1998 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

1998 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Season summary map
First system formed May 18, 1998
Last system dissipated December 17, 1998
Strongest storm 03A – 938 hPa (mbar), 195 km/h (120 mph) (1-minute sustained)
Depressions 13
Deep depressions 10
Cyclonic storms 6
Severe cyclonic storms 5
Very severe cyclonic storms 3
Total fatalities ≥10,212 direct, 12 indirect, >4,353 missing
Total damage At least $3 billion (1998 USD)
North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone seasons
1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000

The 1998 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was an active season in annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. The season has no official bounds but cyclones tend to form between April and December. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean. There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean—the Bay of Bengal to the east of the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Sea to the west of India. The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department (IMD), while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center releases unofficial advisories. An average of four to six storms form in the North Indian Ocean every season with peaks in May and November.[1] Cyclones occurring between the meridans 45°E and 100°E are included in the season by the IMD.[2]

With eleven depressions and eight tropical cyclones, this was one of the most active seasons in the ocean along with 1987, 1996, and 2005.[3] The season caused a large loss of life, most of which was from one storm. Over 10,000 people were killed in India when Tropical Cyclone 03A brought a 4.9-metre (16 ft) storm surge to the Kathiawar Peninsula, inundating numerous salt mines. Total damages from the storm amounted to Rs. 120 billion (US$3 billion). Tropical Cyclone 01B killed at least 26 people and left at least 4,000 fishermen missing in eastern Bangladesh on May 20. A short lived depression in mid-October killed 122 people after triggering severe flooding in Andhra Pradesh. In November, Tropical Cyclone 06B killed six people and caused property damage worth BTN 880 million (US$20.7 million) in eastern India. An additional 40 people were killed and 100 fishermen were listed as missing after Tropical Cyclone 07B affected Bangladesh.


Season summary

The first storm of the season developed on May 18 out of an area of low pressure over the Bay of Bengal. It reached its peak intensity with winds of 130 km/h (80 mph) before making landfall near Chittagong, Bangladesh. The storm dissipated shortly after.[4] Later that month, a short-lived storm developed over the Arabian Sea and dissipated the next day without impacting land.[5] The most intense storm of the season formed in early June off the southwestern coast of India. It slowly traveled towards the west, remaining relatively weak before turning towards the north and intensifying. The storm reached its peak intensity with winds of 195 km/h (120 mph) shortly before making landfall near Porbandar in the Indian state of Gujarat. The cyclone rapidly dissipated on the same day.[6]

After three months of inactivity, five storms developed in late September and October.[7] Two of them strengthened into tropical storms, neither of which impacted land.[8][9] In early November, the sixth tropical cyclone of the season developed in the Bay of Bengal. The storm quickly developed and reached its peak intensity upon landfall with winds of 155 km/h (100 mph). The storm rapidly dissipated the same day it made landfall.[10] Shortly after 06B dissipated, the remnants of Tropical Storm Chip[11] triggered the development of a new cyclone over the Bay of Bengal. The storm tracked along the edge of a subtropical ridge, reaching its peak intensity over open waters with winds of 140 km/h (80 mph). The cyclone entered an area of higher wind shear shortly after and rapidly weakened before making landfall. Then it dissipated in Bangladesh.[12] The final cyclone of the season developed in the Arabian Sea during mid-December. It reached its peak intensity with winds of 120 km/h (75 mph) before weakening due to strong wind shear. It made landfall in Oman on December 17 as a minimal tropical storm shortly before dissipating.[13]

Storms

Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 01 (01B)

Severe cyclonic storm (IMD)
Category 1 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Duration May 17 – May 20
Peak intensity 110 km/h (70 mph) (3-min)  972 mbar (hPa)

The first cyclone in the region developed as a tropical disturbance on May 13 over the southern Bay of Bengal to the southeast of Sri Lanka. With little development, the disturbance initially traveled towards the north-northeast before turning west. On May 16, the system slowed down near the southeastern coast of India and began to turn towards the northeast once more.[4] At 0700 UTC on May 17, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA).[14] Shortly after, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) declared that the disturbance developed into Depression BOB 01.[15] A second TCFA was issued later that day as a new circulation associated with the system developed further towards the northeast.[14] At 0600 UTC on May 18, the first advisory on Tropical Cyclone 01B was issued by the JTWC.[4] At the time of the advisory, winds were estimated at 55 km/h (35 mph).[16] The IMD also upgraded BOB 01 to a deep depression at this time.[15]

Continuing on a northeasterly track, BOB 01 gradually intensified as it neared Bangladesh. About 12 hours after being designated a cyclone, it strengthened to the equivalent of a tropical storm. The winds had reached 65 km/h (40 mph). At that time, it was located 555 km (345 mi) south-southeast of Chittagong.[14] Early on May 20, BOB 01 reached its peak intensity as a severe cyclonic storm with winds of 110 km/h (70 mph) and a barometric pressure of 972 mbar (hPa).[15] The JTWC assessed the storm to have peaked with winds of 130 km/h (80 mph), equivalent to a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale.[4] An eye developed and the system made landfall several hours later near Chittagong.[14] After making landfall, the storm quickly weakened,[14] dissipating later that day.[4]

Ahead of the storm, officials in Bangladesh relocated an estimated 650,000 people, resulting in a lower loss of life.[17] But BOB 01 adversely affected low-lying areas,[4] destroying 6,000 homes and damaging another 9,945.[17][18] It produced a storm surge of 1.8 to 3 m (6 to 10 ft), inundating coastal towns.[19] A total of 1,876 hectares (4,635 acres) of salt fields and 25 hectares (61 acres) of shrimp farms were damaged.[18] At least 35 people were killed by the storm and 504 others were injured.[17][20][21] Five of the fatalities occurred in Chittagong and another five on an island in the Cox's Bazar District. Sixteen more of the fatalities occurred when three fishing vessels sank near Chittagong.[21] Additionally, an estimated 4,000 fishermen were listed as missing at sea.[22] A total of 108,440 people were affected in Bangladesh.[17] An oil tanker anchored near Chittagong was tossed by rough seas into another vessel and sustained significant damage. Large quantities of crude oil spilled into the water due to a hole in the hull of the ship. Both of the ships involved in the incident were owned by the Bangladesh Shipping Corporation.[21] Following the impacts of the storm, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization provided $40,000 in immediate funds for rehabilitation efforts. The Government of Germany also provided $270,166 to the affected population. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies donated about $1.2 million to Bangladesh.[23]

Depression ARB 01 (02A)

Depression (IMD)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration May 28 – May 29
Peak intensity 45 km/h (30 mph) (3-min)  997 mbar (hPa)

On May 27, an area of low pressure developed over the central Arabian Sea.[5] Early the next day, the JTWC issued their first advisory on Tropical Cyclone 02A while the system was located about 740 km (460 mi) south of Masirah Island.[14] The IMD only briefly monitored the system as a weak depression, designating it as ARB 01.[24] Upon being classified a tropical cyclone, 02A reached its peak intensity. The speed of its winds was 65 km/h (40 mph).[5] Soon, it began to dissipate due to increasing vertical wind shear. The center of circulation quickly became devoid of convection. The storm weakened below tropical storm intensity later that day before dissipating on May 29 over open waters.[5][14]

Very Severe Cyclonic Storm ARB 02 (03A)

Main article: 1998 Gujarat cyclone
Very Severe Cyclonic Storm (IMD)
Category 3 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Duration June 4 – June 10
Peak intensity 165 km/h (105 mph) (3-min)  958 mbar (hPa)

On June 1, an area of low pressure developed over the Laccadive Islands. Two days later, the JTWC issued a TCFA for the system as it became better organized. Early on June 4, the JTWC issued its first advisory on Tropical Cyclone 03A.[6] Around the same time, the IMD began monitoring the system as Depression ARB 02. Shortly after, the depression was upgraded to a deep depression and further strengthened into a cyclonic storm the following day.[15] The small storm moved slowly towards the west and weakened as wind shear began to increase. The storm weakened below tropical storm intensity later that day and the initial final advisory was issued. However, the system redeveloped and advisories resumed the next day. The storm gradually intensified as it moved towards the northwest. Dvorak satellite intensity estimates on June 6 reached T4.0, corresponding to an intensity of 120 km/h (75 mph).[25] The IMD also marked the increase in intensity, upgrading ARB 02 to a severe cyclonic storm.[15] Around this time, the storm began to turn towards the north and accelerate due to an approaching mid-level trough. As the storm neared the Indian coastline, an eye developed and the storm strengthened into the equivalent of a major hurricane with winds reaching 185 km/h (115 mph).[6] The IMD assessed the storm to be a very severe cyclonic storm at this time, with winds up to 165 km/h (105 mph) and a barometric pressure of 958 mbar (hPa).[15] After slightly weakening early on June 9,[25] 03A re-strengthened, attaining its peak intensity with winds of 195 km/h (120 mph).[6] Then it made landfall near Porbandar in the Indian state of Gujarat[25] between 0100 and 0200 UTC.[15] The storm weakened following landfall and the JTWC issued their final advisory later that day.[6] The IMD continued to monitor ARB 02 until June 10, by which time it had weakened to a depression before dissipating.[15]

Tropical Cyclone 03A brought a large storm surge of 4.9 m (16 ft) which devastated coastal communities and salt mines.[25] An estimated 10,000 people were killed by the storm,[26] many of whom were salt mine workers who did not own a radio and received little or no warning of the cyclone. The large loss of life was partially attributed to contractors who wanted to continue making profits and did not inform their workers of the approaching storm.[25] Also, the region had witnessed only 17 cyclones since 1890, all of which were weaker than 03A. As a result, its vulnerability was miscalculated by the local population and the disaster management administration.[27] Power supply to numerous residences was lost due to the storms high winds.[28] A microwave tower in Porbandar collapsed, causing widespread disruption in telecommunication.[29] Hundreds of other power transmission towers also fell, causing an estimated loss of Rs 10 billion for the Gujarat Electricity Board.[30] At least 893 people were injured by the storm and over 11,000 animals were killed. Over 162,000 structures were damaged or destroyed throughout the affected area and damages amounted to Rs. 120 billion (US$3 billion).[31] Over the next one month, insurance companies had lost approximately Rs. 13 billion (US$266.5 million).[30] The remnants of the storm produced heavy rains over Pakistan which electrocuted 12 people.[25] In the wake of the storm, the United States Government provided US$25,000 for rehabilitation of the affected population.[31] The Government of Denmark also contributed $72,992 in funds for relief efforts.[32] The Gujarat government deployed approximately 330 medical teams to the affected areas. Local aid, amounting to Rs 1 billion (US$20.5 million) was provided to assist victims.[31]

Deep Depression BOB 02

Deep depression (IMD)
Duration June 13 – June 15
Peak intensity 55 km/h (35 mph) (3-min)  992 mbar (hPa)

On June 13, the IMD began monitoring a depression over the central Bay of Bengal. Tracking towards the west, the depression intensified into a deep depression, peaking with winds of 55 km/h (35 mph) and a minimum pressure of 992 mbar (hPa). Around 1500 UTC on June 14, the deep depression made landfall near Visakhapatnam. Shortly thereafter, it weakened to a depression and dissipated early the following day.[15]

Depression ARB 03 (04A)

Depression (IMD)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration September 30 – October 1
Peak intensity 45 km/h (30 mph) (3-min)  997 mbar (hPa)

In late September, an area of low pressure developed over the Arabian Sea within an east-west oriented surface trough while located about 740 km (460 mi) west of Mumbai, India. The system gradually intensified as it moved slowly towards the west.[8] Early on September 30, the JTWC issued its first advisory on Tropical Cyclone 04A. Its winds peaked at 65 km/h (40 mph). Located within an area of moderate wind shear, the storm quickly weakened[33] and dissipated early on October 1.[8]

Deep Depression ARB 04

Deep depression (IMD)
Duration October 6 – October 9
Peak intensity 55 km/h (35 mph) (3-min)  998 mbar (hPa)

On October 8, the IMD began monitoring a tropical depression located about 835 km (520 mi) southwest of Mumbai. The depression was briefly classified as a deep depression with winds of 55 km/h (35 mph) and a minimum pressure of 998 mbar (hPa) as it moved towards the west-northwest. Shortly after reaching its peak intensity, the depression weakened. The last advisory was issued the next day while the storm was over open waters.[7][15]

Deep Depression BOB 03

Deep depression (IMD)
Duration October 13 – October 15
Peak intensity 55 km/h (35 mph) (3-min)  998 mbar (hPa)

On October 13, the IMD began monitoring a tropical depression off the eastern coast of India.[7] The depression remained relatively weak, with winds peaking at 45 km/h (30 mph) before the storm made landfall near Narsapur in the Andhra Pradesh early on October 14.[34] The depression dissipated shortly after landfall.[7] Heavy rains produced by the depression damaged croplands and property.[35] Twenty-four hour rainfall totals reached 110 mm (4.3 in) in localized areas, triggering flash floods in areas severely impacted by another system a week earlier. In Hyderabad, schools and government offices were closed.[36] During the morning of October 14, overflow from a dam inundated the Srisailam power house, forcing officials to shut down the plant. Numerous highways were also closed due to flowing water.[37] The following day, the water level of the dam continued to rise, leading to the evacuation of nearly 53,000 residents in the area.[38] Throughout Andhra Pradesh, flooding from the depression resulted in 122 fatalities.[37]

Cyclonic Storm ARB 05 (05A)

Cyclonic Storm (IMD)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration October 11 – October 18
Peak intensity 65 km/h (40 mph) (3-min)  996 mbar (hPa)

The IMD began monitoring an area of low pressure over the Laccadive Islands on October 10. The low traveled towards the northwest with little development.[7] On October 15, the JTWC issued a TCFA as the system became better organized. Although wind shear increased, the first advisory was issued the next day. With minimal convection, the storm never intensified past 65 km/h (40 mph).[9] The system traveled towards the northeast and weakened due to strong wind shear. On October 17, the storm fell below tropical storm status and made landfall on the Kathiawar Peninsula, near the same area where 03A made landfall in early June.[7] The storm dissipated shortly after landfall.[7][9]

As the storm neared land, officials in Gujarat evacuated hundreds of residents from coastal areas. Due to the low-intensity of the storm, no damage was reported on land and only light rain fell. However, offshore, more than 250 people were reported as missing when contact was lost with numerous fishing vessels. One-hundred-twenty people on twelve ships from Satpathy village were among the missing. One of the ships capsized; however, the crew of 12 swam to shore. One boat from Vasai carrying 20 people was also missing. Ten fishermen from Colaba were reported as missing, three of which later swam to shore. The Indian Coast Guard immediately dispatched search and rescue ships and naval helicopters to find the missing people.[39][40]

Deep Depression BOB 04

Deep depression (IMD)
Duration October 26 – October 29
Peak intensity 55 km/h (35 mph) (3-min)  1002 mbar (hPa)

Early on October 28, the IMD began monitoring a tropical depression located about 555 km (345 mi) south-southeast of Visakhapatnam in the Andhra Pradesh. The depression strengthened to a deep depression later that day with winds peaking at 55 km/h (35 mph) before undergoing a weakening trend. The depression dissipated the next day near the Andhra Pradesh coastline.[7] The outer bands of the depression produced light rainfall over the coast of Andhra Pradesh.[41]

Very Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 05 (06B)

Very severe cyclonic storm (IMD)
Category 2 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Duration November 13 – November 16
Peak intensity 145 km/h (90 mph) (3-min)  982 mbar (hPa)

On November 10, an area of low pressure developed over the Bay of Bengal within a monsoonal trough. Moving towards the northwest,[42] the low gradually developed and the JTWC issued a TCFA early on November 13. The next day, the first advisory on Tropical Cyclone 06B was issued.[10] A brief period of rapid development took place as the storm strengthened just below Category 1 status. Shortly before making landfall near Visakhapatnam,[42] 06B reached its peak intensity with winds of 155 km/h (100 mph).[10] At this time, the IMD classified the cyclone as a Very Severe Cyclonic Storm and reported that it had a 60 km (37 mi) wide eye.[43] Rapid weakening followed shortly after landfall and the storm dissipated early on November 16.[10][42]

Major crop losses, property damage, and six fatalities were reported from the affected areas.[10][44] Four of the fatalities were in Visakhapatnam and the other two were in east Godavari.[45] Hundreds of trees and power lines had fallen.[46] At least 116,000 acres (470 km2) of cropland and more than 2,000 homes were damaged.[45][47] Waves produced by the storm at Visakhapatnam were recorded up to 5.74 m (18.8 ft).[48] The storm dropped rainfall in excess of 100 mm (3.9 in) throughout the region.[43] Damages from the storm were estimated at BTN 880 million (US$20.7 million).[49]

Very Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 06 (07B)

Very severe cyclonic storm (IMD)
Category 1 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Duration November 17 – November 23
Peak intensity 120 km/h (75 mph) (3-min)  984 mbar (hPa)

Meanwhile, Tropical Storm Chip dissipated over Vietnam on November 15, 1998.[11] The remnants of Chip crossed the Malay Peninsula on November 17 and entered the Bay of Bengal.[12] The system moved along the edge of a subtropical ridge within an area of strong wind shear. After turning towards the northwest, the low entered an area of lower wind shear and began to become better organized.[42] Between November 18 and 20, the JTWC issued three TCFAs before issuing first advisory on Tropical Cyclone 07B early on November 20.[12] While recurving towards the northeast,[42] 07B reached its peak intensity on November 22 with winds of 140 km/h (85 mph).[12] Shortly after reaching peak intensity, the cyclone entered an area of strong wind shear which caused convection associated with the storm to become dislocated from the center.[42] This caused 07B to rapidly weaken before making landfall to the west of Chittagong, Bangladesh.[12][42] It dissipated on November 23.[12]

Tropical Cyclone 07B produced a storm surge of 1.2 to 2.4 m (4 to 8 ft) which inundated coastal areas of Bangladesh,[50] killing 40 people and leaving at least 103 others missing.[12][51] Winds gusting up to 80 km/h (47 mph) and heavy rains impacted a large area of the country. A large area of rice paddies was lost due to flooding and numerous homes were buried in mud.[52] A total of 5,780 families were left homeless. About 8,755 homes sustained severe damage and an estimated 300,000 people were affected by 07B.[53]

Severe Cyclonic Storm ARB 06 (08A)

Severe cyclonic storm (IMD)
Category 1 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Duration December 11 – December 17
Peak intensity 100 km/h (65 mph) (3-min)  993 mbar (hPa)

On December 7, a broad area of low pressure developed near southern India within an area of moderate wind shear.[54] On December 11, the JTWC issued a TCFA for the system as it drifted towards the northwest over the Arabian Sea. Two days later, the first advisory on Tropical Cyclone 08A was issued.[13] The large cyclone slowly organized and intensified as it turned towards the north.[54] By December 15, the storm reached its peak intensity with winds of 120 km/h (75 mph).[13] Then, it turned towards the west into an area of higher wind shear.[54] The cyclone gradually weakened as it traveled towards Oman. It made landfall in the country on December 17 with winds of 65 km/h (40 mph) and dissipated later that day.[13] Although it made landfall as a tropical storm, no known damage was reported.[54] The remnants of the storm sank a ship, killing 18 fishermen.[55]

Season effects

This is a table of the storms in 1998 and their landfall(s), if any. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but are still storm-related.

Name Dates active Peak classification Windspeeds Pressure Land areas affected Damage
(USD)		 Deaths Refs
BOB 01 May 17– 20 Severe cyclonic storm 110 km/h (70 mph) 972 hPa (28.70 inHg) West Bengal, Bangladesh None 35
ARB 01 May 28 – 29 Depression 45 km/h (30 mph) 997 hPa (29.44 inHg) None None None
ARB 02 June 13 – 15 Very severe cyclonic storm 165 km/h (105 mph) 958 hPa (28.29 inHg) India 300 million 10,000
BOB 02 June 13 – 15 Deep Depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 992 hPa (29.44 inHg) None None None
ARB 03 September 30 – October 1 Depression 45 km/h (30 mph) 997 hPa (29.44 inHg) None None None
ARB 04 October 6 – 9 Deep Depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 998 hPa (29.47 inHg) None None None
ARB 05 October 11 – 18 Cyclonic storm 65 km/h (40 mph) 996 hPa (29.42 inHg) India None None
BOB 03 October 13 – 15 Deep Depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 998 hPa (29.47 inHg) India 122
BOB 04 October 26 – 29 Deep depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 1002 hPa (29.59 inHg) Andrah Pradesh
BOB 05 November 13 – 16 Very severe cyclonic storm 145 km/h (90 mph) 982 hPa (29.00 inHg) India 20.7 million 6
BOB 06 November 16 – 23 Very severe cyclonic storm 120 km/h (75 mph) 984 hPa (29.06 inHg) Bangladesh 40
ARB 06 December 11 – 17 Severe cyclonic storm 100 km/h (65 mph) 993 hPa (29.33 inHg) Oman 18
Season Aggregates
12 Depressions May 17 –December 17 165 km/h (105 mph) 958 hPa (28.29 inHg) >$3.02 billion 10 233

See also

References

  1. ↑ Staff Writer. "IMD Cyclone Warning Services: Tropical Cyclones". India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original on 4 November 2008. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
  2. ↑ Staff Writer (January 2009). "Report on Cyclonic Disturbances Over the North Indian During 2008" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Retrieved May 17, 2009.
  3. ↑ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (2009). "Tracks for All Northern Hemisphere Tropical Cyclones". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Joint Typhoon Warning Center (1999). "Tropical Cyclone 01B Preliminary Report" (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved February 8, 2009.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Joint Typhoon Warning Center (1999). "Tropical Cyclone 02A Preliminary Report" (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Joint Typhoon Warning Center (1999). "Tropical Cyclone 03A Preliminary Report" (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 Gary Padgett (November 29, 1998). "Monthly Tropical Cyclone Summary for October 1998". Typhoon 2000. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Joint Typhoon Warning Center (1999). "Tropical Cyclone 04A Preliminary Report" (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Joint Typhoon Warning Center (1999). "Tropical Cyclone 05A Preliminary Report" (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Joint Typhoon Warning Center (1999). "Tropical Cyclone 06B Preliminary Report" (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Joint Typhoon Warning Center (1999). "Tropical Storm Chip Preliminary Report" (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Joint Typhoon Warning Center (1999). "Tropical Cyclone 07B Preliminary Report" (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Joint Typhoon Warning Center (1999). "Tropical Cyclone 08A Preliminary Report" (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 Gary Padgett (June 6, 1998). "Monthly Tropical Cyclone Summary for May 1998". Typhoon 2000. Retrieved February 8, 2009.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 15.9 "IMD Best Tracks Data ( 1990 - 2008 )". India Meteorological Department. 2009. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
  16. ↑ Gary Padgett (July 15, 1998). "Monthly Tropical Cyclone Tracks for May 1998". Typhoon 2000. Retrieved February 8, 2009.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Peter Rees-Gildea (May 25, 1998). "Bangladesh: Cyclone Information Bulletin No. 3" (PDF). Operations Fundraising and Reporting Department. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (May 25, 1998). "Bangladesh: Cyclone Situation Report No. 2". United Nations. Archived from the original on March 16, 2005. Retrieved February 8, 2009.
  19. ↑ Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (May 19, 1998). "Bangladesh: Cyclone Situation Report No. 1". United Nations. Archived from the original on March 16, 2005. Retrieved February 8, 2009.
  20. ↑ Staff Writer (May 21, 1998). Thousands return home in wake of killer cyclone in Bangladesh Deutsche Presse-Agentur
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Nizam Ahmed (May 20, 1998). "Chittagong — Bangladesh storm kills 26, injures more than 100". Reuters. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
  22. ↑ International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (May 20, 1998). "Bangladesh: Cyclone Information Bulletin Number 2" (PDF). United Nations. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 May 2009. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
  23. ↑ Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (February 19, 1999). "Bangladesh — Cyclones — May 1998 Contributions Report". ReliefWeb. Archived from the original on October 19, 2007. Retrieved May 8, 2009.
  24. ↑ "1998 Best Track from the IMD". India Meteorological Department. July 14, 2009. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 Gary Padgett (July 14, 1998). "Monthly Tropical Cyclone Summary for June 1998". Typhoon 2000. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  26. ↑ Staff Writer (December 29, 1998). "1998 Natural Catastrophes: Top 10". Munich Re. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  27. ↑ Zschau, Jochen; Andreas N. Küppers (2003). Early warning systems for natural disaster reduction. Springer. p. 200. ISBN 3-540-67962-6.
  28. ↑ Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (June 10, 1998). "India: Cyclone Situation Report No. 1". United Nations. Archived from the original on March 16, 2005. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  29. ↑ Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (June 11, 1998). "India: Cyclone Situation Report No. 2". United Nations. Archived from the original on March 16, 2005. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Insurance companies lose Rs 1,300 crore in Gujarat cyclone". Indian Express. July 3, 1998. Archived from the original on 2009-05-28. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (June 19, 1998). "India: Cyclone Situation Report No. 4". United Nations. Archived from the original on March 16, 2005. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  32. ↑ Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (March 3, 1999). "India — Cyclone — June 1998 Contributions Report". ReliefWeb. Archived from the original on October 19, 2007. Retrieved May 8, 2009.
  33. ↑ Gary Padgett (October 26, 1998). "Monthly Tropical Cyclone Summary for September 1998". Typhoon 2000. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  34. ↑ Gary Padgett (November 29, 1998). "Monthly Tropical Cyclone Tracks for October 1998". Typhoon 2000. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  35. ↑ Ashok B. Sharma (October 19, 1998). Southern States Still Under Monsoon Spell. Financial Express.
  36. ↑ Staff Writer (October 14, 1998). Heavy rain to continue due to depression. The Hindu.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Staff Writer (October 16, 1998). Srisailam power plant under water, shut down. The Hindu.
  38. ↑ Staff Writer (October 17, 1998). Krishna rising, thousands evacuated. The Hindu.
  39. ↑ Staff Writer (October 17, 1998). 250 Missing Hindustan Times.
  40. ↑ Staff Writer (October 17, 1998). 250 fishermen missing in Indian storm: report Agence France Presse.
  41. ↑ Staff Writer (October 30, 1998). Depression may bring rain; storm unlikely The Independent.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 42.5 42.6 Gary Padgett (1998). "Monthly Tropical Cyclone Summary for November 1998". Typhoon 2000. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Staff Writer (November 16, 1998). Storm crosses coast near Vizag, relief teams rushed The Hindu
  44. ↑ Staff Writer (November 16, 1998). "India: Six die as cyclone batters north coastal Andhra". PTI news agency. Retrieved May 8, 2009.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Staff Writer (November 16, 1998). "AP cyclone kills 6". Indian Express Newspapers. Retrieved May 8, 2009.
  46. ↑ Staff Writer (November 26, 1998). "Earthwatch: A Diary of the Planet". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  47. ↑ UNI (November 16, 1998). "Cyclonic storm crosses Andhra coast, claims two lives". Rediff. Retrieved May 8, 2009.
  48. ↑ V. Sanil Kumar, K. Ashok Kumar and N. S. N. Raju (January 31, 2004). "Wave characteristics off Visakhapatnam coast during a cyclone" (PDF). Ocean Engineering Division, National Institute of Oceanography. Retrieved May 8, 2009.
  49. ↑ Staff Writer (November 17, 1998). Officials warn typhoon building in the South Emerging Markets Datafile.
  50. ↑ Staff Writer (January 2008). "Field Investigation on the Impact of Cyclone Sidr in the Coastal Region of Bangladesh" (PDF). Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2009. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  51. ↑ Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (December 18, 1998). "Bangladesh : Cyclone : 1998/11". Asian Disaster Reduction Center. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
  52. ↑ Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (November 24, 1998). "Bangladesh: Cyclone Situation Report No. 1". United Nations. Archived from the original on March 17, 2005. Retrieved February 8, 2009.
  53. ↑ Oxfam (February 5, 1999). "Emergency Bulletin: India". ReliefWeb. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 Gary Padgett (1999). "Monthly Tropical Cyclone Summary for December 1998". Typhoon 2000. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  55. ↑ Staff Writer (December 26, 1998). "Minister sends experts to check Wanakbori weir". Indian Express Newspapers. Retrieved April 15, 2009.

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