 905 mbar (hPa) |
Late on November 29, a tropical disturbance was located just north of the equator near Chuuk.[259] The next day, the system entered an area of favorable environment and it had rapidly developed even further. With this, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert on the disturbance.[260] On December 1, both the JMA and the JTWC upgraded it to a tropical depression and was given the designation 22W by the JTWC.[261][262] It was later upgraded into a tropical storm by the JTWC, and was later named Hagupit by the JMA as they followed suit.[263][264] During the same time, Hagupit rapidly deepened by 50 mbars, from a minimal typhoon to a Category 5 super typhoon early on December 4 as a clear and well-defined eye developed.[265][266] Later the same day, Hagupit entered the PAR, with PAGASA giving the name Ruby. Very early on December 6, Hagupit reached its maximum intensity with a pressure down to 905 millibars and 1-min sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph), which was the same as Vongfong and Nuri's intensity.[267] Later that day, Hagupit encountered moderate vertical windshear from the east and started an eyewall replacement cycle as it weakened to a Category 4 super typhoon intensity.[268][269] The JTWC downgraded Hagupit to a Category 3 typhoon just before December 7.[270][271] Moreover, a slight break in the steering and the zonal flow along the southern periphery of the mid-latitude trough lacked the dynamics to influence Hagupit, making the typhoon move in a slow westward direction.[272] Nearly the same time, Hagupit made landfall over Eastern Samar and encountered land reaction, as it further weakened to a Category 2 typhoon.[273][274] Hours later, the system moved in a northwestward direction and made its second landfall over Masbate.[275] The next day, both agencies downgraded Hagupit to a strong tropical storm, due to its continued slow movement and land reaction.[276][277] During the same time it weakened to a tropical storm, Hagupit made its third landfall over the island of Marinduque.[278] During its fourth landfall over Batangas, the JMA downgraded it to a tropical storm.[279][280]
On December 9, Hagupit entered the South China Sea, retaining its tropical storm intensity.[281] Although due to an increase of deep convection near the center,[282] the JMA upgraded Hagupit again to a severe tropical storm early on December 10.[283][284] Later that day, the JMA downgraded it again to a minimal tropical storm.[285] The next day, both agencies downgraded the storm to a tropical depression, as it started to do a southwestward direction towards Vietnam. On December 12, the JTWC issued its final warning on Hagupit.[286] The JMA tracked it until it dissipated just southeast of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam later the same day.[287][288]
Tropical Storm Jangmi (Seniang)
Tropical storm (JMA) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |||
| |||
Duration | December 28, 2014 – January 1, 2015 | ||
Peak intensity | 75 km/h (45 mph) (10-min) 996 mbar (hPa) |
On December 27, the JMA started to monitor a tropical depression, that had developed within a favourable environment for further development, about 630 km (390 mi) to the west of Koror, Palau.[289][290] Over the next day the depression gradually developed further and was named Seniang by PAGASA as it moved along a ridge of high pressure, while atmospheric convection wrapped into the system's low level circulation centre.[291][292] Both the JTWC and PAGASA upgraded the depression to a tropical storm late on the same day. Early on December 29, the JMA upgraded the system to a tropical storm, naming it Jangmi. At the time of the upgrade, Jangmi made landfall over the town of Hinatuan in the province of Surigao del Sur. The storm traversed the CARAGA region, and exited the landmass of Mindanao during the afternoon hours of the same day, as the storm had accelerated to the northwest. Late on December 30, Jangmi made landfall over Cebu and southern Negros, right before the JTWC downgraded it to a tropical depression. On December 31, the JTWC issued the final warning to Jangmi, as well as the JMA downgraded it to a tropical depression at noon. The system was last noted by the JMA and the JTWC on January 1, 2015, as the 2015 Pacific typhoon season started.
Other storms
During March 11, the JMA monitored a tropical depression that had developed about 195 km (120 mi) to the east of Mati City, Philippines.[45] Over the next day the system moved westwards, before it was last noted within the Celebes Sea on March 12.[45] On April 19, the JMA reported that a tropical depression had developed about 490 km (300 mi) southwest of Hagåtña, Guam.[293] Due to less convection and cool waters on April 21, the depression weakened to a disturbance while still moving west. The remnants of the depression affected the northern Philippines and dissipated on April 23, due to land interaction.[294][295] On August 19, the JMA briefly monitored a tropical depression, that had developed along the coast of China to the northeast of Hong Kong.[296][297] Convectional cloudiness persisted over the Philippines, contributing to bring heavy rainfall on August 25. The area intensified into a low-pressure area as it moved to the South China Sea the next day.[298][299] It was classified as a tropical depression on August 27 by the JMA. The depression affected Hainan Island, Southern China and northern Vietnam by heavy rainfall and flash floods as it was moving in a westward direction.[300] On August 29, the system weakened to an remnant low just east of the 100th meridian east.
A low-pressure area formed from an upper-level low several kilometers east-southeast of Japan on August 31. It started to organize and the southern part of the system has winds of tropical depression strength. On September 4, JMA upgraded it to a tropical depression. Although the system moved into an area of moderate vertical wind shear. With this, the system became extratropical late on September 5.[301]
Storm names
Within the North-western Pacific Ocean, both the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration assign names to tropical cyclones that develop in the Western Pacific, which can result in a tropical cyclone having two names.[302] The Japan Meteorological Agency's RSMC Tokyo — Typhoon Center assigns international names to tropical cyclones on behalf of the World Meteorological Organization's Typhoon Committee, should they be judged to have 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 65 km/h (40 mph).[303] While the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration assigns names to tropical cyclones which move into or form as a tropical depression in their area of responsibility located between 135°E and 115°E and between 5°N-25°N even if the cyclone has had an international name assigned to it.[302] The names of significant tropical cyclones are retired, by both PAGASA and the Typhoon Committee.[303] Should the list of names for the Philippine region be exhausted then names will be taken from an auxiliary list of which the first ten are published each season. Unused names are marked in gray.
International names
During the season 22 named tropical cyclones developed in the Western Pacific and were named by the Japan Meteorological Agency, when it was determined that they had become tropical storms. These names were contributed to a list of a 140 names submitted by the fourteen members nations and territories of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee.
Lingling | Kajiki | Faxai | Peipah | Tapah | Mitag | Hagibis | Neoguri | Rammasun | Matmo | Halong |
Nakri | Fengshen | Kalmaegi | Fung-wong | Kammuri | Phanfone | Vongfong | Nuri | Sinlaku | Hagupit | Jangmi |
Philippines
Agaton | Basyang | Caloy | Domeng | Ester |
Florita | Glenda | Henry | Inday | Jose |
Karding | Luis | Mario | Neneng | Ompong |
Paeng | Queenie | Ruby | Seniang | Tomas (unused) |
Usman (unused) | Venus (unused) | Waldo (unused) | Yayang (unused) | Zeny (unused) |
Auxiliary list | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Agila (unused) | Bagwis (unused) | Chito (unused) | Diego (unused) | Elena (unused) |
Felino (unused) | Gunding (unused) | Harriet (unused) | Indang (unused) | Jessa (unused) |
During the year PAGASA used its own naming scheme for tropical cyclones that moved into or developed into tropical depressions within their area of responsibility.[304] The list of names for the year was last used in 2010; however the names Jose, Karding, Mario and Ruby were used for the first time this season, after they replaced the retired names Juan, Katring, Milenyo and Reming.[304][305] At the start of 2014 the name Kanor was originally scheduled to replace Katring, however, PAGASA replaced it with the name Karding during August, after obtaining negative feedback from the public.[305][306]
Retirement
During their 2015 annual session the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee, announced that the name Rammasun would be retired from its naming lists on January 1, 2016.[307] PAGASA retired the names Glenda, Jose, Mario, Ruby and Seniang after they each caused over 1 billion PHP in damages to the Philippines during 2014.[308][309] They will be replaced with the names Gardo, Josie, Maymay, Rosita and Samuel when the list of names is next used in 2018.[308][309]
Season effects
This table will list all the storms that developed in the northwestern Pacific Ocean west of the International Date Line and north of the equator during 2014. It will include their intensity, duration, name, areas affected, deaths, and damage totals. Classification and intensity values will be based on estimations conducted by the JMA. All damage figures will be in 2014 USD. Damages and deaths from a storm will include when the storm was a precursor wave or an extratropical low.
Name | Dates active | Peak classification | Sustained windspeeds |
Pressure | Land areas affected | Damage (USD) |
Deaths | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lingling (Agaton) | January 10 – 20 | Tropical storm | 65 km/h (40 mph) | 1002 hPa (29.59 inHg) | Philippines | million | $12.570 | [22] |
Kajiki (Basyang) | January 29 – February 1 | Tropical storm | 65 km/h (40 mph) | 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) | Philippines | Minor | 6 | [22] |
Faxai | February 27 – March 5 | Typhoon | 120 km/h (75 mph) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands | Minor | 1 | [39] |
TD | March 11 – 12 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1008 hPa (29.77 inHg) | None | None | None | |
Caloy | March 18 – 24 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) | Philippines | None | None | [22] |
Peipah (Domeng) | April 2 – 15 | Tropical storm | 65 km/h (40 mph) | 998 hPa (29.47 inHg) | Caroline Islands, Philippines | None | None | |
TD | April 19 – 21 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) | Guam, Palau | None | None | |
Tapah | April 27 – May 2 | Severe tropical storm | 95 km/h (60 mph) | 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) | Mariana Islands | None | None | |
Mitag (Ester) | June 9 – 12 | Tropical storm | 75 km/h (45 mph) | 994 hPa (29.35 inHg) | Philippines, Taiwan, Japan | None | None | |
Hagibis | June 13 – 17 | Tropical storm | 75 km/h (45 mph) | 996 hPa (29.41 inHg) | Philippines, China, Taiwan, Japan | million | $13111 | |
Neoguri (Florita) | July 2 – 11 | Typhoon | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | Caroline Islands, Guam, Japan | million | $1563 | [310] |
Rammasun (Glenda) | July 9 – 20 | Typhoon | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) | Caroline Islands, Guam, Philippines, China, Vietnam | billion | $7.13195 | [311][312][313] |
Matmo (Henry) | July 16 – 25 | Typhoon | 130 km/h (80 mph) | 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) | Palau, Philippines, Taiwan, China, Korea | million | $56762 | [144][314][315][316] |
Nakri (Inday) | July 19 – August 4 | Severe tropical storm | 100 km/h (65 mph) | 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) | Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, Palau, Japan, Korea | thousand | $11616 | [317][318][319][320][321] |
Halong (Jose) | July 27 – August 11 | Typhoon | 195 km/h (120 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) | Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, Philippines, Japan, Siberia | million | $20.512 | [322][323] |
Genevieve | August 7 – 14 | Typhoon | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) | None | None | None | |
TD | August 19 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1008 hPa (29.77 inHg) | Philippines, China | None | None | |
TD | August 27 – 29 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) | Philippines, China, Vietnam, Laos | None | ||
TD | September 4 – 5 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1006 hPa (29.71 inHg) | None | None | None | |
Fengshen | September 5 – 10 | Severe tropical storm | 110 km/h (70 mph) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | Japan | None | None | |
Karding | September 5 – 8 | Tropical depression | 55 km/h (35 mph) | 1002 hPa (29.59 inHg) | Philippines, China, Vietnam | None | None | |
Kalmaegi (Luis) | September 11 – 18 | Typhoon | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) | Caroline Islands, Philippines, China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Burma | million | $75.133 | [324][325][326] |
Fung-wong (Mario) | September 17 – 24 | Tropical storm | 85 km/h (50 mph) | 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) | Philippines, Taiwan, Japan, China, South Korea | million | $75.521 | [327][328] |
Kammuri | September 23 – 30 | Severe tropical storm | 95 km/h (60 mph) | 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) | Mariana Islands, Japan | None | None | |
Phanfone (Neneng) | September 28 – October 6 | Typhoon | 175 km/h (110 mph) | 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) | Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, Japan | million | $41.511 | [329] |
Vongfong (Ompong) | October 2 – 14 | Typhoon | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 900 hPa (26.58 inHg) | Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, Philippines, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea | million | $589 | [330][331][332][333][334] |
Nuri (Paeng) | October 30 – November 6 | Typhoon | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) | Japan, Siberia, Alaska | Minimal | None | |
Sinlaku (Queenie) | November 26 – 30 | Tropical storm | 85 km/h (50 mph) | 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) | Palau, Philippines, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia | million | $4.34 | [335][336] |
Hagupit (Ruby) | November 30 – December 12 | Typhoon | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 905 hPa (26.72 inHg) | Caroline Islands, Palau, Philippines, Vietnam | million | $11418 | [337] |
Jangmi (Seniang) | December 28 – January 1 | Tropical storm | 75 km/h (45 mph) | 996 hPa (29.41 inHg) | Philippines, Borneo | million | $28.366 | [338] |
Season Aggregates | ||||||||
30 systems | January 10, 2014 – January 1, 2015 | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 900 hPa (26.58 inHg) | billion | $8.41538 |
See also
- List of Pacific typhoon seasons
- 2014 Pacific hurricane season
- 2014 Atlantic hurricane season
- 2014 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
- South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 2013–14, 2014–15
- Australian region cyclone seasons: 2013–14, 2014–15
- South Pacific cyclone seasons: 2013–14, 2014–15
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 Saunders, Mark; Lea, Adam (January 27, 2015). Summary of 2014 NW Pacific Typhoon Season and Verification of Author's Seasonal Forecasts (PDF) (Report). Tropical Storm Risk Consortium. Archived from the original on April 7, 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Three to Five Typhoons Tend to Impinge upon Taiwan during 2014 (DOC) (Report). Taiwan Central Weather Bureau. June 27, 2014. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Malano, Vicente B (January 10, 2014). January — June 2014 (Seasonal Climate Outlook). Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. Archived from the original on May 7, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.
- ↑ "Winter — Spring Season Outlook (From November 2013 to April 2014)". Vietnamese National Center for Hydro Meteorological forecasts. October 4, 2013. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
- ↑ Chi-ming, Shun (March 17, 2014). "Speech by Mr Shun Chi-ming, Director of the Hong Kong Observatory March 17, 2014" (PDF). Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from the original on April 6, 2015. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
- ↑ Malano, Vicente B (July 7, 2015). July – December 2014 (Seasonal Climate Outlook). Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. Archived from the original on April 18, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 101200". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
- ↑ Young, Steve (February 20, 2014). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks: January 2014". Australian Severe Weather. Archived from the original on October 26, 2014. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
- ↑ [hhttp://www.webcitation.org/6MXz61kED "Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans January 10, 2014 18z"]. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on January 11, 2014. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
- ↑ "Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2014-01-12T18:00:00Z". WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo. Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
- ↑ "Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans 120600Z-130600Z Jan 2014". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on August 25, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
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- ↑ "Possible Rammasun Continues to Develop and Passes Guam". Robert Speta. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
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- ↑
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- ↑ "NASA-NOAA's Suomi NPP satellite sees Tropical Storm Kammuri coming together". NASA. September 26, 2014.
- ↑ "WTPQ20 RJTD 262100 RSMC TROPICAL CYCLONE ADVISORY". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on September 27, 2014. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
- ↑ "WTPQ20 RJTD 270000 RSMC TROPICAL CYCLONE ADVISORY". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on September 27, 2014. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
- ↑ "Prognostic Reasoning For Tropical Storm 17W (Kammuri) Warning Nr 12". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on September 27, 2014. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
- ↑ "Kammuri skirts Japan and whats next for the tropics?". Robert Speta. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
- ↑ "WTPQ20 RJTD 270600 RSMC TROPICAL CYCLONE ADVISORY". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on September 27, 2014. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
- ↑ "Tropical Storm Kammuri And Weekend Weather Outlook". Robert Speta. September 25, 2014. Retrieved September 26, 2014.
- ↑ "Kammuri skirts Japan and whats next for the tropics?". Robert Speta. September 28, 2014.
- ↑ "Newborn Tropical Storm Phanfone triggers warnings in Northwestern Pacific". NASA. Retrieved September 29, 2014.
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- ↑ "Typhoon 'Neneng' inside PAR, but won't affect country". October 3, 2014.
- ↑ "Typhoon Neneng exits PAR; gale warnings up over north Luzon". GMA News. October 4, 2014.
- ↑ "Phanfone reaches super typhoon status". Chillymanjaro. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
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- ↑ "Dangerous Typhoon Phanfone Nears Japan, Friday AM Update". Robert Speta. October 1, 2014. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
- ↑ "Tropical Storm Vongfong: Another Threat to Guam and Japan?". October 3, 2014.
- ↑ "Warnings Canceled as Cyclone Moves Away From Guam, Northern Mariana Islands". October 5, 2014.
- ↑ "Typhoon Ompong enters PAR". October 7, 2014.
- ↑ "Massive Category 5 Typhoon Vongfong targets Japan". Retrieved October 7, 2014.
- ↑ "Super Typhoon Vongfong Turns Into 2014's Strongest Storm". October 8, 2014.
- ↑ "Super Typhoon Vongfong: Most Powerful Cyclone Since Haiyan Producing 50ft Waves". Hanna Osborne. October 9, 2014.
- ↑ "RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 090600". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on October 9, 2014. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
- ↑ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 19W (Vongfong) Warning Nr 30". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on October 10, 2014. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
- ↑ 平成26年 台風第19号に関する情報 第50号 (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved October 13, 2014.
- ↑ 平成26年 台風第19号に関する情報 第96号 (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved October 13, 2014.
- ↑ 平成26年 台風第19号に関する情報 第105号 (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved October 13, 2014.
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- ↑ "Typhoon 20W (Nuri) Warning Nr 018". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on November 3, 2014. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
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- ↑ "Tropical Depression QUEENIE (21W) Update Number 001". Retrieved Novemver 27, 2014. Check date values in:
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(help) - ↑ "Guidance – Forecast Track by Numerical Weather Prediction 2014-11-28T18:00:00Z". Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved November 28, 2014.
- ↑ "Significant Tropical Weather Advisory For The Western And South Pacific Oceans 300600ZNov2014-010600ZDec2014". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on December 1, 2014. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
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- ↑ "RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 010000". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on December 1, 2014. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
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- ↑ "Tropical Storm 22W (Twentytwo) Warning Nr 002". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on December 1, 2014. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
- ↑ "Prognostic Reasoning for Super Typhoon 22W (Hagupit) Warning Nr 12". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on December 3, 2014. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
- ↑ "Prognostic Reasoning for Super Typhoon 22W (Hagupit) Warning Nr 13". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on December 4, 2014. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
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- ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Advisory for Analysis and Forecast 2014-12-05T00:00:00Z". WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo. Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
- ↑ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 22W (Hagupit) Warning Nr 17". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on December 11, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
- ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Advisory for Analysis and Forecast 2014-12-06T00:00:00Z". WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo. Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
- ↑ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 22W (Hagupit) Warning Nr 21". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on December 11, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
- ↑ "Prognostic Reasoning for Super Typhoon 22W (Hagupit) Warning Nr 19". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on December 11, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
- ↑ "RubyPH Update: as of 09:15 PM, 06 December 2014". PAGASA. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
- ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Advisory for Analysis and Forecast 2014-12-06T12:00:00Z". WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo. Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
- ↑ "Severe Weather Bulletin No. 14". PAGASA. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
- ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Advisory for Analysis and Forecast 2014-12-07T21:00:00Z". WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo. Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
- ↑ "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 22W (Hagupit) Warning Nr 29". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on December 11, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
- ↑ "Severe Weather Bulletin No. 18". PAGASA. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
- ↑ "RubyPH Update: as of 05:45 PM, 08 December 2014". PAGASA. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
- ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Advisory for Analysis and Forecast 2014-12-08T12:00:00Z". WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo. Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
- ↑ "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 22W (Hagupit) Warning Nr 33". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on December 11, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
- ↑ "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 22W (Hagupit) Warning Nr 35". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on December 11, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
- ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Advisory for Analysis and Forecast 2014-12-10T06:00:00Z". WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo. Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
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- ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Advisory for Analysis and Forecast 2014-12-10T15:00:00Z". WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo. Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
- ↑ "Tropical Depression 22W (Hagupit) Warning Nr 45". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on December 13, 2014. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
- ↑ "Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2014-12-12T06:00:00Z". WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo. Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
- ↑ "Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2014-12-12T12:00:00Z". WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo. Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
- ↑ "JMA WWJP25 Warning and Summary December 27, 2014 06z". Japan Meteorological Agency. December 27, 2014. Archived from the original on December 27, 2014. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
- ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center. "Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans December 27, 2014 06z". United States Navy, United States Airforce. Archived from the original on December 28, 2014. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
- ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (December 28, 2014). "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 23W December 28, 2014 03z". United States Navy, United States Airforce. Archived from the original on December 28, 2014. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
- ↑ "Severe Weather Bulletin Number One Tropical Cyclone Warning: Tropical Depression "Seniang", December 27, 2014 21z". Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. July 5, 2014. Archived from the original on January 2, 2015. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
- ↑ "Warning and Summary – April 19, 2014 1200 UTC". Japan Meteorological Agency. April 19, 2014. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
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- ↑ "JMA WWJP25 Warning and Summary August 19, 2014 00z". Japan Meteorological Agency. August 19, 2014. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
- ↑ Young, Steve (September 16, 2014). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks: August 2014". Australian Severe Weather. Archived from the original on October 4, 2014. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
- ↑ "One LPA after the other over the Philippines, Mid-Week Tropical Outlook". Robert Speta. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
- ↑ "LPA na nagpaulan sa malaking bahagi ng Luzon kahapon, nakalabas na ng PAR". GMA News. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
- ↑ "New Tropical Depression and LPA in the Philippines". Robert Speta. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
- ↑ "Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2014-09-06T00:00:00Z". Japan Meteorological Agency. September 6, 2014. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
- ↑ 302.0 302.1 Padgett, Gary. "Monthly Tropical Cyclone Summary December 1999". Australian Severe Weather. Archived from the original on August 28, 2012. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
- ↑ 303.0 303.1 The Typhoon Committee (February 21, 2013). "Typhoon Committee Operational Manual 2013". World Meteorological Organization. pp. 37–38. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 28, 2012. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
- ↑ 304.0 304.1 "Philippine Tropical cyclone names". Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
- ↑ 305.0 305.1 Flores, Helen (September 4, 2014). "Kanor to Karding: Pagasa censors name of cyclone". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on January 24, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
- ↑ Speta, Robert (September 2, 2014). "What is a Typhoon Name? PAGASA Censors "Kanor"". Western Pacific Weather. Retrieved January 24, 2015.
- ↑ http://www.cma.gov.cn/en2014/news/News/201502/t20150215_274698.html
- ↑ 308.0 308.1 "PAGASA replaces names of 2014 destructive typhoons" (Press release). Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. February 5, 2015. Archived from the original on February 15, 2015. Retrieved March 30, 2015.
- ↑ 309.0 309.1 "PAGASA kills names of killer typhoons". Philippine Daily Inquirer. February 8, 2015. Archived from the original on February 9, 2015. Retrieved February 9, 2015.
- ↑ 台風第8号及び梅雨前線の影響に伴う7月6日からの大雨等による被害状況等について(第15報) (PDF) (in Japanese). Fire and Disaster Management Agency. 16 July 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
- ↑ Effects of Tropical Storm Glenda (PDF) (Final Report). National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. October 23, 2014. pp. 12, 13, 43, 44, 45. Archived from the original on April 6, 2015. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
- ↑ "Dual typhoons kill 64 in China". July 25, 2014. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
- ↑ Typhoon Rammasun kills 27 in Vietnam
- ↑ "Typhoon Matmo slams into Taiwan, one killed, some damage reported". Retrieved July 23, 2014.
- ↑ "Typhoon Matmo kills 13 in China". July 27, 2014. Retrieved July 27, 2014.
- ↑ "Agricultural losses from Typhoon Matmo reach nearly US$20 million". Taiwan News. July 28, 2014. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
- ↑ "10 killed as typhoon Nakri lashes South Korea". Retrieved August 4, 2014.
- ↑ "Typhoon Nakri Leaves One Dead in Japan". Retrieved August 4, 2014.
- ↑ "Three campers drown in Kanagawa after vehicle overturns in river". Kyodo. Yokohama, Japan: Japan Times. August 2, 2014. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
- ↑ Sean Breslin (August 6, 2014). "Japan Landslide in Anan, Tokushima Prefecture, Leaves Cars Dangling, 1 Dead". The Weather Channel. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
- ↑ Mario C. Manlupig Jr. (August 2, 2014). "LPA leaves over P5-M damages in MisOr". Sun Star. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
- ↑ "Typhoon Halong leaves up to 10 dead after battering Japan: reports". Retrieved August 12, 2014.
- ↑ "Typhoon Halong loss could be similar to Roke's estimated $1.1 billion". Retrieved August 13, 2014.
- ↑ "SitRep No. 12 re Effects of Typhoon "LUIS" (KALMAEGI)" (PDF). NDRRMC. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
- ↑ "Death toll from Typhoon Kalmaegi rises to eight, 396 trapped students saved". September 20, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
- ↑ "13 dead, 15 injured by Typhoon Kalmaegi". Retrieved September 19, 2014.
- ↑ "SitRep No. 17 re Effects of Tropical Storm "MARIO" (FUNG-WONG)" (PDF). Retrieved September 30, 2014.
- ↑ "Three deaths reported as tropical storm Fung-Wong lashes Taiwan". September 21, 2014. Retrieved September 22, 2014.
- ↑ "Typhoon Vongfong heads towards Japan's main islands as death toll rises to 23". October 12, 2014. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
- ↑ "2 dead, 43 rescued after research ship sinks off Penghu". Focus Taiwan. Central News Agency. October 10, 2014. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
- ↑ "Typhoon Vongfong leaves two dead, nearly 100 injured in Japan". Reuters. October 14, 2014. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
- ↑ "Effects of Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in Visayas and Mindanao" (PDF). Retrieved October 18, 2014.
- ↑ "Agricultural damage from typhoon Vongfong reaches 865 million yen". Retrieved October 15, 2014.
- ↑ "No federal disaster aid for NMI". Mark Rabago. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
- ↑ "SitRep No. 13 re Effects of Tropical Storm "QUEENIE"" (PDF). NDRRMC. December 5, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
- ↑ "Bão số 4 gây thiệt hại gần 90 tỷ đồng (The damage caused by the storm 4th of nearly VND90 billion)" (in Vietnamese). Vietnam Government's Newspaper. December 2, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
- ↑ SitRep No. 27 re Effects of Typhoon "Ruby" (Hagupit) (PDF) (Report). National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. December 19, 2014. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
- ↑ SitRep No. 22 re Effects of Tropical Storm Seniang (PDF) (Report). National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. January 10, 2015. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
External links
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