2011 Oklahoma earthquake

2011 Oklahoma earthquake

Earthquake damage

House damage from the earthquake
Epicenter
Date 03:53:10 UTC, November 6, 2011[1]
Magnitude 5.6[1]
Depth 3.1 miles (5 km)[1]
Epicenter 35°35′56″N 96°45′07″W / 35.599°N 96.752°WCoordinates: 35°35′56″N 96°45′07″W / 35.599°N 96.752°W
Type Intraplate earthquake
Areas affected United States
Max. intensity VIII - Severe[2]
USGS ShakeMap for the Oklahoma earthquake

The 2011 Oklahoma earthquake was a 5.6 magnitude intraplate earthquake which occurred on November 5 at 10:53 p.m. CDT (03:53 UTC November 6) in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.[1] According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), it was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in Oklahoma. The previous record was a 5.5 magnitude earthquake that struck near the town of El Reno in 1952.[3] The quake's epicenter was approximately 44 miles (71 km) east-northeast of Oklahoma City, near the town of Sparks and was felt in the neighboring states of Texas, Arkansas, Kansas and Missouri and even as far away as Tennessee and Wisconsin.[4] The quake followed several minor quakes earlier in the day, including a 4.7 magnitude foreshock.[4][5][6] The quake had a maximum perceived intensity of VIII on the Mercalli intensity scale as detected in the town of Prague.[2] Numerous aftershocks were detected after the main quake, with a few registering at 4.0 magnitude.[4]

Geology

The Oklahoma Geological Survey believes the earthquake occurred along the Wilzetta Fault, which is also known as the Seminole Uplift.[6] The Wilzetta Fault is a 55-mile (89 km) long fault zone that runs from central Pottawatomie County to the western part of Creek County.[7] It is a strike-slip fault, where two adjacent crustal blocks slide horizontally past each other, but unlike the similar moving San Andreas Fault, the Wilzetta Fault is not located near the margins of any tectonic plates. Earthquake activity in this region has been on the rise since 2008, though there is no indication that a more severe earthquake is imminent. From 1972 to 2008, between two to six earthquakes were recorded annually by the USGS, however 50 were recorded in 2009. The USGS and the Oklahoma Geological Survey are installing more seismometers to better monitor the increased activity. Aftershocks from the 5.6 quake, including some that can be felt, were expected to last for months.[8] The Oklahoma Geological Survey reported that a minor earthquake swarm which occurred in January 2011 could possibly have been due to hydraulic fracturing, which is a process used to extract oil from oil wells.[9] In November 2011 several geologists with the USGS that were contacted by Huffington Post said that the 5.6 magnitude quake was not due to the mechanical process of hydraulic fracturing itself, which they said causes tremors on a much smaller scale.[10].

In March 2013, an article published in the scientific journal Geology concluded that the earthquake could have been triggered by the cumulative effects of injecting oil drilling wastewater under high pressure into the underground.[11] An issue of the Journal of Geophysical Research published in March 2014 found that a magnitude 5.0 foreshock believed to be induced by fluid injection promoted failure of the rupture plain of the November 5 mainshock.[12]

Damage

Early reports indicated that U.S. Route 62 had "buckled" in three locations and that several nearby homes had major damage and there were also numerous reports of broken windows and other minor damage, mostly to residences.[13] Some local residents reported minor masonry damage and a chimney collapsed at one residence, while a few residents near the epicenter reported a noise which sounded like thunder in the distance as the earthquake struck.[14] The Oklahoma Department of Emergency Management reported that two people suffered minor injuries, 14 homes had various levels of damage, and that Benedictine Hall at St. Gregory's University in Shawnee had one turret collapse and two others damaged, forcing the closure of the building.[15] A trial on the 24th floor of the Thomas F Eagleton Courthouse in St Louis, Missouri was put into immediate recess after the building began to sway in the tremors, which prompted an evacuation. The trial resumed the next morning.

Radar imagery

The National Weather Service (NWS) reported that weather radar detected insects, bats and birds which had apparently taken flight immediately after the quake. The NWS radar indicated that the tremors were significant enough that those animals that could leave the ground, did so.[16]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Magnitude 5.6 - Oklahoma". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2011-11-05.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Pager - M 5.6 - Oklahoma". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2011-11-05.
  3. ↑ "Historic Earthquakes". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Oklahoma Hit With 10 Aftershocks Following 5.6-Magnitude Earthquake". Associated Press (FOX News). November 6, 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
  5. ↑ "Magnitude 4.7 - Oklahoma". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Preliminary Earthquake Report, November 5, 2011". Leonard Geophysical Observatory. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
  7. ↑ Parker Gay, S. (2003). "The Nemaha Trend—A System of Compressional Thrust-Fold, Strike-Slip Structural Features in Kansas and Oklahoma, Part 1" (PDF). Shale Shaker: 9–17, 39–49. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
  8. ↑ "Earthquake Summary". Magnitude 5.6 - Oklahoma. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
  9. ↑ Holland, Austin (August 2011). "Examination of Possibly Induced Seismicity from Hydraulic Fracturing in the Eola Field, Garvin County, Oklahoma" (PDF). Oklahoma Geological Survey. Retrieved 2011-11-13.
  10. ↑ Borenstein, Seth; Fahey, Jonathan (November 7, 2011). "Oklahoma Earthquakes Stronger Than Fracking Tremors, Experts Say". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2011-11-13.
  11. ↑ Keranen, Katie M.; Savage, Heather M.; Abers, Geoffrey A.; Cochran, Elizabeth S. (2013). "Potentially induced earthquakes in Oklahoma, USA: Links between wastewater injection and the 2011 Mw 5.7 earthquake sequence". Geology. doi:10.1130/G34045.1.
  12. ↑ Sumy, Danielle F.; Cochran, Elizabeth S.; Keranen, Katie M.; Wei, Maya; Abers, Geoffrey A. (March 7, 2014). "Observations of static Coulomb stress triggering of the November 2011 M5.7 Oklahoma earthquake sequence". Solid Earth. Journal of Geophysical Research 119 (3): 1904–1923. doi:10.1002/2013JB010612. Retrieved 2015-04-30.
  13. ↑ "Oklahoma quake buckles highway, damages several homes". Los Angeles Times. November 5, 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
  14. ↑ Dinger, Matt. "Record 5.6 magnitude earthquake shakes Oklahoma". News OK. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
  15. ↑ "Quake update: Several homes, university damaged; assessment ongoing". Tulsa World. November 6, 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
  16. ↑ Israel, Brett (November 7, 2011). "Oklahoma Quake Stirs Bird, Bug or Bat Swarm Seen on Radars". Our Amazing Planet. Retrieved 2011-11-16.

External links