2014–15 Australian region cyclone season

2014–15 Australian region cyclone season
Season summary map
First system formed 3 December 2014
Last system dissipated Season currently active
Strongest storm Marcia – 930 hPa (mbar), 205 km/h (125 mph) (10-minute sustained)
Tropical lows 15
Tropical cyclones 8
Severe tropical cyclones 7
Total fatalities None
Total damage $732 million (2015 USD)
Australian region tropical cyclone seasons
2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17
Related articles

The 2014–15 Australian region cyclone season is the period of the year when most tropical cyclones form within the Southern Indian Ocean and Pacific Oceans between 90°E and 160°E. The season officially runs from November 1, 2014 to April 30, 2015, however a tropical cyclone could form at any time between July 1, 2014 and June 30, 2015 and would count towards the season total. During the season, tropical cyclones will be officially monitored, by one of the five Tropical Cyclone Warning Centres (TCWCs) that are operated in this region.

Three of the five centres are operated by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) in Perth, Darwin, and Brisbane, while the other two are operated by the National Weather Service of Papua New Guinea in Port Moresby and the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics in Jakarta, Indonesia. The United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) and other national meteorological services including Météo-France also monitored the basin during the season. This season will be given by weather on c. April 30, 2015.

Seasonal forecasts

Region Chance of
more		 Average
number		 Actual
activity
Whole 34% 11 6
Western 43% 7 3
North-Western 38% 5 0
Northern 46% 3 2
Eastern 42% 4 2
Southern Pacific 48% 15 6
Western South Pacific 56% 8 4
Eastern South Pacific 47% 11 2
Source: BOM's Seasonal Outlooks for Tropical Cyclones.[1][2]

Ahead of the cyclone season, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM), the New Zealand National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) and various other Pacific Meteorological services, all contributed towards the Island Climate Update tropical cyclone outlook that was released during October 2014.[3] The outlook took into account the ENSO neutral conditions that had been observed across the Pacific and analogue seasons that had ENSO neutral and weak El Niño conditions occurring during the season.[3] The outlook called for a near average number of tropical cyclones for the 2014–15 season, with eight to twelve named tropical cyclones, to occur between 135°E and 120°W compared to an average of 10.[3] At least four of the tropical cyclones were expected to become category 3 severe tropical cyclones, while three could become category 4 severe tropical cyclones, they also noted that a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone was unlikely to occur.[3]

In addition to contributing towards the Island Climate Update outlook, the BoM issued eight seasonal forecasts during October 2014, for the Australian region and the Southern Pacific with each forecast covering the whole tropical cyclone year.[1] Each forecast issued took into account the near El Niño conditions that had developed over the region and the El Niño episode that was expected to develop during the season.[1] For the basin as a whole they predicted that there was a 34% chance, that the season would be near its average of around 11 tropical cyclones.[1] For the Western region between 90°E and 125°E, the BoM forecast that the area would see activity near to the average of 7, with a 43% chance of an above average cyclone season.[1] TCWC Perth also noted that there was a likelihood of two tropical cyclones and a significant likelhood of at least one severe tropical cyclone impacting Western Australia.[4]

For the North-Western subregion between 105°E and 130°E, it was predicted that activity would be below average, with a 38% chance of above average tropical cyclone activity.[1] The Northern Territory which was defined as being between as being 125°E and 142.5°E had a 46% chance of an above average season, with TCWC Darwin noting that all of the climate drivers were pointing towards a typical tropical cyclone season for Northern Australia.[1][5] The Eastern region between 142.5°E and 160°E was predicted to have a near normal tropical cyclone season, though it was noted that there was a possibility of a delayed start to the season.[1][6] The BoM also issued 3 seasonal forecasts for the Southern Pacific between 142.5°E and 120°W, one for the Western Southern Pacific region between 142.5°E and 165°E and one for the Eastern Southern Pacific region between 165°E and 120°W.[2] They predicted that the region as a whole, would experience near average tropical cyclone activity during the coming season with a 55% chance of it being above average.[2] The Western region was predicted to have 39% chance of being above average while the Eastern region had a 55% chance of being above average.[2]

An updated Island Climate Update tropical cyclone outlook was issued during February 2015, which suggested that near normal activity was still possible.[7] The outlook took into account Tropical Cyclones Niko and Ola as well as the weak El Nino conditions, that were predicted to persist over the region.[7] As a result the update predicted that an additional six to eight named tropical cyclones would develop over the basin, which would bring the overall total to between eight and ten tropical cyclones.[7] The update also predicted that at least four tropical cyclones would intensify into category three severe tropical cyclones, of which three could intensify and become either a category four or five severe tropical cyclone.[7]

Seasonal summary

Cyclone Marcia Cyclone Lam

Storms

Tropical Cyclone Bakung

Category 2 tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration 10 December – 13 December
Peak intensity 95 km/h (60 mph) (10-min)  991 mbar (hPa)

During 10 December TCWC Perth reported that a tropical low had developed, about 535 km (330 mi) to the north-east of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands.[8] The system had developed within a favourable environment for further development, with low to moderate vertical wind shear and a good poleward outflow which was being enhanced by a trough of low pressure.[9] Over the next day the system gradually intensified/developed further, with atmospheric convection deepening near the systems centre.[10] TCWC Jakarta subsequently named the low Bakung during 11 December, as it was thought that the system had become a category 2 tropical cyclone on the Australian Scale.[11][12] At the same time TCWC Jakarta reported that Bakung had peaked with 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 95 km/h (60 mph), before the JTWC initiated advisories on the system later that day and designated it Tropical Cyclone 03S with 1-minute sustained windspeeds of 75 km/h (45 mph).[11][13]

During 12 December TCWC Jakarta reported that the system had weakened into a category 1 tropical cyclone, while the JTWC reported that the system had intensified slightly and reached its peak intensity with 1-minute sustained windspeeds of 65 km/h (40 mph).[14][15] Early the next day as Tropical Cyclone Bakung continued to move westwards, it moved out of the Australian region and into the South-West Indian Ocean.[16][17] However, during that day the system's low level circulation centre became exposed and displaced about 280 km (175 mi) from the deep convection.[16][18] As a result TCWC Jakarta and the JTWC issued their final warnings on the system, while RSMC La Reunion declared it to be a remnant low in their one and only warning on the system.[17][18][19]

Severe Tropical Cyclone Kate

Category 4 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 3 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Duration 21 December – 30 December (Exited basin)
Peak intensity 165 km/h (105 mph) (10-min)  952 mbar (hPa)

On 21 December TCWC Perth reported that Tropical Low 04U had developed within the monsoon trough to the southeast of Sumatra, Indonesia.[20][21] Over the next few days the system gradually developed further as it moved south-eastwards, before it started to move towards the south-west and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands during 23 December.[20] Early the next day, it intensified into a Category 1 tropical cyclone, as BOM named the system Kate. The next day, Kate continued to intensified as an eye developed and reached peak intensity as a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone as. On 27 December, it underwent an eyewall replacement cycle. On 30 December, TCWC Perth reported that Kate had moved out of the Australian region and into the South-west Indian Ocean basin.

Tropical Low 05U

Tropical low (Australian scale)
Duration 2 January – 10 January
Peak intensity Winds unknown 

On 2 January TCWC Perth and Darwin started to monitor Tropical Low 05U, that had developed within the monsoon trough near Wyndham in the Kimberley region of Western Australia.[22][23][23] Over the next few days the low moved slowly westwards and was forecast to possibly move over open water and develop into a tropical cyclone.

Tropical Low 07U

Tropical low (Australian scale)
Duration 10 January – 13 January
Peak intensity 55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min)  998 mbar (hPa)

On 10 January, the BoM started to monitor a tropical low south of the Solomon Islands

Severe Tropical Cyclone Lam

Main article: Cyclone Lam
Category 4 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 3 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Duration 13 February – 20 February
Peak intensity 185 km/h (115 mph) (10-min)  943 mbar (hPa)

On 13 February, the BoM started to monitor a weak tropical disturbance over the Gulf of Carpentaria. During the next few days, the disturbance gradually developed and as it was located 200 kilometres (120 mi) northwest of Weipa, Queensland on 16 February. On 19 February and due to a developing, clear eye, the JTWC upgraded Lam to a Category 2 while the BoM upgraded it to a Category 4.

Severe Tropical Cyclone Marcia

Main article: Cyclone Marcia
Category 5 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 4 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Duration 15 February – 26 February
Peak intensity 205 km/h (125 mph) (10-min)  930 mbar (hPa)

On 16 February, the BoM started to monitor a weak tropical distrubance in the Coral Sea. It developed into a Category 1 tropical cyclone on 18 February and was named Marcia. It was upgraded to Category 2 the following day when it was approximately 555 kilometres (345 mi) north of Bundaberg and again upgraded to Category 3 severe tropical cyclone when approximately 290 kilometres (180 mi) north of Yeppoon. On 19 February and due to a developing, clear eye, the JTWC upgraded Marcia to a Category 2 whilst the BoM upgraded it as a Category 4. Due to explosive intensification, Marcia became a Category 5 according to the BoM early on 20 February.

The boat of two fishermen travelling to Fraser Island sank due to rough seas on the morning of 19 February, however, they were found safe and well on nearby Moon Boom Island the next morning.[24] The storm wrought extensive damage in Queensland, with losses amounting to A$750 million (US$590.5 million).[25]

Severe Tropical Cyclone Olwyn

Category 3 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 2 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Duration 8 March – 14 March
Peak intensity 150 km/h (90 mph) (10-min)  960 mbar (hPa)

On 8 March, the BoM started to monitor a weak tropical low over Western Australia. The system was later designated as 16U a few days later. Due to an increase of convection, both the BoM and JTWC upgraded the system to a Category 1 tropical cyclone, naming it Olwyn on 11 March. Just before 12 March, Olwyn rapidly developed a ragged eye, as the BoM upgraded the system to a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone. Early on 13 March, Olwyn reached its peak strength as the JTWC classified it as a Category 2 cyclone. However, JTWC downgraded it to a Category 1 cyclone after a few hours. Late on the same day, Olwyn made landfall over southwestern Australia.

Olwyn caused extensive damage along the coast of Western Australia, from Onslow to Kalbarri. In preparation for the storm, the Pilbara Ports authority closed the ports of Dampier and Ashburton.[26] The entire workforce on Barrow Island was evacuated to the islands cyclone shelter. 128 km/h (80 mph) wind gusts and 141.6 mm (5.57 in) of rain was recorded on the island as it was brushed by Olwyn.[27] Upon landfall, a maximum wind gust of 180 km/h (110 mph) was recorded at Learmonth.[28] Moderate property damage occurred at nearby Exmouth, with several houses being inundated with floodwater after 141.8 mm (5.58 in) of rain fell in 24 hours.[26] Trees were uprooted and power was cut for several days.[26][29] The Exmouth Yacht Club sustained heavy damage from Olwyn's storm surge.[26] Damage was more severe further south at Carnarvon where most houses are not built to cyclone standards, unlike in Exmouth.[29] Olwyn passed over the town at category 3 status, un-roofing and severely damaging multiple houses, while many sheds and out-buildings were totally destroyed.[29][30] The towns water and power facilities were damaged leaving the area without water and electricity for days.[30] The entire banana crop in the Carnarvon area was destroyed by the storm's high winds and flooding.[30] The Gascoyne River experienced its most severe flood since 2010 due to rains from Olwyn.[30] One person sustained life-threatening injuries in a storm-related car accident. Total damage in Carnarvon was estimated to be in excess of A$100 million (US$76.1 million),[31] and Olwyn has been noted as the most severe cyclone to have hit the town since 1950.[29]

A total of 121.8 mm (4.80 in) of rain fell in 24 hours at Shark Bay from Olwyn, a March record at what is normally the most arid place on the Australian coast.[32] Minor property and tree damage occurred in Denham.[29] Further south, 8 mm (0.31 in) of rain and 76 km/h (47 mph) wind gusts were reported in Geraldton.[33] The remnant low of Olwyn caused 15 mm (0.59 in) - 25 mm (0.98 in) of rain across the wheat belt, which was beneficial for farmers in the area. Perth recorded 12.8 mm (0.50 in) of rain and a cooler change as Olwyns remnants moved into the Southern Ocean.[34]

Severe Tropical Cyclone Nathan

Category 4 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 2 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Duration 9 March – 25 March
Peak intensity 165 km/h (105 mph) (10-min)  963 mbar (hPa)

Shortly after Cyclone Pam was classified, the bands of Pam led to the formation of a tropical low near Australia on 9 March. Later that day, the BoM designated the system as 17U and intensified into Tropical Cyclone Nathan several hours later. It slowly executed a cyclonic loop over the next few days, moving across Arnhem Land.[35] After intensifying to an initial peak intensity of 165 km/h (105 mph), Nathan weakened while crossing the Cape York Peninsula and reintensified over the Gulf of Carpentaria.

Severe Tropical Cyclone Ikola

Category 4 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 3 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Duration 6 April (Entered basin) – 8 April
Peak intensity 175 km/h (110 mph) (10-min)  951 mbar (hPa)

On 6 April, the BoM had reported that Ikola had entered the basin as a severe tropical cyclone and was designated as 19U. Ikola rapidly weakened to become a trough system, bringing heavy rainfall to the southwest of Western Australia.

Severe Tropical Cyclone Quang

Category 4 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 4 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Duration 28 April – 1 May
Peak intensity 195 km/h (120 mph) (10-min)  945 mbar (hPa)

On 28 April, the BoM started to monitor a tropical low over Western Australia. Later that day, the system gradually intensified as it was designated as 21U. The next day, 21U intensified into Tropical Cyclone Quang.

Other systems

On 3 December TCWC Perth reported that Tropical Low 01U had developed over open water to the south-west of Cocos (Keeling) Islands, after various applications of the Dvorak technique had produced results between T2.0 and T3.0.[36] They also reported that the low could develop into a tropical cyclone during the following six to twelve hours, however, TCWC Perth issued its final advisory on the system during the next day as the system was not likely to develop into a tropical cyclone and had started weakening.[37][38] On 13 December TCWC Perth reported that a tropical low had developed, to the south of the Indonesian island of Java.[39] Conditions surrounding the system were unfavourable for further development over the next few days, however TCWC Perth thought that there was a small chance that conditions could improve.[39][40] Over the next few days the system moved south-westwards, before it was last noted on 15 December, as it was not expected to develop further.[40][41] On 10 January, TCWC Brisbane reported that Tropical Low 06U had developed within the monsoon trough, within an unfavorable environment for further development to the northeast of Queensland.[42] Over the next couple of days the system moved southeastwards and may have influenced the track of Tropical Low 07U, before it was last noted during 13 January.[43][44]

During 17 January, a tropical low that had been monitored by the BoM for a few days, moved into the Northern Kimberley region from the Northern Territory.[45] Over the next couple of days the system moved south-westwards over land, before it moved offshore and into the Indian Ocean near Broome during 19 January.[45] As computer models were predicting conditions surrounding the low to be marginally favourable for further development, TCWC Perth expected the system to develop into a tropical cyclone and issued tropical cyclone advices for coastal areas from Kuri Bay to Exmouth.[45] However, as the system spent more time over land than had been forecasted and vertical wind shear did not weaken as much as forecasted.[45] As a result the system failed to develop into a tropical cyclone as it moved south-westwards towards the Pilbara coast, before it dissipated near Port Headland during 20 January.[45]

On 13 February, a tropical low developed roughly 700 km (430 mi) southwest of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. The BoM stopped warning on it late on 16 February as it moved in a southerly direction.

Storm names

TCWC Jakarta

TCWC Jakarta monitor Tropical Cyclones from the Equator to 11S and from 90E to 145E. Should a Tropical Depression reach Tropical Cyclone strength within TCWC Jakarta's Area of Responsibility then it will be assigned the next name from the following list.[46] The formation of Tropical Cyclone Bakung in December marked the first tropical cyclone named by TCWC Jakarta since 2010.

Bakung Cempaka (unused) Dahlia (unused) Flamboyan (unused) Kenanga (unused)
Lili (unused) Mawar (unused) Seroja (unused) Teratai (unused) Anggrek (unused)

TCWC Port Moresby

Tropical cyclones that develop north of 11°S between 151°E and 160°E are assigned names by the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. Tropical cyclone formation in this area is rare, with no cyclones being named in it since 2007.[47] As names are assigned in a random order the whole list is shown below.

Alu (unused) Buri (unused) Dodo (unused) Emau (unused) Fere (unused)
Hibu (unused) Ila (unused) Kama (unused) Lobu (unused) Maila (unused)

Bureau of Meteorology

Since the start of the 2008–09 season, there has only been one list that the Bureau of Meteorology have assigned names to tropical cyclones from.[46] However the Bureau of Meteorology still operates the various TCWCs in Perth, Darwin & Brisbane. They monitor all tropical cyclones that form within the Australian region, including when tropical cyclones exist in either TCWC Jakarta's or Port Moresby's area of responsibility.

Kate Lam Marcia Nathan Olwyn Quang Raquel (unused)
Stan (unused) Tatiana (unused) Uriah (unused) Yvette (unused) Alfred (unused) Blanche (unused) Caleb (unused)

Season effects

Name Dates active Peak classification Windspeeds Pressure Land areas affected Damages
(AU$)		 Damages
(US$)		 Deaths Refs
01U 3 – 4 December Tropical low 55 km/h (35 mph)1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) None None None None
Bakung 10 – 13 December Category 2 tropical cyclone 95 km/h (60 mph)991 hPa (29.26 inHg) None None None None
Low 13 – 15 December Tropical low Not specifiedNot Specified None None None None
Kate 21 – 30 December Category 4 severe tropical cyclone 165 km/h (105 mph)952 hPa (28.11 inHg) Cocos (Keeling) Islands Minimal Minimal None [20]
05U 2 – 10 January Tropical low Not specifiedNot Specified Western Australia Minimal Minimal None [23]
06U 10 – 13 January Tropical low Not specifiedNot Specified None None None None
07U 10 – 13 January Tropical low 55 km/h (35 mph)998 hPa (29.47 inHg) Solomon Islands None None None
Low 16 – 20 January Tropical low 30 km/h (15 mph)1003 hPa (29.62 inHg) Western Australia None None None
Low 13 – 16 February Tropical low Not SpecifiedNot Specified None None None None
Lam 13 – 20 February Category 4 severe tropical cyclone 185 km/h (115 mph)943 hPa (27.85 inHg) Queensland, Northern Territory, Western Australia $82.6 million $64.4 million None [48]
Marcia 15 – 26 February Category 5 severe tropical cyclone 205 km/h (125 mph)930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Queensland $750 million $591 million None
Olwyn 8 – 14 March Category 3 severe tropical cyclone 150 km/h (90 mph)960 hPa (28.35 inHg) Western Australia $100 million $76.1 million None
Nathan 9 – 25 March Category 4 severe tropical cyclone 165 km/h (105 mph)963 hPa (28.44 inHg) Queensland, Northern Territory, Western Australia Major Major None
Ikola 6 – 8 April Category 4 severe tropical cyclone 175 km/h (110 mph)951 hPa (28.08 inHg) None None None None
Quang 28 April – 1 May Category 4 severe tropical cyclone 195 km/h (120 mph)945 hPa (27.91 inHg) Western Australia None None None
Season Aggregates
15 systems 3 December – Currently active 205 km/h (125 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) $933 million $732 million None

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 National Climate Centre (13 October 2014). "2014–2015 Australian Tropical Cyclone Season Outlook". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 National Climate Centre (15 October 2014). "2014–2015 South Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season Outlook". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Southwest Pacific Tropical Cyclone Outlook: Near average tropical cyclone numbers for the region is likely, with increased activity from February onward". The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. 15 October 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
  4. ↑ Perth Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (13 October 2014). "Western Australia Seasonal Tropical Cyclone Outlook". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
  5. ↑ Darwin Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (14 October 2013). "Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Outlook for the Northern Territory". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
  6. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Outlook for The Coral Sea". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 13 October 2014. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "Southwest Pacific Tropical Cyclone Outlook Update". National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. February 9, 2015. Archived from the original on March 18, 2015. Retrieved March 18, 2015.
  8. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Outlook for the Western Region 10 December 2014". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 10 December 2014. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  9. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center. "Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert 11 December 2014 02:30z". United States Navy, United States Airforce. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  10. ↑ RSMC La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Center (11 December 2014). Bulletin for Cyclonic Activity and Significant Tropical Weather in the Southwest Indian Ocean 11 December 2014 12:06 UTC 2015 (Report). Météo-France. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Jakarta Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (11 December 2014). "Ocean Gale and Storm Warning 11 December 2014 14:46 UTC". Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics. Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  12. ↑ RSMC La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Center (12 December 2014). Bulletin for Cyclonic Activity and Significant Tropical Weather in the Southwest Indian Ocean 12 December 2014 12:06 UTC (Report). Météo-France. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  13. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (11 December 2014). "Tropical Cyclone 03S (Bakung) Warning 11 December 2014 21:00z". United States Navy, United States Airforce. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  14. ↑ Jakarta Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (12 December 2014). "Ocean Gale and Storm Warning 12 December 2014 01:29 UTC". Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics. Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  15. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (12 December 2014). "Tropical Cyclone 03S (Bakung) Warning 12 December 2014 09:00z". United States Navy, United States Airforce. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 RSMC La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Center (13 December 2014). Bulletin for Cyclonic Activity and Significant Tropical Weather in the Southwest Indian Ocean 13 December 2014 12:06 UTC (Report). Météo-France. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 January. Retrieved 1 January 2015. Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Jakarta Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (13 December 2014). "Ocean Gale and Storm Warning 13 December 2014 02:02 UTC". Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics. Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 RSMC La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Center (13 December 2014). Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning 13 December 2014 05:59 UTC (Report). Météo-France. Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  19. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (13 December 2014). "Tropical Cyclone 03S (Bakung) Warning 13 December 2014 09:00z". United States Navy, United States Airforce. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Western Australian Regional Office (1 January 2015). Severe Tropical Cyclone Kate (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  21. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Outlook for the Western Region 22 December 2014". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 22 December 2014. Archived from the original on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  22. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Outlook for the Western Region 2 January 2015". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2 January 2015. Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 "Tropical Cyclone Outlook for the Northern Region 2 January 2015". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2 January 2015. Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  24. ↑ http://www.9news.com.au/national/2015/02/20/06/50/men-missing-in-boat-off-fraser-island
  25. ↑ Pamela Frost (23 March 2015). "Damage bill for Cyclone Marcia reaches $750 million". Noosa News. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 "Cyclone Olwyn: Live updates". Perth Now. 14 March 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  27. ↑ "Barrow Island 24 Hour Observations". Daily Observations. Weatherzone. 12 March 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  28. ↑ "Learmonth 24 Hour Observations". Daily Observations. Weatherzone. 13 March 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 Daniel Smith and Geoff Boughton (March 16, 2015). "Cyclone Olwyn Rapid Damage Assessment Report". James Cook University. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 "Health fears as Carnarvon counts the cost of Tropical Cyclone Olwyn". Perth Now. 15 March 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  31. ↑ Kate Emery, Aiden Boyham and Natalie Brown (March 16, 2015). "Carnarvon counts the cost". The West Australian. Archived from the original on March 17, 2015. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
  32. ↑ "Shark Bay Ap Daily Summaries". Daily Summaries. Weatherzone. 22 March 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  33. ↑ "Geraldton Ap 24 Hour Observations". Daily Observations. Weatherzone. 14 March 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  34. ↑ "Perth Daily Summaries". Daily Summaries. Weatherzone. 22 March 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  35. ↑ Purtill, James. "Cyclone Nathan: Cyclone-ready Northern Territory town of Nhulunbuy hit harder than ever before". ABC News. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  36. ↑ Perth Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (3 December 2014). "Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin: Australia: Western Region: 3 December 2014: 19:00 UTC". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  37. ↑ Perth Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (3 December 2014). "High Seas Weather Warning for Metarea 10: 3 December 2014: 18:58 UTC". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  38. ↑ Perth Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (4 December 2014). "Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin: Australia: Western Region: 4 December 2014: 07:10 UTC". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "Tropical Cyclone Outlook for the Western Region 13 December 2014". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 13 December 2014. Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 "Tropical Cyclone Outlook for the Western Region 14 December 2014". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 14 December 2014. Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  41. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Outlook for the Western Region 15 December 2014". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 15 December 2014. Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  42. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Outlook for the Coral Sea 10 January 2015". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 10 January 2015. Archived from the original on 10 January 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  43. ↑ Brisbane Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre. "Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin: Australia: Eastern Region: 11 January 2015 07:17z". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 12 January 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
  44. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Outlook for the Coral Sea 13 January 2015". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 13 January 2015. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 45.4 Western Australian Regional Office (January 2015). Tropical Low (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "Tropical Cyclone Operational plan for the South Pacific & Southeast indian Ocean, 2012 Edition" (PDF). WMO. Retrieved 2013-07-04.
  47. ↑ Gary Padgett (2008). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary October". Australian Severe Weather. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
  48. ↑ Western Australian Regional Office (27 February 2015). Severe Tropical Cyclone Lam (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2015.

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