1st Armoured Division (Poland)

1st Armoured Division

Badge of the 1st Armoured Division inspired by the headdress of Polish winged hussars
Active 1942–47
Country Poland
Branch Land forces
Type Armoured
Size 16,000 soldiers, 380 tanks, 470 guns
Nickname Black Division
Black Devils
Engagements

World War II

Commanders
Notable
commanders		 Stanisław Maczek

The Polish 1st Armoured Division (Polish 1 Dywizja Pancerna) was an Allied military unit during World War II. Created in February 1942 at Duns in Scotland, it was commanded by General Stanisław Maczek and at its peak numbered approximately 16,000 soldiers.

History

Map of the route of the Division during World War II
Map of the Division's participation in the Battle of Falaise
Crusader tank of Polish 1st Armoured Division near Haddington 1943
Polish self-propelled anti-aircraft guns of the 10th Mounted Rifle Regiment near Caen at the beginning of the Falaise operation.

The Division was formed as part of the I Polish Corps, which guarded approximately 200 kilometres of British coast in 1940-1941. In the UK, it participated in war games together with the 4th Canadian (Armoured) Division, and later fought in France, the Low Countries and Germany.

Normandy

By the end of July 1944, the 1st Armoured had been transferred to Normandy, its final elements arriving on 1 August. The unit was attached to the First Canadian Army. This may have been done to help in communication, as the vast majority of Poles did not speak English when they arrived in UK from 1940 onwards. The Division joined combat on 8 August during Operation Totalize. It twice suffered serious casualties as a result of "friendly fire" from Allied aircraft, but achieved a victory against the Wehrmacht in the battles for Mont Ormel,[1] and the town of Chambois. This series of offensive and defensive operations came to be known as the Battle of Falaise, in which a large number of German army and SS divisions were trapped in the Falaise pocket[2] and subsequently destroyed. Maczek's division had the crucial role of closing the pocket at the escape route of the trapped German divisions, hence the fighting was desperate and the 2nd Polish Armoured Regiment, 24th Polish Lancers and 10th Dragoons, supported by the 8th and 9th Infantry Battalions, took the brunt of German attacks by units attempting to break free from the pocket. Surrounded and running out of ammunition, they withstood incessant attacks from multiple fleeing panzer divisions for 48 hours until they were relieved (for more read about General Kitching' controversy).

Belgium and the Netherlands

After the Allied armies broke out from Normandy, the Polish 1st Armoured Division pursued the Germans along the coast of the English Channel. It liberated, among others, the towns of Saint-Omer, Ypres, Oostnieuwkerke, Roeselare, Tielt, Ruislede, and Ghent. A successful outflanking manoeuvre planned and performed by General Maczek allowed the liberation of the city of Breda without any civilian casualties (29 October 1944). The Division spent the winter of 1944-1945 on the south bank of the river Rhine, guarding a sector around Moerdijk, Netherlands. In early 1945, it was transferred to the province of Overijssel and started to push with the Allies along the Dutch-German border, liberating the eastern parts of the provinces of Drenthe and Groningen including the towns of Emmen, Coevorden and Stadskanaal.

Memorial in Saint Omer to the Polish 1st Armoured Division

Germany

In April 1945, the 1st Armoured entered Germany in the area of Emsland. On 6 May, the Division seized the Kriegsmarine naval base in Wilhelmshaven, where General Maczek accepted the capitulation of the fortress, naval base, East Frisian Fleet and more than 10 infantry divisions. There the Division ended the war and, joined by the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade, undertook occupation duties until it was disbanded in 1947; it, together with the many Polish displaced persons in the Western occupied territories, formed a Polish enclave at Haren in Germany, which was for a while known as "Maczków". The majority of its soldiers opted not to return to Poland, which fell under Soviet occupation, preferring instead to remain in exile.[3]

Organization during 1944–45

1st Armoured Division - General Stanisław Maczek - comprising:-

10th Armoured Cavalry Brigade (10 Brygada Kawalerii Pancernej) - Col. T. Majewski
3rd Polish Infantry Brigade (3 Brygada Piechoty) - Col. Marian Wieroński 
Divisional Artillery (Artyleria dywizyjna) - Col. B. Noel 
Other Units 

Numbers

Dramatization

The Division is the subject of a 'Polish campaign' in the best-selling Call of Duty 3 video game. The PS2 version included an interview with a veteran.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The battle: history, Memorial of Coudehard - Montormel
  2. ↑ The battle: August 19th, 1944: the closing of the pocket, Memorial of Coudehard - Montormel
  3. ↑ The battle: 1-sza Polska Dywizja Pancerna - Organization, Memorial of Coudehard - Montormel
  4. ↑ THE A27M CROMWELL TANK

References

Further reading

External links

Movie