2008 in paleontology

List of years in paleontology
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Important finds in 2008

Paleontology, palaeontology or palæontology (from Greek: paleo, "ancient"; ontos, "being"; and logos, "knowledge") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.^[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because mankind has encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2008.

Plants

Angiosperms

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Dillhoffia^[2]	Gen. et sp. nov.	Valid	Manchester & Pigg	Ypresian	Unnamed Formation, Kamloops Group	Canada		Dillhoffia cachensis
Pluricarpellatia^[3]	Gen. et sp. nov.	Valid	Mohr, Bernardes-de-Oliveira & Taylor	Early Cretaceous	Crato Formation	Brazil

Monocots

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Montrichardia aquatica^[4]	sp nov	Valid	Herrera et al	Middle to late Paleocene	Cerrejón Formation	Colombia	only fossil record of the genus Montrichardia
Petrocardium^[4]	gen et sp nov	Valid	Herrera et al	Middle to late Paleocene	Cerrejón Formation	Colombia	Two named species Petrocardium cerrejonense and Petrocardium wayuuorum

Protozoa

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Paleoleishmania neotropicum^[5]	sp nov	Valid	Poinar	Burdigalian	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	second record, and youngest, of the extinct genus Paleoleishmania

Arthropoda

Insects

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Formosibittacus^[6]	gen et sp nov	Vaild	Li, Ren & Shih	Middle Jurassic	Jiulongshan Formation	China	A bittacid
Haidomyrmodes^[7]	gen et sp nov	Vaild	Perrichot et al	Middle Cretaceous	French Amber	France	A Sphecomyrminae ant
Jurahylobittacus^[6]	gen et sp nov	Valid	Li, Ren & Shih	Middle Jurassic	Jiulongshan Formation	China	A bittacid
Lutzomyia adiketis^[5]	sp nov	Valid	Poinar	Burdigalian	Dominican amber, Hispaniola	Dominican Republic	Vector for the extinct Trypanosomatidae species Paleoleishmania neotropicum
Proraphidia gomezi^[8]	sp nov	Valid	Jarzembowski	Lower Cretaceous	Lower Weald Clay	England
Proraphidia hopkinsi^[8]	sp nov	Valid	Jarzembowski	Barremian		Spain
Sinomeganeura^[9]	gen et sp nov	Valid	Ren, Nel, & Prokop	Namurian	Tupo Formation	China	Third Namurian age Meganeuridae griffenfly described.
Syndesus ambericus^[10]	Sp nov	Vaild	Woodruff	Burdigalian	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A stag beetle
Termitaradus avitinquilinus^[11]	Sp nov	Vaild	Grimaldi & Engel	Burdigalian	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A termite bug

Xiphosurans

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Lunataspis	gen et sp nov	Valid taxon	Nowlan, Rudkin, & Young	Late Ordovician	Churchill River Group?	Canada

Fishes

Cartilaginous fish

Cicimurri D. J., Parris D. C., Everhart M. J. (2008). "Partial dentition of a chimaeroid fish (Chondrichthyes, Holocephali) from the Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Chalk of Kansas, USA". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 (1): 34–40. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[34:PDOACF]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634.

Placoderms

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Materpiscis^[12]	gen et sp nov	Valid	J. A. Long, K. Trinajstic, G. C. Young, & T. Senden	Late Devonian	Gogo Formation	Australia	discovered with fossilized embryo.	Materpiscis embryo features

Amphibians

Jenkins, F. A., jr, Shubin, N. H., Gatesy, S. M., and Warren, A., 2008, Gerrothorax pulcherrimus from the Upper Triassic Fleming Fjord Formation of East Greenland and a reassessment of head lifting in temnospondyl feeding: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 28, n. 4, p. 935-950.

Newly named amphibians

Name	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Beelzebufo^[13]	Valid taxon	Evans Jones Krause	Late Cretaceous (70 mya)	Maevarano Formation	Madagascar		An artist's depiction of Beelzebufo
Gerobatrachus^[14]	Valid taxon	Anderson Reisz Scott Fröbisch Sumida	Early Permian (290 mya)		Baylor County, Texas
Oumtkoutia^[15]	Valid taxon	Rage Dutheil	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Kem Kem Beds	Morocco	A pipid anuran.

Ornithodirans

Newly named pterosaurs

Name	Status	Authors	Notes
Elanodactylus	Valid	Andres Ji, Q.
Hongshanopterus	Valid	Xiaolin Wang de Almeida et al.
Mythunga	Valid	Molnar Thulborn, R.A.
Nemicolopterus	Valid	Wang Kellner et al.
Raeticodactylus	Junior synonym	Stecher	Jr. synonym of Caviramus
Shenzhoupterus	Valid	Lü J. Unwin et al.
Volgadraco	Valid	Averianov Arkhangelsky Pervushov		Russia

Dinosaurs

Oviraptorosaurian eggs with embryonic skeletons are discovered for the first time in China.^[16]
Mongolian Late Jurassic theropod fossils are found for the first time.^[17]
A new study on morphological variation in shed theropod teeth from the Mil River Formation is published.^[18]

Newly named dinosaurs

28 new dinosaur genera were erected in 2008. Data courtesy of George Olshevky's dinosaur genera list.^[19]

Name	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Austroraptor^[20]	Valid	Novas Pol et al.^{[CAL 1]}	Campanian–Maastrichtian	Allen Formation	Argentina	The largest dromaeosaurid yet discovered in the Southern Hemisphere.	Austroraptor Diceratus Dollodon Eocarcharia Epidexipteryx Gobiceratops Kryptops Tastavinsaurus
Dakotadon^[21]	Valid	Paul	Barremian	Lakota Formation	USA	A new genus for "Iguanodon" lakotaensis (Weishampel and Bjork, 1989).
Daxiatitan^[22]	Valid	You Li et al.^{[CAL 2]}	Lower Cretaceous	Lanzhou Basin	China	A basal titanosaur.
Diceratus^[23]	Junior synonym	Mateus	Late Cretaceous	Lance Formation	USA	Objective junior synonym of Nedoceratops; possible junior synonym of Triceratops.
Dollodon^[21]	Valid	Paul	Barremian	Bernissart	Belgium	An iguanodontian.
Dongyangosaurus^[24]	Valid	Lü Azuma et al.^{[CAL 3]}	early Late Cretaceous	Fangyang Formation	China	A titanosauriform.
Duriavenator^[25]	Valid	Benson	Bajocian	Dorset	United Kingdom	A megalosaurid.
Eocarcharia^[26]	Valid	Sereno Brusatte	Aptian/Albian	Elrhaz Formation	Niger	A carcharodontosaurid.
Eomamenchisaurus^[27]	Valid	Lü Li et al.^{[CAL 4]}	Middle Jurassic	Zhanghe Formation	China	A mamenchisaurid.
Epidexipteryx^[28]	Valid	Zhang Zhou et al.^{[CAL 5]}	Late Jurassic	Daohugou Beds	China	An avialian.
Gobiceratops^[29]	Valid	Alifanov	Late Cretaceous	Baruungoyot Formation	Mongolia	Possible junior synonym of Bagaceratops.
Kryptops^[26]	Valid	Sereno Brusatte	Aptian/Albian	Elrhaz Formation	Niger	An abelisaurid.
Loricatosaurus^[30]	Valid	Maidment Norman et al.^{[CAL 6]}	Callovian		England France	A stegosaurid.
Microceratus^[23]	Nomen dubium	Mateus	Campanian		China
Orkoraptor^[31]	Valid	Novas Ezcurra Lecuona	Maastrichtian	Pari Aike Formation	Argentina	A neovenatorid.
Peloroplites^[32]	Valid	Carpenter Bartlett et al.^{[CAL 7]}	Lower Cretaceous	Cedar Mountain Formation	USA	A nodosaurid ankylosaur.
Pitekunsaurus^[33]	Valid	Filippi Garrido	Campanian	Anacleto Formation	Argentina	A titanosaur.
Qingxiusaurus^[34]	Valid	Mo Huang et al.^{[CAL 8]}	Late Cretaceous		China	A titanosaur.
Sahaliyania^[35]	Valid	Godefroit Hai et al.^{[CAL 9]}	Maastrichtian	Yuliangze Formation	China	A lambeosaurine hadrosaurid.
Similicaudipteryx^[36]	Valid	He Wang Zhou	Aptian	Jiufotang Formation	China	A caudipterid oviraptorosaur.
Tastavinsaurus^[37]	Valid	Canudo Royo-Torres Cuenca-Bescós	Aptian	Xert Formation	Spain	A titanosauriform.
Uberabatitan^[38]	Valid	Salgado Carvalho	Upper Cretaceous	Marília Formation	Brazil	A titanosaur.
Wulagasaurus^[35]	Valid	Godefroit Hai et al.^{[CAL 9]}	Maastrichtian	Yuliangze Formation	China	A saurolophine hadrosaurid.

Newly named birds

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Aegolius martae ^[39]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Marco Pavia	Early/Middle Pleistocene	Sicily	Italy: Sicily	A Strigidae.
Bermuteo avivorus ^[40]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Storrs L. Olson	Late Pleistocene		Bermuda	An Accipitridae, this is the type species of the new genus.
Bountyphaps obsoleta ^[41]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Trevor H. Worthy Graham M. Wragg	Subrecent	Henderson Island	Pitcairn	A Columbidae, this is the type species of the new genus.
Calonectris wingatei ^[42]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Storrs L. Olson	Middle Pleistocene		Bermuda	A Procellariidae.
Caracara tellustris ^[43]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Storrs L. Olson	Holocene		Jamaica	A Falconidae.
Cathayornis chabuensis ^[44]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Li Jianjun Li Zhiheng Zhang Yuguang Zhou Zhonghe Bai Zhiqiang Zhang Lifu Ba Tuya	Early Cretaceous	Jinchuan Formation	China	A Cathayornithidae Zhou, Jin et Zhang, 2006, Enantiornithes Walker, 1981.
Certhiops rummeli ^[45]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Albrecht Manegold	Early Miocene	MN 3	Germany: Bavaria	A Certhioidea, this is the type species of the new genus.
Didactylornis jii ^[46]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Yuan Chongxi	Lower Cretaceous	Jiufotang Formation	China	Basal pygostylia, Sapeornithidae, this is the type species of the new genus.
Enantiophoenix electrophyla ^[47]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Andrea Cau Paolo Arduini	Upper Cretaceous		Lebanon	An Enantiornithes Walker, 1981, Avisauridae Brett-Surman et Paul, 1985, this is the type species of the new genus.
Eoconfuciusornis zhengi ^[48]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Fucheng Zhang Zhonghe Zhou Michael Benton	Lower Cretaceous	Dabeigou Formation	China	A Primitive Confuciusornithidae Hou, Zhou, Gu et Zhang, 1995, this is the type species of the new genus.
Ephippiorhynchus tchoufour ^[49]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Antoine Louchart Yohannes Haile-Selassie Patrick Vignaud Androssa Likius Michel Brunet	Late Miocene	ca 7 Ma	Chad	A Ciconiidae.
Eurotrochilus noniewiczi ^[50]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Zygmunt Bochenski Zbigniew Bochenski	Early Oligocene	Late Rupelian	Poland	A new European species of the Trochilidae.
Foudia delloni ^[51]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Anthony S. Cheke Julian P. Hume	Subrecent	Not seen since 1672	Réunion	The original Foudia from Réunion.
Hokkaidornis abashiriensis ^[52]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Kazuhiko Sakurai Masaichi Kimura Takayuki Katoh	Late Oligocene	Tokoro Formation	Japan	A Plotopteridae Howard, 1969, this is the type species of the new genus.
Jabiru codorensis ^[53]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Stig A. Walsh Rodolfo Sánchez	Early Pliocene	Codore Formation, Middle El Jebe Member	Venezuela	A Ciconiidae.
Leptoptilos patagonicus ^[54]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Jorge I. Noriega Gerardo Cladera	Late Miocene	Puerto Madryn Formation	Argentina	A Ciconiidae.
Manuherikia douglasi ^[55]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Trevor H. Worthy Alan J. D. Tennyson Suzanne J. Hand R. Paul Scofield	Early-Middle Miocene	Bannockburn Formation	New Zealand	An Anatidae, Anserinae.
Megadyptes waitaha ^[56]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Sanne Boessenkool Jeremy J. Austin Trevor H. Worthy R. Paul Scofield Alan Cooper Philip J. Seddon Jonathan M. Waters	Late Holocene	Subrecent	New Zealand	A Spheniscidae, when it became extinct it made room for Megadyptes antipodes.
Mopsitta tanta ^[57]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	David W. Waterhouse Bent E. K, Lindow Nikita V. Zelenkov Gareth J. Dyke	Early Eocene, Ypresian	Fur Formation	Denmark	Described in the Psittaciformes, Gerald Mayr, 2009 sees no reasons to place the species in Psittaciformes.
Palaeortyx volans ^[58]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Ursula B. Göhlich Marco Pavia	Neogene	Gargano	Italy	A Phasianidae.
Pelagornis mauretanicus ^[59]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Cécille Mourer-Chauviré Denis Geraads	Late Pliocene	Ahl al Oughlam	Morocco	A Pelagornithidae Fürbringer, 1888.
Pengornis houi ^[60]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Zhou Zhonghe Julia A. Clarke Zhang Fucheng	Early Cretaceous	Jiufotang Formation	China	An Enantiornithes Walker, 1981, this is the type species of the new genus snd the type genus of the new family Pengornithidae Wang, O’Connor, Zheng, Wang, Hu et Zhou, 2014.
Phaethusavis pelagicus ^[61]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Estelle Bourdon Mbarek Amaghzaz Baâdi Bouya	Early Eocene	Early Ypresian	Morocco	A Phaethontidae, this is the type species of the new genus.
Pleistovultur nevesi ^[62]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Herculano M. F. de Alvarenga Guilherme R. R. Brito Rafael Migotto Alex Hubbe Elizabeth Höfling	Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene		Brazil	A Cathartidae, this is the type species of the new genus.
Thomasococcyx philohippus ^[63]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	David W. Steadman	Early Miocene	Hemingfordian LMA	USA: Florida	A Cuculidae, this is the type species of the new genus.
Tirarinetta kanunka ^[64]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Trevor H. Worthy	Pliocene	Tirari Formation	Australia South Australia	An Anatidae, this is the type species of the new genus.
Zhongornis haoae ^[65]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Gao Chunling Luis M. Chiappe Meng Qinjing Jingmai O'Connor Wang Xuri Cheng Xiaodong Liu Jinyuan	Lower Cretaceous	Yixian Formation	China	Basal Aves, this is the type species of the new genus.
Zygodactylus luberonensis ^[66]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Gerald Mayr	Early Oligocene	MP 23-24	France	A Zygodactylidae Brodkorb, 1971, ?Piciformes.

Other publications

Hutchinson, J.R., Miller, C., Fritsch, G., and Hildebrandt, T. 2008. The anatomical foundation for multidisciplinary studies of animal limb function: examples from dinosaur and elephant limb imaging studies; pp. 23–38 in Endo, H. and Frey, R. (eds.), Anatomical Imaging: Towards a New Morphology. Springer Verlag, Tokyo.

Witmer, L.M., Ridgely, R.C., Dufeau, D.L., and Semones, M.C. 2008. Using CR to peer into the past: 3D visualization of the brain and ear regions of birds, crocodiles, and nonavian dinosaurs; pp. 67–88 in Endo, H. and Frey, R. (eds.), Anatomical Imaging: Towards a New Morphology. Springer Verlag, Tokyo.

Anapsids

Newly named anapsids

Currently valid anapsid genera named in 2008
Name	Status	Authors	Images
Odontochelys^[67]	Valid taxon	Li et al.	Odontochelys
Condorchelys^[68]	Valid taxon	Sterli

Squamates

new taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Itaboraiophis^[69]	gen et sp nov	Valid	Rage	Middle Paleocene		Brazil	A "booid"-grade snake of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Itaboraiophis depressus.
Kuwajimalla^[70]	gen et sp nov	Valid	Evans & Manabe	Early Cretaceous (Valanginian to Hauterivian)	Kuwajima Formation	Japan	A polyglyphanodontian lizard. The type species is Kuwajimalla kagaensis.
Merkurosaurus^[71]	gen et sp nov	Valid	Klembara	Early Miocene		Czech Republic	A member of Anguimorpha, might be related to the Chinese crocodile lizard. The type species is Merkurosaurus ornatus.
Ovoo^[72]	gen et sp nov	Valid	Norell, Gao, & Conrad	Late Cretaceous	near Ukhaa Tolgod	Mongolia	one of the oldest monitor lizards
Paraungaliophis^[69]	gen et sp nov	Valid	Rage	Middle Paleocene		Brazil	A snake related to members of the genus Ungaliophis. The type species is Paraungaliophis pricei.
Paulacoutophis^[69]	gen et sp nov	Valid	Rage	Middle Paleocene		Brazil	A booid-grade snake of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Paulacoutophis perplexus.
Taniwhasaurus mikasaensis^[73]	sp nov	Valid	Caldwell, Konishi, Obata, & Muramoto	upper Santonian-lower Campanian		Japan	Third identified species for the genus Taniwhasaurus
Tianyusaurus^[74]	gen et sp nov	Valid	Lü et al.	Late Cretaceous	Qiupa Formation	China	A polyglyphanodontian lizard. The type species is Tianyusaurus zhengi.
Tinosaurus indicus^[75]	Sp nov	Valid	Prasad & Bajpai	Early Eocene	Cambay Shale	India	An agamid lizard, a species of Tinosaurus.
Vallecillosaurus^[76]	gen et sp nov	Valid	Smith & Buchy	Late Cretaceous (early Turonian)	Agua Nueva Formation	Mexico	A member of Mosasauroidea of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Vallecillosaurus donrobertoi.
Vastanagama^[75]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Prasad & Bajpai	Early Eocene	Cambay Shale	India	An agamid lizard. The type species is Vastanagama susani.

New papers

Everhart, M.J. (2008). "A bitten skull of Tylosaurus kansasensis (Squamata: Mosasauridae) and a review of mosasaur-on-mosasaur pathology in the fossil record". Kansas Academy of Science, Transactions 111 (3/4): 251–262. doi:10.1660/0022-8443-111.3.251.

Everhart, M.J. 2008. The mosasaurs of George F. Sternberg, paleontologist and fossil photographer. Proceedings of the Second Mosasaur Meeting, Fort Hays Studies Special Issue 3, Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas, pp. 37–46.

Polcyn, M.J. and Everhart, M.J. 2008. Description and phylogenetic analysis of a new species of Selmasaurus (Mosasauridae: Plioplatecarpinae) from the Niobrara Chalk of western Kansas. Proceedings of the Second Mosasaur Meeting, Fort Hays Studies Special Issue 3, Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas, pp. 13–28.

Polcyn, M.J., Bell, G.L., Jr., Shimada, K. and Everhart, M.J. 2008. The oldest North American mosasaurs (Squamata: Mosasauridae) from the Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) of Kansas and Texas with comments on the radiation of major mosasaur clades. Proceedings of the Second Mosasaur Meeting, Fort Hays Studies Special Issue 3, Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas, pp. 137–155.

Everhart, M.J. 2008. Rare occurrence of a Globidens sp. (Reptilia; Mosasauridae) dentary in the Sharon Springs Member of the Pierre Shale (Middle Campanian) of Western Kansas. p. 23-29 in Farley G. H. and Choate, J.R. (eds.), Unlocking the Unknown; Papers Honoring Dr. Richard Zakrzewski, Fort Hays Studies, Special Issue No. 2, 153 p., Fort Hays State University, Hays, KS.

Plesiosaurs

New taxa

Name	Status	Authors		Notes
Nichollsia	renamed	Druckenmiller Russell		Nichollsia preoccupied by a genus of isopod, renamed in 2009 to Nichollssaura
Occitanosaurus	valid	Bardet Fernandez Garcia-Ramos Superbiola Pinuela Ruiz-Omenaca Vincent

Synapsids

Non-mammalian

Name	Status	Authors	Age	Location	Notes
Alrausuchus^[77]	Valid	Ivakhnenko	Middle Permian	Russia	A new genus for "Biarmosuchus" tagax
Megawhaitsia^[78]	Valid	Ivakhnenko	Upper Permian	Russia

Mammal

Newly named mammals
Name	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Siamoadapis^[79]	Valid	Chaimanee Yamee Tian Chavasseau Jaeger	Middle Miocene		Thailand
Merycopotamus thachangensis^[80]	Valid	Hanta Ratanasthien Kunimatsu Saegusa Nakaya Nagaoka Jintasakul	Late Miocene		Thailand

Related happenings in geology

^[81]

Footnotes

Complete author list

As science becomes more collaborative, papers with large numbers of authors are becoming more common. To prevent the deformation of the tables, these footnotes list the contributors to papers that erect new genera and have many authors.

↑ Novas, Pol, Canale, Porfiri, Calvo.
↑ You, Li, Zhou, Ji.
↑ Lü, Azuma, Chen, Zheng, Jin.
↑ Lü, Li, Zhong, Ji, Li.
↑ Zhang, Zhou, Xu, Wang, Sullivan.
↑ Maidment, Norman, Barrett, Upchurch.
↑ Carpenter, Bartlett, Bird, Barrick.
↑ Mo, Huang, Zhao, Wang, Xu.
↑ 9.0 9.1 Godefroit, Hai, Yu, Lauters.

References

↑ Gini-Newman, Garfield; Graham, Elizabeth (2001). Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ISBN 9780070887398. OCLC 46769716.
↑ Manchester, S.; Pigg, K. (2008). "The Eocene mystery flower of McAbee, British Columbia". Botany 86 (9): 1034–1038. doi:10.1139/B08-044.
↑ Mohr, B.A.R.; Bernardes-de-Oliveira, M.E.C.; Taylor, D.W. (2008). "Pluricarpellatia, a nymphaealean angiosperm from the Lower Cretaceous of northern Gondwana (Crato Formation, Brazil)". Taxon 57 (4): 1147–1158.
↑ 4.0 4.1 Herrera, F.A.; Jaramillo, C.A.; Dilcher, D.L.; Wing, S.L.; Gómez-N, C. (2007). "Fossil Araceae from a Paleocene neotropical rainforest in Colombia". American Journal of Botany 95 (12): 1569–1583. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800172. PMID 21628164.
↑ 5.0 5.1 Poinar, G. (2008). "Lutzomyia adiketis sp. n. (Diptera: Phlebotomidae), a vector of Paleoleishmania neotropicum sp. n. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in Dominican amber". Parasites & Vectors 1 (1): 22. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-1-22. PMC 2491605. PMID 18627624.
↑ 6.0 6.1 Li, Y-L.; Ren, D.; Shih, C-K (2008). "Two Middle Jurassic hanging-flies (Insecta: Mecoptera: Bittacidae) from Northeast China" (PDF). Zootaxa 1929: 38–46. ISSN 1175-5334.
↑ Perrichot, V.; Nel, A.; Néraudeau, D.; Lacau, S.; Guyot, T. (2008). "New fossil ants in French Cretaceous amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Naturwissenschaften 95 (2): 91–97. doi:10.1007/s00114-007-0302-7. PMID 17828384.
↑ 8.0 8.1 Jepson, J.E.; Jarzembowski, E.A. (2008). "Two new species of snakefly (Insecta:Raphidioptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of England and Spain with a review of other fossil raphidiopterans from the Jurassic/Cretaceous transition" (PDF). Alavesia 2: 193–201.
↑ Ren, D.; Nel, A.; Prokop, J. (2008). "New early griffenfly, Sinomeganeura huangheensis from the Late Carboniferous of northern China (Meganisoptera: Meganeuridae)" (PDF). Insect Systematic Evolution 38: 223–229. doi:10.1163/187631208788784075. ISSN 1399-560X.
↑ Woodruff, R.E. (2009). "A new fossil species of stag beetle from Dominican Republic amber, with Australasian connections (Coleoptera: Lucanidae)". Insecta Mundi 0098: 1–10.
↑ Grimaldi, D.; Engel, M. S. (2008). "A termite bug in Early Miocene amber of the Dominican Republic (Hemiptera: Termitaphididae)" (PDF). American Museum Novitates 3619: 1–10. doi:10.1206/610.1.
↑ Long, J. A.; Trinajstic, K.; Young, G. C.; Senden, T. (2008). "Live birth in the Devonian period". Nature 453 (7195): 650–652. Bibcode:2008Natur.453..650L. doi:10.1038/nature06966. PMID 18509443.
↑ Evans, Susan E.; Jones, Marc E. H.; Krause, David W. (2008). "A giant frog with South American affinities from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105 (8): 2951–2956. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.2951E. doi:10.1073/pnas.0707599105. PMC 2268566. PMID 18287076.
↑ Anderson J.S.; Reisz, RR; Scott, D; Fröbisch, NB; Sumida, SS (2008). "A stem batrachian from the Early Permian of Texas and the origin of frogs and salamanders". Nature 453 (7194): 515–518. Bibcode:2008Natur.453..515A. doi:10.1038/nature06865. PMID 18497824.
↑ Jean-Claude Rage and Didier B. Dutheil. "Amphibians and squamates from the Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Morocco. A preliminary study, with description of a new genus of pipid frog". Palaeontographica Abteilung A 285 (1–3): 1–22.
↑ Cheng, Y.-N.; Ji, Q.; Wu, X.-C.; Shan, H.-Y. (2008). "Oviraptorosaurian eggs (Dinosauria) with embryonic skeletons discovered for the first time in China". Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 82 (6): 1089–1094.
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