2009 G-20 London summit

G-20 Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy

Official logo of the conference
Host country United Kingdom
Date 2 April 2009
Venue(s) ExCeL London London, United Kingdom
Participants G-20 + Spain, the Netherlands, NEPAD, ASEAN, the EU, the UN, the World Bank, the IMF, the WTO and the FSF
Follows Washington Summit, 2008
Precedes Pittsburgh Summit, 2009

The 2009 G-20 London Summit is the second meeting of the G-20 heads of state in discussion of financial markets and the world economy, which was held in London on 2 April 2009 at the ExCeL Exhibition Centre.[1] It followed the first G-20 Leaders Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy, which was held in Washington, D.C. on 14–15 November 2008.[2] Heads of government or heads of state from the Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors (G-20), plus some regional and international organisations attended. Due to the extended membership it has been referred to as the London Summit.[3]

The policing tactics at the event raised some controversy, particularly over the death of Ian Tomlinson.

It was revealed in June 2013 that GCHQ, the intelligence agency of the British government, had intercepted phone calls and monitored computers used by foreign delegates at the summit. Their actions were sanctioned by the British government and intelligence was passed to British government ministers.[4]

Agenda

As hosts, the British Treasury produced an extended agenda pamphlet proposing the issues to be addressed at the London Summit. The explicit goals was "to start the process of reform so as to manage globalisation as a force for good in the medium term."[5]

  1. Engaging concerted action to counter falling demand and fragile confidence (although different countries have different room for manoeuvre on monetary policy)[5]
  2. Developing joint actions to prevent further contagion and support vulnerable emerging and developing markets[5]
  3. Working together to address the flaws in the financial and supervisory architecture that crisis has exposed
  4. Strengthening cross-border co-ordination of financial regulation and international financial institutions like the Financial Stability Forum (FSF) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF)[5]
  5. Agreeing to boost world trade and reject protectionism as a way of moving towards more stable and secure global commodities markets[5]
  6. Reaffirming our shared commitment to meet the Millennium Development Goals[5]

Preparation

Leaders of the member countries began to prepare for the London Summit months before the effective date, notably with two official meetings dedicated to that preparation, one held in Berlin, Germany, on 22 February 2009 for European leaders, and another in Horsham, Sussex, United Kingdom, on 14 March 2009 for Finance Ministers.

European leaders summit

Leaders of the four European Union member countries of the G-20, the United Kingdom, Germany, France and Italy along with the two largest European non-members, Spain and the Netherlands, met in Berlin on 22 February 2009 to prepare for the London Summit and to co-ordinate their actions.[6] The meeting was organised at the initiative of German Chancellor Angela Merkel.

The leaders agreed that markets, financial institutions and the wide range of financial assets they create, and hedge funds should be subject to appropriate control. In addition, they have called for effective sanctions against tax havens.[7] They also agreed to impose sanctions against countries that intend to undermine their work. Finally, they advocated the doubling of funds available to the IMF.[8]

Finance ministers summit

Finance ministers and central bankers of the G-20 met in Horsham on 14 March 2009 to prepare for the London Summit. To restore global growth as quickly as possible, the participants decided to approve coordinated and decisive actions to stimulate demand and employment. They also pledged to fight against all forms of protectionism and to maintain trade and foreign investments.

The members also committed themselves to maintain the supply of credit by providing more liquidity and recapitalising the banking system, and to implement rapidly the stimulus plans. As for central bankers, they pledged to maintain low-rates policies as long as necessary. Finally, the leaders decided to help emerging and developing countries, through a strengthening of the IMF.

To strengthen the financial system, the participants proposed to regulate appropriately all important financial institutions, to register all hedge funds or their managers and to force them to provide appropriate information as to the risks they take.[9] They proposed to implement regulation to prevent the systemic risks and to curb business cycles, including the limitation of the leverage effect, which amplifies cycles.[9] They announced new measures to prevent and resolve crises, through the strengthening of the IMF and the FSF.[9] They agreed to control credit-rating agencies and their compliance with the Code of Conduct of the International Organization of Securities Commissions; off-balance-sheet vehicles; credit-derivatives market; and non-cooperative territories.[9]

Gordon Brown's pre-summit meetings

In the weeks before the London Summit, UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown visited several countries on three continents to try to secure backing for his goals at the London Summit. During the trip Brown was forced to re-clarify his position on fiscal stimulus after criticism from the Governor of the Bank of England. While speaking at the European Parliament in Strasbourg, France, he was challenged by a Member of the European Parliament over his spending plans. He also visited the US, Brazil, Argentina and Chile.[10] He strongly attacked protectionism saying "One of the messages that must come from next week's summit is that we will reject protectionist countries, we will monitor those countries and name and shame if necessary countries that are not following free trade practices".[11]

In the weeks leading up to the London Summit, there had been a growing difference of opinions on the question of implementing further fiscal stimulus. The British and the American leaderships were in favour of another round of stimulus packages to try to stimulate the global economy, while the French and German leaderships remained strongly opposed to such measures because of the increased levels of debt which this would cause. On 26 March 2009 the Czech Prime Minister Mirek Topolanek strongly criticised the economic expansion policies of US President Barack Obama.[12]

Attendance

Leaders of the G-20 countries present at the London Summit (taken before the proceedings on 2 April 2009).

G-20 leaders began gathering in London on 1 April 2009. Before leaving for the London Summit, French President Nicolas Sarkozy suggested that if a meaningful deal was not agreed France would walk out of the summit echoing the "empty chair" gesture of then-French President Charles de Gaulle in 1965.[13] At a joint press conference in London, Brown and Obama said that suggestions of a rift were exaggerated.[14] Sarkozy attended a separate press conference with Merkel in which both repeated calls for the summit to agree on more stringent regulation of financial markets and restated their firm opposition to further financial stimulus packages.[15]

On the evening of 1 April the leaders attended a reception at Buckingham Palace hosted by Elizabeth II. During a photograph she lightly rebuked the Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi for shouting too loudly in an effort to attract the attention of President Obama.[16] The story was featured heavily in the Italian media, and was used by opponents to lambast Berlusconi.[17] After the palace reception, the leaders dined at 10 Downing Street where the food was cooked by Jamie Oliver.[18]

The summit proper began on the morning of 2 April and took place at the Excel Centre in Custom House, east London.

Core participants

The following participants of the London summit include the core members of the G-20 major economies, which comprises 19 countries and the European Union which is represented by its two governing bodies, the European Council and the European Commission,[19] as well as other nations and regional organisations invited to take part.

Gordon Brown and Dmitry Medvedev at the front door of the Prime Minister' residence on Downing Street.
A working dinner at the summit – Left to right: Merkel, Obama, Lee, Abdullah, Lula da Silva.
G-20 members
Host nation and leader are indicated in bold text.
Member Represented by Title
Argentina Argentina Cristina Fernández de Kirchner President
Australia Australia Kevin Rudd Prime Minister
Brazil Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva President
Canada Canada Stephen Harper Prime Minister
China China Hu Jintao President
France France Nicolas Sarkozy President
Germany Germany Angela Merkel Chancellor
India India Manmohan Singh Prime Minister
Indonesia Indonesia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono President
Italy Italy Silvio Berlusconi Prime Minister
Japan Japan Taro Aso Prime Minister
Mexico Mexico Felipe Calderón President
Russia Russia Dmitry Medvedev President
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Abdullah bin Abdulaziz King
South Africa South Africa Kgalema Motlanthe President
South Korea South Korea Lee Myung-bak President
Turkey Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Prime Minister
United Kingdom United Kingdom Gordon Brown Prime Minister
United States United States Barack Obama President
European Union European Commission Jose Manuel Barroso President
European Council Mirek Topolánek President
Invited states
State Represented by Title
Netherlands Netherlands Jan Peter Balkenende Prime Minister
Spain Spain José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero Prime Minister
International organisations
Organisation Represented by Title
ASEAN Surin Pitsuwan [20] Secretary General
Financial Stability Forum Mario Draghi Chairman
International Monetary Fund Dominique Strauss-Kahn managing director
New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) Meles Zenawi Chairman
United Nations United Nations Ban Ki-moon Secretary General
World Bank Group Robert Zoellick President
World Trade Organization Pascal Lamy Director-General

Security operation

The security operation, Operation Glencoe headed by Commander Bob Broadhurst, was projected to cost £7.2 million. Six police forces were used during the operation: the Metropolitan Police, the City of London Police, British Transport Police and the forces of Essex Police, Sussex Police and Bedfordshire Police. Furthermore some units from the Ministry of Defence Police have been used. It is the highest security expenditure in British history.[21]

GCHQ interception of foreign politicians communications

In June 2013 The Guardian revealed that the intelligence agency of the British government, Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) spied on foreign politicians visiting the summit by intercepting phonecalls, emails and monitoring computers, in some cases even ongoing after the summit via keyloggers that had been installed during the summit.[4]

Protests

Protesters outside the Bank of England on 1 April 2009

The summit became the focus of protests from a number of disparate groups over various long standing and topical issues. These ranged from disquiet over economic policy, anger at the banking system and bankers remuneration and bonuses, the continued war on terror and concerns over climate change. Although the majority of the protests and protestors were peaceful, instances of violence and criminal damage led to the use of kettling to contain protestors.

Death of Ian Tomlinson

Ian Tomlinson, a newsagent in the City of London, died within a police cordon of the G-20 Meltdown protest near the Bank of England. Initially the City of London Police denied that any incident with the police had occurred. However video, photographic and eyewitness evidence was published in the media, and the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) confirmed that Tomlinson had been pushed back by police officers minutes before he collapsed and died of a heart attack. Further allegations that Tomlinson had been hit with a baton were supported when additional video footage became public. The IPCC then later ordered a second post mortem and an independent criminal inquiry,[22] with the second post mortem finding that although "there is evidence of coronary atherosclerosis" it was "unlikely to have contributed to the cause of death" and that "the cause of death was abdominal haemorrhage".[23]

Outcome

The London summit was a preliminary step in the process through which the G-20 evolved to become "the premier forum for discussing, planning and monitoring international economic co-operation".[24]

Financial commitments

The G-20 leaders reached an agreement which, in principle, provides US$1.1 trillion to various programs designed to improve international finance, credit, trade, and overall economic stability and recovery. There was some dispute about how best to move forward. On one hand, the UK and the USwanted a large financial stimulus. On the other hand, France and Germany wanted stricter financial regulation.[25] Programs include:[26]

Regulation

An agreement was also reached to attempt to bring wider global regulation of hedge funds and credit-rating agencies, a common approach to cleaning up bank toxic assets. The G-20 leaders also agreed to establish a financial stability forum working with the IMF to ensure wider global co-operation and to provide an early-warning system for future financial crises.

No green policies

Despite calls for a green new deal from Greenpeace[28] and others and general political hype regarding environmental concerns, none of the US$1.1 trillion stimulus package was allocated for environmental investment, and no other environmental agreements were made.[29]

Decreased influence of the United States

One of the general agreements at the London Summit is that there needs to be more government regulations over businesses, and there was a perception that the US would no longer be as dominant as it has been previously. Commenting on the summit, Robert Hormats, vice-chairman of Goldman Sachs International, said "The U.S. is becoming less dominant while other nations are gaining influence."[30]

Influence of China

The influence of China was very apparent during the G20 with some commentators saying that the G20 was more like a G2.[31][32][33]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Croft, Adrian. "London's ExCel Centre chosen as venue for G20 summit," Reuters (UK). 6 February 2009. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
  2. ↑ "UK to host G20 financial summit," Number 10, Prime Minister's office (UK). 26 November 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
  3. ↑ Flitton, Daniel. "Australia may struggle to find a seat at a future economic table," The Age (Australia). 1 April 2009. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 MacAskill, Ewen; Davies, Nick (16 June 2013). "GCHQ intercepted foreign politicians' communications at G20 summit". The Guardian (London).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Great Britain Cabinet Office. (2008). Managing the global economy through turbulent times, p. 7. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
  6. ↑ "Berlin, une étape importante avant Londres" ("An important step before London"). 7 sur 7 (Belgium). 22 February 2002. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
  7. ↑ "Staatspräsident Sarkozy beim G20-Vorbereitungstreffen in Berlin: Wir müssen ehrgeizige und glaubwürdige Maßnahmen vorschlage" ("President Sarkozy at the G-20 preparatory meeting in Berlin, we must propose ambitious and credible measures"). Embassy of France in Germany. 24 February 2009. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
  8. ↑ "Meeting of the European members of the G20 group in Berlin," Czech Presidency of the European Union. 23 February 2009. Retrieved 7 April 2011
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Official communiqué, issued by the G-20
  10. ↑ "Gordon Brown takes pre-G20 tour to Brazil". The Daily Telegraph (London). 26 March 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
  11. ↑ "Brown to urge G20 to fight protectionists". Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 1 April 2009.
  12. ↑ "Topolanek's criticisms of Obama's policies could sour EU-US relations". The Irish Times. 26 March 2009. Retrieved 1 April 2009.
  13. ↑ Watt, Nicholas (1 April 2009). "G20: Sarkozy's empty-chair threat shows EU fails to realise times have changed". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 29 March 2010.
  14. ↑ Bohan, Caren (1 April 2009). "UPDATE 1-Obama plays down G20 splits, seeks consensus". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 April 2009. Retrieved 1 April 2009.
  15. ↑ "France and Germany united at G20". BBC News. 1 April 2009. Archived from the original on 4 April 2009. Retrieved 2 April 2009.
  16. ↑
  17. ↑ John Hooper in Rome (6 April 2009). "ACTUAL ARTICLE TITLE BELONGS HERE!". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  18. ↑ Singh, Anita (1 April 2009). "ACTUAL ARTICLE TITLE BELONGS HERE!". The Daily Telegraph (London). Archived from the original on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  19. ↑ Rieffel, Lex. "Regional Voices in Global Governance: Looking to 2010 (Part IV)," Brookings. 27 March 2009; "core" members (G20 official site)
  20. ↑ Rana, Pradumna B. "How can Asia strengthen its voice at G-20?" The Korea Times. 6 July 2010; excerpt, "Under the present G-20 practice of inviting representatives of regional groupings, the ASEAN chair and the ASEAN secretary general participated at the London, Pittsburgh, and Toronto summits; "Thai PM warns of over-ambitious G20 summit," Agence France-Presse (AGF). 2 April 2009.
  21. ↑ "G20 summit: security operation launched". The Daily Telegraph (London). 28 March 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  22. ↑ Dodd, Vikram. Ian Tomlinson death: IPCC takes over inquiry from G20 protests police force, The Guardian, 8 April 2009.
  23. ↑ "Ian Tomlinson second postmortem: coroner and family statements". The Guardian (London). 18 April 2009. Archived from the original on 20 April 2009. Retrieved 18 April 2009.
  24. ↑ Parliament (UK): Townsend, Ian. "G20 & the November 2010 Seoul summit" (SN/EP/5028), 19 October 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2011; excerpt, "Today, we designated the G-20 as the premier forum for our international economic cooperation" citing "Pittsburgh G20 Leaders’ summit communiqué," ¶50 29 September 2009. Retrieved 2011-04-07; excerpt, "Today, we designated the G-20 as the premier forum for our international economic co-operation. We have asked our representatives to report back at the next meeting with recommendations on how to maximise the effectiveness of our co-operation. We agreed to have a G-20 Summit in Canada in June 2010, and in Korea in November 2010. We expect to meet annually thereafter, and will meet in France in 2011.
  25. ↑ "France is threatening G20 walkout," BBC. 31 March 2009. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
  26. ↑ "G20 leaders seal $1tn global deal". BBC. 2 April 2009. Archived from the original on 3 April 2009. Retrieved 3 April 2009.
  27. ↑ "G20 agrees $250 billion trade financing deal". Reuters. 2 April 2009. Archived from the original on 8 April 2009. Retrieved 3 April 2009.
  28. ↑ "G20: What a laugh!". Greaenpeace.org. 1 April 2009. Archived from the original on 25 July 2010. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  29. ↑ Monbiot, George (2 April 2009). "G20 forgets the environment – Climate breakdown, peak oil and resource depletion all dwarf the financial crisis in financial and humanitarian terms". The Guardian (London). Archived from the original on 6 April 2009. Retrieved 8 April 2009.
  30. ↑ "G-20 Shapes New World Order With Lesser Role for U.S., Markets". Bloomberg L.P. 2 April 2009. Retrieved 3 April 2009.
  31. ↑ "China and the G20: China takes centre stage | The Economist". 31 March 2009. Archived from the original on 1 August 2009. Retrieved 31 July 2009.
  32. ↑ Logged in as click here to log out (26 March 2009). "ACTUAL ARTICLE TITLE BELONGS HERE!". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  33. ↑ "ACTUAL ARTICLE TITLE BELONGS HERE!". Financial Times. 8 April 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2010.

References

External links

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