1993 Tour de France
 | |||
| Route of the 1993 Tour de France | |||
| Race details | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Dates | July 3–July 25, 1993 | ||
| Stages | 20+Prologue | ||
| Distance | 3,714.3 km (2,308 mi) | ||
| Winning time | 95h 57' 09" (38.71 km/h or 24.05 mph) | ||
| Palmares | |||
 |
Winner |  Miguel Indurain (ESP) |
(Banesto) |
| Second |  Tony Rominger (SUI) |
(Clas-Cajastur) | |
| Third |  Zenon Jaskuła (POL) |
(GB-MG Maglificio) | |
 |
Points |  Djamolidine Abdoujaparov (UZB) |
(Lampre) |
 |
Mountains | Tony Rominger (SUI) |
(Clas-Cajastur) |
| Youth | Antonio Martín (ESP) |
(Amaya) | |
| Team | Carrera Jeans-Tassoni | ||
The 1993 Tour de France was the 80th Tour de France, taking place July 3 to July 25, 1993. It consisted of 20 stages, over 3714.3 km, ridden at an average speed of 38.709 km/h.[1]
The winner of the previous two years, Miguel Indurain, successfully defended his title. The points classification was won by Djamolidine Abdoujaparov, while the mountains classification was won by Tony Rominger.
Differences from the 1992 Tour de France
The Tour de France organisation felt that it was no longer safe to have 198 cyclists in the race, as more and more traffic islands had been made, so the total number of teams was reduced from 22 to 20.[2]
Participants
There were 20 teams in the 1993 Tour de France, each composed of 9 cyclists.[3] The first 14 teams were selected in May 1993, based on the FICP ranking;[4] in June 1993, six additional wildcards were given; one of the wildcards was given to a combination of two teams (Chazal and Subaru).[5] The Subaru team did not want to be part of a mixed team, so Chazal was allowed to send a full team.[6]
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|
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: wildcard teams
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The defending champion Miguel Indurain was the big favourite, having won the 1993 Giro d'Italia earlier that year.[7]
Stages
The route was unveiled in October 1992. Most team directors expected it to be more difficult than the 1992 Tour de France.[2]
| Stage | Date | Route | Terrain | Length | Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P | 3 July | Le Puy du Fou |  Individual time trial | 6.8 km (4.2 mi) | Miguel Indurain (ESP) |
| 1 | 4 July | Luçon – Les Sables-d'Olonne |  Plain stage | 215.0 km (133.6 mi) |  Mario Cipollini (ITA) |
| 2 | 5 July | Les Sables-d'Olonne – Vannes | Plain stage | 227.5 km (141.4 mi) | .svg.png){kind=small} Wilfried Nelissen (BEL) |
| 3 | 6 July | Vannes – Dinard | Plain stage | 189.5 km (117.7 mi) | Djamolidine Abdoujaparov (UZB) |
| 4 | 7 July | Dinard – Avranches | Team time trial | 81.0 km (50.3 mi) | GB-MG Maglificio (ITA) |
| 5 | 8 July | Avranches – Évreux | Plain stage | 225.5 km (140.1 mi) |  Jesper Skibby (DEN) |
| 6 | 9 July | Évreux – Amiens | Plain stage | 158.0 km (98.2 mi) | Johan Bruyneel (BEL) |
| 7 | 10 July | Péronne – Châlons-sur-Marne | Plain stage | 199.0 km (123.7 mi) | Bjarne Riis (DEN) |
| 8 | 11 July | Châlons-sur-Marne – Verdun | Plain stage | 184.5 km (114.6 mi) |  Lance Armstrong (USA) |
| 9 | 12 July | Lac de Madine – Lac de Madine | Individual time trial | 59.0 km (36.7 mi) | Miguel Indurain (ESP) |
| 10 | 14 July | Villard-de-Lans – Serre Chevalier |  Stage with mountain(s) | 203.0 km (126.1 mi) | Toni Rominger (SUI) |
| 11 | 15 July | Serre Chevalier – Isola 2000 | Stage with mountain(s) | 179.0 km (111.2 mi) | Toni Rominger (SUI) |
| 12 | 16 July | Isola – Marseille | Plain stage | 286.5 km (178.0 mi) | Fabio Roscioli (ITA) |
| 13 | 17 July | Marseille – Montpellier | Plain stage | 181.5 km (112.8 mi) |  Olaf Ludwig (GER) |
| 14 | 18 July | Montpellier – Perpignan | Plain stage | 223.0 km (138.6 mi) |  Pascal Lino (FRA) |
| 15 | 19 July | Perpignan – Pal | Stage with mountain(s) | 231.5 km (143.8 mi) |  Oliverio Rincón (COL) |
| 16 | 21 July | Andorra – Saint-Lary-Soulan Pla d'Adet | Stage with mountain(s) | 230.0 km (142.9 mi) | Zenon Jaskuła (POL) |
| 17 | 22 July | Tarbes – Pau | Stage with mountain(s) | 190.0 km (118.1 mi) | Claudio Chiappucci (ITA) |
| 18 | 23 July | Orthez – Bordeaux | Plain stage | 199.5 km (124.0 mi) | Djamolidine Abdoujaparov (UZB) |
| 19 | 24 July | Brétigny-sur-Orge – Montlhéry | Individual time trial | 48.0 km (29.8 mi) | Toni Rominger (SUI) |
| 20 | 25 July | Viry-Châtillon – Paris (Champs-Élysées) | Plain stage | 196.5 km (122.1 mi) | Djamolidine Abdoujaparov (UZB) |
Race details
The 1993 Tour started in the same way as the 1992 Tour: Indurain won, with Alex Zülle in second place.[7] The next stages were flat, and all finished in mass sprints. After the second stage, sprinter Wilfried Nelissen had collected enough time bonuses to become leader in the general classification.[7]
The team time trial in stage four was the first stage with significant effects on the general classification. Banesto (Indurain's team) came in seventh, losing more than one minute, but the biggest loser was Tony Rominger, whose Clas team lost more than three minutes.[7]
The contenders for the overall victory saved their energy in the next few stages, and cyclists who would not be a threat in the mountains were allowed to break away, with only the sprinters' teams trying to get them back. The sixth stage was run with an average speed of almost 49.5 kilometres per hour (30.8 mph), at that moment the fastest mass-start stage in the Tour.[7]
In the ninth stage, an individual time trial, the general classification changed. Indurain was a lot faster than the other cyclists, winning the stage with a margin of more than two minutes, and became the new leader in the general classification.[7]
The next stages were in the Alps. Tony Rominger attacked, trying to win back time. Although he was able to win the stage, Indurain had followed him closely, so Rominger did not win back any time. Other pre-race favourites lost considerable time this stage and were no longer in contention, such as Claudio Chiappucci, who lost more than eight minutes.[7]
In the eleventh stage, Rominger tried it again. But again, Indurain stayed with him. Rominger won the stage again, but the margin to Indurain stayed the same. Rominger did jump to the fourth place in the general classification, because Erik Breukink lost almost ten minutes.[7]
The next three stages were relatively flat, and the top of the general classification stayed the same. In the fifteenth stage, Pyrenean climbs were included. The stage was won by Oliverio Rincón, the only survivor of an early breakaway. Behind him, Rominger again tried to get away from Indurain, but was unable to do so.[7]
In the sixteenth stage, again in the Pyreneés, Rominger was finally able to get away from Indurain, but the margin was only three seconds. The seventeenth stage was the last stage with serious climbs, so the last realistic opportunity to win back time on Indurain, but this did not happen, so it seemed certain that Indurain would become the winner.[7]
The rest of the podium was determined in the individual time trial in stage 19. It was won by Rominger, with Indurain in second place. Rominger thus climbed to the second place in the general classification.
Classification leadership
- Jersey wearers when one rider is leading two or more competitions
- In stage 1, Alex Zülle wore the green jersey.
- In stages 3, 4, and 6, Mario Cipollini wore the green jersey.
- Other notes
- The white jersey wasn't actually awarded between 1989 and 1999 – the white column in this table represents the leader in the youth classification.
Results
There were several classifications in the 1993 Tour de France. The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour.[9]
Additionally, there was a points classification, which awarded a green jersey. In the points classification, cyclists got points for finishing among the best in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a green jersey.[9]
There was also a mountains classification. The organisation had categorized some climbs as either hors catégorie, first, second, third, or fourth-category; points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs first, with more points available for the higher-categorized climbs. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a polkadot jersey.[9]
The fourth individual classification was the young rider classification, which was not marked by a jersey. This was decided the same way as the general classification, but only riders under 26 years were eligible.[9]
For the team classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time.[10]
For the combativity classification, a jury gave points after each stage to the cyclists they considered most combative. The cyclist with the most votes in all stages lead the classification.
General classification
| Rank | Name | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Miguel Indurain (ESP) | Banesto | 95h 57' 09" |
| 2 | Toni Rominger (SUI) | Clas-Cajastur | +4' 59" |
| 3 | Zenon Jaskuła (POL) | GB-MG | +5' 48" |
| 4 | Alvaro Mejia (COL) | Motorola | +7' 29" |
| 5 | Bjarne Riis (DEN) | Ariostea | +16' 26" |
| 6 | Claudio Chiappucci (ITA) | Carrera | +17' 18" |
| 7 | Johan Bruyneel (BEL) | ONCE | +18' 04" |
| 8 | Andrew Hampsten (USA) | Motorola | +20' 14" |
| 9 | Pedro Delgado (ESP) | Banesto | +23' 57" |
| 10 |  Vladimir Poulnikov (RUS) | Carrera | +25' 29" |
| Final general classification (11–136) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Name | Team | Time |
| 11 | Gianni Faresin (ITA) | ZG Mobili | +29' 05" |
| 12 | Antonio Martín (ESP) | Amaya Seguros | +29' 51" |
| 13 |  Stephen Roche (IRE) | Carrera | +29' 53" |
| 14 | Roberto Conti (ITA) | Ariostea | +30' 05" |
| 15 | Jean-Philippe Dojwa (FRA) | Festina | +30' 24" |
| 16 | Oliviero Rincón (COL) | Amaya Seguros | +33' 19" |
| 17 | Alberto Elli (ITA) | Ariostea | +33' 29" |
| 18 | Jon Unzaga (ESP) | Clas-Cajastur | +38' 09" |
| 19 | Richard Virenque (FRA) | Festina | +38' 12" |
| 20 | Gianni Bugno (ITA) | Gatorade-Mega drive | +40' 08" |
| 21 | Franco Vona (ITA) | GB-MG | +40' 39" |
| 22 | Laurent Madouas (FRA) | Castorama | +41' 26" |
| 23 | Federico Echave (ESP) | Clas-Cajastur | +42' 25" |
| 24 |  Robert Millar (GBR) | TVM-Bison | +44' 20" |
| 25 | Udo Bölts (GER) | Telekom | +44' 35" |
| 26 | Francisco Mauleón (ESP) | Clas-Cajastur | +45' 18" |
| 27 |  Raúl Alcalá (MEX) | Wordperfect | +47' 40" |
| 28 | Thierry Claveyrolat (FRA) | Gan | +49' 21" |
| 29 | Giancarlo Perini (ITA) | ZG Mobili | +52' 02" |
| 30 | Fernando Escartín (ESP) | Clas-Cajastur | +53' 09" |
| 31 | Bo Hamburger (DEN) | TVM-Bison | +53' 42" |
| 32 | Ramon Gonzalez (ESP) | Festina | +57' 57" |
| 33 | Massimo Ghirotto (ITA) | ZG Mobili | +1h 00' 15" |
| 34 | .svg.png){kind=small} Leonardo Sierra (VEN) | ZG Mobili | +1h 01' 35" |
| 35 | Viatcheslav Ekimov (RUS) | Novemail-Laser | +1h 06' 43" |
| 36 | Thierry Bourguignon (FRA) | Castorama | +1h 08' 56" |
| 37 | Eric Caritoux (FRA) | Chazal-Vetta-MBK | +1h 13' 57" |
| 38 | Bruno Cenghialta (ITA) | Ariostea | +1h 14' 46" |
| 39 | Dimitri Zhdanov (RUS) | Novemail-Laser | +1h 15' 17" |
| 40 | Charly Mottet (FRA) | Novemail-Laser | +1h 16' 15" |
| 41 | Alex Zülle (SUI) | ONCE | +1h 18' 58" |
| 42 | Laudelino Cubino (ESP) | Amaya Seguros | +1h 19' 26" |
| 43 | Pascal Lino (FRA) | Festina | +1h 19' 53" |
| 44 | Laurent Brochard (FRA) | Castorama | +1h 20' 17" |
| 45 |  Eddy Bouwmans (NED) | Novemail-Laser | +1h 23' 12" |
| 46 | Gerard Rué (FRA) | Banesto | +1h 25' 34" |
| 47 | Ronan Pensec (FRA) | Novemail-Laser | +1h 33' 35" |
| 48 | Bruno Cornillet (FRA) | Novemail-Laser | +1h 34' 04" |
| 49 | Jean-François Bernard (FRA) | Banesto | +1h 34' 48" |
| 50 | Johan Museeuw (BEL) | GB-MG | +1h 35' 45" |
| 51 | Flavio Vanzella (ITA) | GB-MG | +1h 35' 50" |
| 52 | Jörg Müller (SUI) | Clas-Cajastur | +1h 36' 37" |
| 53 | Jesper Skibby (DEN) | TVM-Bison | +1h 36' 43" |
| 54 | Rolf Järmann (SUI) | Ariostea | +1h 37' 23" |
| 55 | Gerrit de Vries (NED) | TVM-Bison | +1h 37' 24" |
| 56 | Rolf Aldag (GER) | Telekom | +1h 37' 36" |
| 57 | François Simon (FRA) | Castorama | +1h 41' 23" |
| 58 | Miguel Angel Martinez (ESP) | ONCE | +1h 43' 03" |
| 59 | François Lemarchand (FRA) | Gan | +1h 43' 20" |
| 60 | Stefano Colagè (ITA) | ZG Mobili | +1h 47' 08" |
| 61 | Franco Ballerini (ITA) | GB-MG | +1h 49' 25" |
| 62 | Jens Heppner (GER) | Telekom | +1h 51' 32" |
| 63 | Eric Boyer (FRA) | Gan | +1h 52' 12" |
| 64 | Philippe Louviot (FRA) | ONCE | +1h 52' 19" |
| 65 | Mauro-Antonio Santaromita (ITA) | Ariostea | +1h 52' 24" |
| 66 | Laurent Pillon (FRA) | GB-MG | +1h 52' 42" |
| 67 | Guy Nulens (BEL) | Novemail-Laser | +1h 53' 40" |
| 68 | Pascal Lance (FRA) | Gan | +1h 54' 43" |
| 69 | Marc Sergeant (BEL) | Novemail-Laser | +1h 55' 21" |
| 70 | Rolf Sørensen (DEN) | Carrera | +1h 56' 50" |
| 71 | Maximilian Sciandri (GBR) | Motorola | +1h 57' 14" |
| 72 | Marino Alonso (ESP) | Banesto | +1h 58' 04" |
| 73 | Gianluca Bortolami (ITA) | Lampre-Polti | +1h 59' 14" |
| 74 | Julián Gorospe (ESP) | Banesto | +2h 00' 22" |
| 75 | Pascal Chanteur (FRA) | Chazal-Vetta-MBK | +2h 00' 42" |
| 76 | Djamolidine Abduzhaparov (UZB) | Lampre-Polti | +2h 03' 33" |
| 77 | Brian Holm (DEN) | Telekom | +2h 04' 55" |
| 78 | Iñaki Gaston (ESP) | Clas-Cajastur | +2h 05' 32" |
| 79 | Fabian Jeker (SUI) | Castorama | +2h 07' 12" |
| 80 | John van den Akker (NED) | ZG Mobili | +2h 07' 17" |
| 81 | Dominique Arnould (FRA) | Castorama | +2h 07' 40" |
| 82 | Juan Carlos Martin (ESP) | Amaya Seguros | +2h 08' 53" |
| 83 | Luc Roosen (BEL) | Lotto-Belgacom | +2h 09' 16" |
| 84 |  Phil Anderson (AUS) | Motorola | +2h 10' 45" |
| 85 | Fabio Roscioli (ITA) | Carrera | +2h 11' 31" |
| 86 | Wilfried Peeters (BEL) | GB-MG | +2h 11' 55" |
| 87 | Christian Henn (GER) | Telekom | +2h 12' 13" |
| 88 | Sean Yates (GBR) | Motorola | +2h 16' 38" |
| 89 | Frankie Andreu (USA) | Motorola | +2h 17' 10" |
| 90 |  Dag Otto Lauritzen (NOR) | TVM-Bison | +2h 17' 40" |
| 91 | Maarten den Bakker (NED) | TVM-Bison | +2h 18' 32" |
| 92 | Mario Chiesa (ITA) | Carrera | +2h 18' 42" |
| 93 | Franck Pineau (FRA) | Chazal-Vetta-MBK | +2h 18' 55" |
| 94 | José Ramon Uriarte (ESP) | Banesto | +2h 19' 44" |
| 95 | Javier Murguialday (ESP) | Amaya Seguros | +2h 19' 53" |
| 96 | Davide Bramati (ITA) | Lampre-Polti | +2h 22' 18" |
| 97 |  Serhiy Utchakov (UKR) | Lampre-Polti | +2h 23' 08" |
| 98 | Uwe Raab (GER) | Telekom | +2h 23' 24" |
| 99 | Gerd Audehm (GER) | Telekom | +2h 24' 09" |
| 100 | Nelson Rodriguez (COL) | ZG Mobili | +2h 24' 13" |
| 101 |  Steve Bauer (CAN) | Motorola | +2h 25' 46" |
| 102 | Herminio Diaz (ESP) | ONCE | +2h 25' 57" |
| 103 | Laurent Biondi (FRA) | Chazal-Vetta-MBK | +2h 26' 59" |
| 104 | Stefano Zanatta (ITA) | Gatorade-Mega drive | +2h 27' 37" |
| 105 | Davide Cassani (ITA) | Ariostea | +2h 27' 58" |
| 106 | Frans Maassen (NED) | Wordperfect | +2h 28' 55" |
| 107 | Marc Wauters (BEL) | Lotto-Belgacom | +2h 30' 33" |
| 108 | Jean-Pierre Delphis (FRA) | Chazal-Vetta-MBK | +2h 32' 50" |
| 109 | Laurent Desbiens (FRA) | Castorama | +2h 33' 05" |
| 110 | Serge Baguet (BEL) | Lotto-Belgacom | +2h 34' 45" |
| 111 | Mario Kummer (GER) | Telekom | +2h 35' 22" |
| 112 | Frédéric Moncassin (FRA) | Wordperfect | +2h 35' 35" |
| 113 | Michel Vermote (BEL) | Festina | +2h 36' 54" |
| 114 | Herman Frison (BEL) | Lotto-Belgacom | +2h 36' 58" |
| 115 | Christophe Capelle (FRA) | Gan | +2h 37' 23" |
| 116 | Michel Dernies (BEL) | Motorola | +2h 37' 37" |
| 117 | Jesus Montoya (ESP) | Amaya Seguros | +2h 38' 10" |
| 118 | Tom Cordes (NED) | Amaya Seguros | +2h 40' 12" |
| 119 | Patrice Esnault (FRA) | Chazal-Vetta-MBK | +2h 40' 47" |
| 120 | Mario Scirea (ITA) | Gatorade-Mega drive | +2h 40' 53" |
| 121 | Jacky Durand (FRA) | Castorama | +2h 40' 57" |
| 122 | John Talen (NED) | TVM-Bison | +2h 42' 11" |
| 123 | Philippe Casado (FRA) | Gan | +2h 43' 02" |
| 124 | Jean-Pierre Bourgeot (FRA) | Chazal-Vetta-MBK | +2h 44' 05" |
| 125 | Giovanni Fidanza (ITA) | Gatorade-Mega drive | +2h 45' 31" |
| 126 | Prudencio Indurain (ESP) | Banesto | +2h 53' 49" |
| 127 | Gert Jakobs (NED) | Festina | +2h 55' 48" |
| 128 | Andrea Tafi (ITA) | Carrera | +2h 56' 18" |
| 129 | Jelle Nijdam (NED) | Wordperfect | +2h 56' 52" |
| 130 | Danny Nelissen (NED) | TVM-Bison | +3h 00' 09" |
| 131 | Dieter Runkel (SUI) | Wordperfect | +3h 01' 59" |
| 132 | Peter De Clercq (BEL) | Lotto-Belgacom | +3h 05' 21" |
| 133 | Jean-Claude Colotti (FRA) | Gan | +3h 05' 40" |
| 134 | Rob Mulders (NED) | Wordperfect | +3h 06' 06" |
| 135 | Peter Farazijn (BEL) | Lotto-Belgacom | +3h 11' 43" |
| 136 | Edwig Van Hooydonck (BEL) | Wordperfect | +3h 30' 15" |
Points classification
| Rank | Name | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Djamolidine Abduzhaparov (UZB) | Lampre-Polti | 298 |
| 2 | Johan Museeuw (BEL) | GB-MG | 157 |
| 3 | Maximilian Sciandri (GBR) | Motorola | 153 |
| 4 | François Simon (FRA) | Castorama | 149 |
| 5 | Christophe Capelle (FRA) | Gan | 147 |
| 6 | Frédéric Moncassin (FRA) | Wordperfect | 145 |
| 7 | Miguel Indurain (ESP) | Banesto | 136 |
| 8 | Bjarne Riis (DEN) | Ariostea | 133 |
| 9 | Toni Rominger (SUI) | Clas-Cajastur | 126 |
| 10 | Stefano Colagè (ITA) | ZG Mobili | 120 |
Mountains classification
| Rank | Name | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Toni Rominger (SUI) | Clas-Cajastur | 449 |
| 2 | Claudio Chiappucci (ITA) | Carrera | 301 |
| 3 | Oliviero Rincón (COL) | Amaya Seguros | 286 |
| 4 | Miguel Indurain (ESP) | Banesto | 239 |
| 5 | Richard Virenque (FRA) | Festina | 191 |
| 6 | Alvaro Mejia (COL) | Motorola | 187 |
| 7 | Davide Cassani (ITA) | Ariostea | 155 |
| 8 | Zenon Jaskuła (POL) | GB-MG | 153 |
| 9 |  Leonardo Sierra (VEN) | ZG Mobili | 136 |
| 10 | Bjarne Riis (DEN) | Ariostea | 113 |
Team classification
| Rank | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Carrera Jeans-Tassoni | 288h 09' 5322 |
| 2 | Ariostea | +47' 40" |
| 3 | Clas-Cajastur | +48' 49" |
| 4 | Festina | +1h 08' 42" |
| 5 | Banesto | +1h 08' 57" |
| 6 | GB-MG Maglificio | +1h 13' 59" |
| 7 | Motorola | +1h 27' 22" |
| 8 | ZG Mobili-Sidi | +1h 35' 03" |
| 9 | Amaya Seguros | +1h 48' 48" |
| 10 | ONCE | +1h 51' 12" |
Young rider classification
| Rank | Name | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Antonio Martín (ESP) | Amaya Seguros | 96h 27' 00" |
| 2 | Oliviero Rincón (COL) | Amaya Seguros | +3' 28" |
| 3 | Richard Virenque (FRA) | Festina | +8' 21" |
| 4 | Fernando Escartín (ESP) | Clas-Cajastur | +23' 18" |
| 5 | Bo Hamburger (DEN) | TVM-Bison | +23' 51" |
| 6 | Leonardo Sierra (VEN) | ZG Mobili | +31' 44" |
| 7 | Dimitri Zhdanov (RUS) | Novemail-Laser | +45' 26" |
| 8 | Alex Zülle (SUI) | ONCE | +49' 07" |
| 9 | Laurent Brochard (FRA) | Castorama | +50' 26" |
| 10 | Eddy Bouwmans (NED) | Novemail-Laser | +53' 21" |
Combativity classification
| Rank | Name | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Massimo Ghirotto (ITA) | ZG Mobili | 34 |
| 2 | Bjarne Riis (DEN) | Ariostea | 25 |
| 3 | Jacky Durand (FRA) | Castorama | 23 |
Other classifications
The fair-play award was given to Gianni Bugno.[3]
References
- ↑ Augendre, Jacques (2009). "Guide Historique" (PDF) (in French). Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 2009-10-09. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Abt, Samuel (30 October 1992). "Tour de France Has Rocky Road Ready For Riders in 1993". New York Times.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 "80ème Tour de France 1993" (in French). Memoire du cyclisme. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
- ↑ "Les premières équipes pour le Tour" (in French). Le Soir. 19 May 1993. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
- ↑ Deblander, Bruno (16 June 1993). "Sept maillots pour completer le generique du Tour de France 1993; Six invitations et une fusion" (in French). Le Soir. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
- ↑ Abt, Samuel (17 June 1993). "Angry U.S. Bike Team Says 'No' To Sharing Tour de France Slot". New York Times. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2008). The Story of the Tour de France: 1965-2007. Dog Ear Publishing. pp. 211–216. ISBN 1-59858-608-4. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
- ↑ Zwegers, Arian. "Tour de France GC Top Ten". CVCC. Archived from the original on 2009-06-10. Retrieved 15 Aug 2011.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Christian, Sarah (2 July 2009). "Tour de France demystified - Evaluating success". RoadCycling.co.nz Ltd. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ↑ Chauner, David; Halstead, Michael (1990). The Tour de France Complete Book of Cycling. Villard. ISBN 0679729364. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
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