1994 Tour de France
 | |||
| Route of the 1994 Tour de France | |||
| Race details | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Dates | July 2 – July 24 | ||
| Stages | 21 + Prologue | ||
| Distance | 3,978.7 km (2,472 mi) | ||
| Winning time | 103h 38' 38" (37.831 km/h or 23.507 mph) | ||
| Palmares | |||
 |
Winner |  Miguel Indurain (ESP) |
(Banesto) |
| Second |  Piotr Ugrumov (LAT) |
(Gewiss-Ballan) | |
| Third |  Marco Pantani (ITA) |
(Carrera Jeans-Tassoni) | |
 |
Points |  Djamolidine Abdoujaparov (UZB) |
(Team Polti-Vaporetto) |
 |
Mountains |  Richard Virenque (FRA) |
(Festina-Lotus) |
| Youth | Marco Pantani (ITA) |
(Carrera Jeans-Tassoni) | |
| Team | Festina-Lotus | ||
The 1994 Tour de France was the 81st edition of the Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began on July 2 with a 7.2 km (4.5 mi) prologue around the French city Lille. After 21 more days of racing, the Tour came to a close on the street of the Champs-Élysées. Twenty-one teams entered the race that was won by Miguel Indurain of the Banesto team.[1] Second and third respectively were the Latvian Piotr Ugrumov and the Italian rider, Marco Pantani.[2]
Miguel Indurain first captured the lead after the stage 9 individual time trial. Chris Boardman was the first rider to wear the race leader's yellow jersey after winning the opening prologue. Boardman lost the lead to Johan Museeuw after Museeuw's GB-MG Maglificio team won the stage three team time trial. Flavio Vanzella took the lead away from Museeuw the next day as the Tour made its way into Great Britain. Vanzella lost the lead to Sean Yates after the race's sixth stage. Yates led the race for a single day before losing it to Museeuw after the conclusion of stage 7. Museeuw lost the lead to Indurain after the stage 9 individual time trial, who then successfully defended the lead through the Alps and Pyrenees and to the Tour's finish in Paris.
Indurain became the third rider to win four consecutive Tours de France. In the race's other classifications, Team Polti-Vaporetto rider Djamolidine Abdoujaparov won the points classification, Richard Virenque of the Festina-Lotus team won the mountains classification, Carrera Jeans-Tassoni rider Marco Pantani won the youth classification for the best rider aged 26 or under in the general classification after having finished third overall, and Eros Poli of the Mercatone Uno-Medeghini team won the combativity classification. Festina-Lotus won the team classification, which ranked each of the twenty teams contesting the race by lowest cumulative time.
Teams
A total of 21 teams were invited to participate in the 1994 Tour de France. Fifteen teams were announced in May, based on their UCI ranking:[3]
|
Although the organisation had planned to give five additional wildcards in June, after the 1994 Giro d'Italia, it was decided to invite one extra team, and six wildcards were given to:[4]
|
The Jolly-team of Zenon Jaskula, who had finished in third place in the 1993 Tour de France, was not selected.[4]
Each team sent a squad of nine riders, so the Tour began with a peloton of 189 cyclists. Out of the 189 riders that started this edition of the Tour de France, a total of 117 riders made it to the finish in Paris.[5]
Route and stages
The 1994 edition of the Tour de France began with a short 7.2 km (4.5 mi) prologue that navigated around the French city of Lille. There were a total of six stages that held many high mountains, while there was only one hilly stage that contained climbs of lesser degree. Eleven of the stages were primarily flat stages. The official route contained four time trials, three of which were individual and one of which was a team event.[6]
There were two stages that began or ended outside France. Stage 4 began in the English port town of Dover and ended in Brighton. The fifth stage began and ended in the British city of Portsmouth.
Of the stages that contained mountains, four contained summit finishes: stage 11 to Hautacam, stage 12 to Luz Ardiden, stage 16 to Alpe d'Huez, and stage 17 to Val Thorens. The nineteenth stage, an individual time trial, had a summit finish to Avoriaz.
| Stage | Date | Course[5][7] | Distance | Type | Winner | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P | 2 July | Lille | 7.2 km (4.5 mi) |  |
Individual time trial |  Chris Boardman (GBR) | |
| 1 | 3 July | Lille to Armentières | 234.0 km (145.4 mi) |  |
Plain stage | Djamolidine Abdoujaparov (UZB) | |
| 2 | 4 July | Roubaix to Boulogne-sur-Mer | 203.5 km (126.4 mi) | |
Plain stage |  Jean-Paul van Poppel (NED) | |
| 3 | 5 July | Calais to Eurotunnel | 66.5 km (41.3 mi) | |
Team time trial | GB-MG Maglificio (ITA) | |
| 4 | 6 July | Dover (Great Britain) to Brighton (Great Britain) | 204.5 km (127.1 mi) | |
Plain stage | Francisco Cabello (ESP) | |
| 5 | 7 July | Portsmouth (Great Britain) to Portsmouth (Great Britain) | 187.0 km (116.2 mi) | |
Plain stage | Nicola Minali (ITA) | |
| 6 | 8 July | Cherbourg to Rennes | 270.5 km (168.1 mi) | |
Plain stage | Gianluca Bortolami (ITA) | |
| 7 | 9 July | Rennes to Futuroscope | 259.5 km (161.2 mi) | |
Plain stage |  Ján Svorada (SVK) | |
| 8 | 10 July | Poitiers to Trélissac | 218.5 km (135.8 mi) | |
Plain stage |  Bo Hamburger (DEN) | |
| 9 | 11 July | Périgueux to Bergerac | 64.0 km (39.8 mi) | |
Individual time trial | Miguel Indurain (ESP) | |
| 10 | 12 July | Bergerac to Cahors | 160.5 km (99.7 mi) | |
Plain stage | Jacky Durand (FRA) | |
| 11 | 13 July | Cahors to Hautacam | 263.5 km (163.7 mi) |  |
Stage with mountain(s) | Luc Leblanc (FRA) | |
| 14 July | Rest day | ||||||
| 12 | 15 July | Lourdes to Luz Ardiden | 204.5 km (127.1 mi) | |
Stage with mountain(s) | Richard Virenque (FRA) | |
| 13 | 16 July | Bagnères-de-Bigorre to Albi | 223.0 km (138.6 mi) | |
Plain stage | Bjarne Riis (DEN) | |
| 14 | 17 July | Castres to Montpellier | 202.0 km (125.5 mi) | |
Plain stage | Rolf Sørensen (DEN) | |
| 15 | 18 July | Montpellier to Carpentras | 231.0 km (143.5 mi) | |
Stage with mountain(s) | Eros Poli (ITA) | |
| 16 | 19 July | Valréas to Alpe d'Huez | 224.5 km (139.5 mi) | |
Stage with mountain(s) | Roberto Conti (ITA) | |
| 17 | 20 July | Le Bourg-d'Oisans to Val Thorens | 149.0 km (92.6 mi) | |
Stage with mountain(s) |  Nelson Rodriguez (COL) | |
| 18 | 21 July | Moutiers to Cluses | 174.5 km (108.4 mi) | |
Stage with mountain(s) | Piotr Ugrumov (LAT) | |
| 19 | 22 July | Cluses to Avoriaz | 47.5 km (29.5 mi) | |
Individual time trial | Piotr Ugrumov (LAT) | |
| 20 | 23 July | Morzine to Lac Saint-Point | 208.5 km (129.6 mi) |  |
Hilly stage | Djamolidine Abdoujaparov (UZB) | |
| 21 | 24 July | Disneyland Paris to Paris (Champs-Élysées) | 175.0 km (108.7 mi) | |
Plain stage | Eddy Seigneur (FRA) | |
Race overview
The 1994 edition of the Tour de France began with a brief 7.2 km (4.5 mi) prologue around the city of Lille.[8] Englishman Chris Boardman set a blistering pace on the course en route to winning the stage by fifteen seconds over the second place finisher Miguel Indurain.[8] Stage 1 was a relatively flat stage that came down to a bunch sprint that was marred by a large crash.[8] As the riders were sprinting to the finish line, a policeman leaned out to take a photograph causing Wilfried Nelissen to slam on his brakes and crash into the policeman while also taking out Laurent Jalabert in the process.[8] Djamolidine Abdoujaparov ultimately won the stage while Jalabert and Nelissen were forced to drop out of the race due to the injuries they had sustained.[8]
Classification leadership
There were several classifications in the 1994 Tour de France. The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour.[9]
Additionally, there was a points classification, which awarded a green jersey. In the points classification, cyclists got points for finishing among the best in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a green jersey.[9]
There was also a mountains classification. The organisation had categorized some climbs as either hors catégorie, first, second, third, or fourth-category; points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs first, with more points available for the higher-categorized climbs. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a polkadot jersey.[9]
The fourth individual classification was the young rider classification, which was not marked by a jersey. This was decided the same way as the general classification, but only riders under 26 years were eligible.[9]
For the team classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time.[10]
For the combativity classification, a jury gave points after each stage to the cyclists they considered most combative. The cyclist with the most votes in all stages lead the classification.
- Jersey wearers when one rider is leading two or more competitions
- In stage 1, Miguel Indurain wore the green jersey.
- Other notes
- The white jersey wasn't actually awarded between 1989 and 1999 - the white column in this table represents the leader in the youth classification.
Final standings
| Legend | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| |
Denotes the winner of the General classification[1] | |
Denotes the winner of the Mountains classification[1] |
| |
Denotes the winner of the Points classification[1] | ||
General classification
| Rank | Name | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Miguel Indurain (ESP) | Banesto | 103h 38' 38" |
| 2 | Piotr Ugrumov (LAT) | Gewiss-Ballan | +5' 39" |
| 3 | Marco Pantani (ITA) | Carrera | +7' 19" |
| 4 | Luc Leblanc (FRA) | Festina | +10' 03" |
| 5 | Richard Virenque (FRA) | Festina | +10' 10" |
| 6 | Roberto Conti (ITA) | Lampre-Panaria | +12' 29" |
| 7 | Alberto Elli (ITA) | GB-MG | +20' 17" |
| 8 |  Alex Zülle (SUI) | ONCE | +20' 35" |
| 9 |  Udo Bölts (GER) | Telekom | +25' 19" |
| 10 |  Vladimir Poulnikov (UKR) | Carrera | +25' 28" |
| Final general classification (11–117) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Name | Team | Time |
| 11 | Pascal Lino (FRA) | Festina | +26' 01" |
| 12 | Fernando Escartín (ESP) | Mapei-Clas | +30' 38" |
| 13 | Gianluca Bortolami (ITA) | Mapei-Clas | +32' 35" |
| 14 | Bjarne Riis (DEN) | Gewiss-Ballan | +33' 32" |
| 15 | Oscar Pelliccioli (ITA) | Polti | +34' 55" |
| 16 | Nelson Rodriguez (COL) | ZG Mobili-Selle Italia | +35' 18" |
| 17 | Jean-François Bernard (FRA) | Banesto | +36' 44" |
| 18 | Hernán Buenahora (COL) | Kelme-Avianca | +38' 00" |
| 19 | Rolf Sørensen (DEN) | GB-MG | +42' 39" |
| 20 | Bo Hamburger (DEN) | TVM | +43' 44" |
| 21 | Thomas Davy (FRA) | Castorama | +46' 41" |
| 22 | Eric Caritoux (FRA) | Chazal-MBK-Konig | +47' 19" |
| 23 | Federico Muñoz (COL) | Kelme-Avianca | +48' 33" |
| 24 | .svg.png){kind=small} Jim Van De Laer (BEL) | Lotto-Vetta-Caloi | +48' 35" |
| 25 | Bruno Cenghialta (ITA) | Gewiss-Ballan | +51' 30" |
| 26 | Charly Mottet (FRA) | Novemail-Laser Computer | +51' 44" |
| 27 | Beat Zberg (SUI) | Carrera | +57' 06" |
| 28 | Gerd Audehm (GER) | Telekom | +57' 44" |
| 29 | Erik Breukink (NED) | ONCE | +59' 55" |
| 30 | Abraham Olano (ESP) | Mapei-Clas | +1h 01' 29" |
| 31 | Alvaro Mejia (COL) | Motorola | +1h 01' 43" |
| 32 | Ramon Gonzalez (ESP) | Banesto | +1h 02' 40" |
| 33 | Pascal Hervé (FRA) | Festina | +1h 07' 16" |
| 34 | Federico Echave (ESP) | Mapei-Clas | +1h 07' 45" |
| 35 | Laurent Dufaux (SUI) | ONCE | +1h 09' 30" |
| 36 |  Viatcheslav Ekimov (RUS) | Wordperfect | +1h 09' 50" |
| 37 | Franco Vona (ITA) | GB-MG | +1h 10' 41" |
| 38 | Rolf Aldag (GER) | Telekom | +1h 10' 59" |
| 39 | Enrico Zaina (ITA) | Gewiss-Ballan | +1h 12' 16" |
| 40 | Arsenio Gonzalez (ESP) | Mapei-Clas | +1h 12' 41" |
| 41 | Flavio Vanzella (ITA) | GB-MG | +1h 24' 05" |
| 42 | Franco Chioccioli (ITA) | Mercatone Uno | +1h 26' 52" |
| 43 | François Simon (FRA) | Castorama | +1h 30' 50" |
| 44 |  Arturas Kasputis (LIT) | Chazal-MBK-Konig | +1h 37' 46" |
| 45 | Jesper Skibby (DEN) | TVM | +1h 41' 21" |
| 46 | Davide Perona (ITA) | ZG Mobili-Selle Italia | +1h 43' 05" |
| 47 | Jean-Claude Bagot (FRA) | Festina | +1h 44' 06" |
| 48 |  Miguel Arroyo (MEX) | Chazal-MBK-Konig | +1h 44' 11" |
| 49 | José Ramon Uriarte (ESP) | Banesto | +1h 44' 51" |
| 50 |  Dag Otto Lauritzen (NOR) | TVM | +1h 45' 54" |
| 51 | Eddy Seigneur (FRA) | Gan | +1h 47' 15" |
| 52 |  Neil Stephens (AUS) | ONCE | +1h 47' 59" |
| 53 | Thierry Marie (FRA) | Castorama | +1h 48' 47" |
| 54 | Giancarlo Perini (ITA) | ZG Mobili-Selle Italia | +1h 50' 07" |
| 55 | Angel Yesid Camargo (COL) | Kelme-Avianca | +1h 50' 08" |
| 56 | Gerard Rué (FRA) | Banesto | +1h 51' 28" |
| 57 | Djamolidine Abdoujaparov (UZB) | Polti | +1h 51' 34" |
| 58 | Giorgio Furlan (ITA) | Gewiss-Ballan | +1h 52' 18" |
| 59 | Jörg Müller (SUI) | Mapei-Clas | +1h 52' 19" |
| 60 | Jens Heppner (GER) | Telekom | +1h 53' 46" |
| 61 | Andrea Peron (ITA) | Polti | +1h 53' 47" |
| 62 | Vladislav Bobrik (RUS) | Gewiss-Ballan | +1h 55' 12" |
| 63 | Serhiy Utchakov (UKR) | Polti | +1h 57' 31" |
| 64 | Christophe Manin (FRA) | Chazal-MBK-Konig | +1h 58' 02" |
| 65 | Mauro-Antonio Santaromita (ITA) | ZG Mobili-Selle Italia | +1h 58' 09" |
| 66 | Ronan Pensec (FRA) | Novemail-Laser Computer | +1h 59' 02" |
| 67 | Vicente Aparicio (ESP) | Banesto | +1h 59' 34" |
| 68 | Luc Roosen (BEL) | Lotto-Vetta-Caloi | +2h 00' 43" |
| 69 | Phil Anderson (AUS) | Motorola | +2h 01' 13" |
| 70 | Raúl Alcalá (MEX) | Motorola | +2h 04' 41" |
| 71 | Sean Yates (GBR) | Motorola | +2h 04' 45" |
| 72 | Dimitri Zhdanov (RUS) | Polti | +2h 08' 20" |
| 73 | Rolf Järmann (SUI) | GB-MG | +2h 10' 46" |
| 74 | Philippe Louviot (FRA) | Novemail-Laser Computer | +2h 12' 10" |
| 75 | Massimo Ghirotto (ITA) | ZG Mobili-Selle Italia | +2h 12' 49" |
| 76 | Carlo Bomans (BEL) | GB-MG | +2h 12' 55" |
| 77 | Gerrit de Vries (NED) | Novemail-Laser Computer | +2h 14' 53" |
| 78 | Thierry Gouvenou (FRA) | Gan | +2h 15' 23" |
| 79 | Atle Kvålsvoll (NOR) | Wordperfect | +2h 15' 23" |
| 80 | Johan Museeuw (BEL) | GB-MG | +2h 17' 26" |
| 81 | Pascal Chanteur (FRA) | Chazal-MBK-Konig | +2h 17' 36" |
| 82 | Peter De Clercq (BEL) | Lotto-Vetta-Caloi | +2h 21' 43" |
| 83 | Stephen Hodge (AUS) | Festina | +2h 23' 50" |
| 84 | Uwe Raab (GER) | Telekom | +2h 24' 38" |
| 85 | Julio-César Cadena (COL) | Kelme-Avianca | +2h 24' 52" |
| 86 | Marco Zen (ITA) | Lampre-Panaria | +2h 25' 13" |
| 87 | Francisco Cabello (ESP) | Kelme-Avianca | +2h 25' 35" |
| 88 | Guy Nulens (BEL) | Novemail-Laser Computer | +2h 25' 52" |
| 89 |  Frankie Andreu (USA) | Motorola | +2h 26' 24" |
| 90 | Guido Bontempi (ITA) | Gewiss-Ballan | +2h 26' 27" |
| 91 | Bruno Thibout (FRA) | Castorama | +2h 26' 42" |
| 92 | Marc Wauters (BEL) | Wordperfect | +2h 28' 38" |
| 93 | Hendrik Redant (BEL) | ZG Mobili-Selle Italia | +2h 28' 57" |
| 94 | Silvio Martinello (ITA) | Mercatone Uno | +2h 29' 04" |
| 95 | Melchor Mauri (ESP) | Banesto | +2h 30' 20" |
| 96 | Ángel Edo (ESP) | Kelme-Avianca | +2h 31' 01" |
| 97 | Mario Kummer (GER) | Telekom | +2h 31' 42" |
| 98 | Rudy Verdonck (BEL) | Lotto-Vetta-Caloi | +2h 32' 24" |
| 99 | Erwin Nijboer (NED) | Banesto | +2h 34' 27" |
| 100 |  Cezary Zamana (POL) | Kelme-Avianca | +2h 34' 43" |
| 101 | Erik Dekker (NED) | Wordperfect | +2h 34' 52" |
| 102 | Alberto Leanizbarrutia (ESP) | ONCE | +2h 36' 05" |
| 103 | Ján Svorada (SVK) | Lampre-Panaria | +2h 36' 25" |
| 104 | Michel Dernies (BEL) | Motorola | +2h 36' 31" |
| 105 | Olaf Ludwig (GER) | Telekom | +2h 37' 37" |
| 106 | Christian Henn (GER) | Telekom | +2h 37' 48" |
| 107 | Dario Bottaro (ITA) | Gewiss-Ballan | +2h 39' 17" |
| 108 | Davide Cassani (ITA) | GB-MG | +2h 41' 32" |
| 109 | Herminio Diaz (ESP) | ONCE | +2h 42' 06" |
| 110 | Giovanni Fidanza (ITA) | Polti | +2h 42' 47" |
| 111 | Remo Rossi (ITA) | Carrera | +2h 43' 51" |
| 112 |  Stephen Swart (NZL) | Motorola | +2h 44' 38" |
| 113 | Francis Moreau (FRA) | Gan | +2h 51' 13" |
| 114 | Mario Chiesa (ITA) | Carrera | +2h 52' 02" |
| 115 | Eros Poli (ITA) | Mercatone Uno | +2h 52' 41" |
| 116 | Rob Mulders (NED) | Wordperfect | +3h 08' 32" |
| 117 | John Talen (NED) | Mercatone Uno | +3h 39' 03" |
Points classification
| Rank | Name | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Djamolidine Abdoujaparov (UZB) | Polti | 322 |
| 2 | Silvio Martinello (ITA) | Mercatone Uno | 273 |
| 3 | Ján Svorada (SVK) | Lampre-Panaria | 230 |
| 4 | Gianluca Bortolami (ITA) | Mapei-Clas | 188 |
| 5 | Miguel Indurain (ESP) | Banesto | 132 |
| 6 | Olaf Ludwig (GER) | Telekom | 122 |
| 7 | Johan Museeuw (BEL) | GB-MG | 118 |
| 8 | François Simon (FRA) | Castorama | 105 |
| 9 | Luc Leblanc (FRA) | Festina | 103 |
| 10 | Ángel Edo (ESP) | Kelme-Avianca | 102 |
Mountains classification
| Rank | Name | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Richard Virenque (FRA) | Festina | 392 |
| 2 | Marco Pantani (ITA) | Carrera | 243 |
| 3 | Piotr Ugrumov (LAT) | Gewiss-Ballan | 219 |
| 4 | Miguel Indurain (ESP) | Banesto | 215 |
| 5 | Peter De Clercq (BEL) | Lotto-Vetta-Caloi | 192 |
| 6 | Luc Leblanc (FRA) | Festina | 176 |
| 7 | Oscar Pelliccioli (ITA) | Polti | 151 |
| 8 | Roberto Conti (ITA) | Lampre-Panaria | 147 |
| 9 | Nelson Rodriguez (COL) | ZG Mobili-Selle Italia | 142 |
| 10 | Udo Bölts (GER) | Telekom | 119 |
Team classification
| Rank | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Festina | 311h 28' 53" |
| 2 | Gewiss-Ballan | +42' 57" |
| 3 | Banesto | +44' 38" |
| 4 | Mapei-Clas | +48' 25" |
| 5 | Carrera | +50' 55" |
| 6 | GB-MG | +1h 06' 06" |
| 7 | ONCE | +1h 20' 47" |
| 8 | Telekom | +1h 51' 04" |
| 9 | Kelme-Avianca | +1h 55' 47" |
| 10 | Castorama | +2h 14' 58" |
Young rider classification
| Rank | Name | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Marco Pantani (ITA) | Carrera | 103h 45' 57" |
| 2 | Richard Virenque (FRA) | Festina | +2' 51" |
| 3 | Bo Hamburger (DEN) | TVM | +36' 25" |
| 4 | Beat Zberg (SUI) | Carrera | +49' 17" |
| 5 | Abraham Olano (ESP) | Mapei-Clas | +54' 10" |
Combativity classification
| Rank | Name | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Eros Poli (ITA) | Mercatone Uno | 34 |
| 2 | Marco Pantani (ITA) | Carrera | 32 |
| 3 | Piotr Ugrumov (LAT) | Gewiss-Ballan | 21 |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Le Tour" [The Tour] (PDF) (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo. 25 July 1994. p. 12. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
- ↑ Augendre, Jacques (2009). "Guide Historique" (PDF) (in French). Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 2009-10-09. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
- ↑ "Ploeg Priem nog niet zeker van de Tour". Leeuwarder Courant (in Dutch). ANP. 18 May 1994. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Tourdirecteur Leblanc geeft ploeg Jaskula rood licht". Nieuwsblad van het Noorden (in Dutch). 15 June 1994. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 "81ème Tour de France 1994" (in French). Memoire du cyclisme. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
- ↑ Augendre, Jacques (2009). "Guide Historique, Part 5" (PDF) (in French). Amaury Sport Organisation. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
- ↑ Zwegers, Arian. "Tour de France GC Top Ten". CVCC. Archived from the original on 2009-06-10. Retrieved 15 Aug 2011.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Bill and Carol McGann. "1994 Tour de France". Bike Race Info. Dog Ear Publishing. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Christian, Sarah (2 July 2009). "Tour de France demystified - Evaluating success". RoadCycling.co.nz Ltd. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ↑ Chauner, David; Halstead, Michael (1990). The Tour de France Complete Book of Cycling. Villard. ISBN 0679729364. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Deblander, Bruno (25 July 1994). "Miguel Indurain va desormais au Tour par quatre chemins un tour sans peril, ce n'est pas la gloire Ugrumov n'a pas de regret" (in French). Le soir. pp. 19–23. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
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