1992 Tour de France
 | |||
| Route of the 1992 Tour de France | |||
| Race details | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Dates | July 4–July 26, 1992 | ||
| Stages | 21+Prologue | ||
| Distance | 3,975.0 km (2,470 mi) | ||
| Winning time | 100h 49' 30" (39.504 km/h or 24.547 mph) | ||
| Palmares | |||
 |
Winner |  Miguel Indurain (Spain) |
(Banesto) |
| Second |  Claudio Chiappucci (Italy) |
(Carrera Jeans-Vagabond) | |
| Third | Gianni Bugno (Italy) |
(Gatorade-Chateau d'Ax) | |
 |
Points |  Laurent Jalabert (France) |
(ONCE) |
 |
Mountains | Claudio Chiappucci (Italy) |
(Carrera Jeans-Vagabond) |
| Youth |  Eddy Bouwmans (Netherlands) |
(Panasonic) | |
| Team | Carrera Jeans-Vagabond | ||
The 1992 Tour de France was the 79th Tour de France, taking place between 4 and 26 July 1992. The total race distance was 21 stages and a prologue over 3975 km, with riders averaging 39.504 km/h.[1] In honor of the Maastricht Treaty, which created the European Union, the Tour visited a record seven countries: France, Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and Italy.
The 1992 race included one of the most remarkable stages of modern history. Claudio Chiappucci took off before the race left France and soloed to a glorious victory at Sestriere high in the Italian Alps. The tifosi's exuberance was unrestrained by barriers as Chiappucci overtook the motorbike escort which couldn't break through his adoring fans. LeMond abandoned. Miguel Indurain took his second overall win.
Participants
There were 22 teams in the 1992 Tour de France, each composed of 9 cyclists.[2] Sixteen teams qualified because they were the top 16 of the FICP ranking in May 1992;[3] six other teams were given wildcards in June 1992.[4]
|
|
|
: wildcard team
Miguel Indurain, winner of the 1991 Tour de France, was the clear favourite, having won the 1992 Giro d'Italia with ease. His biggest rivals were expected to be Gianni Bugno (second in the 1991 Tour) and Claudio Chiappucci (second in the 1992 Giro).[5]
Stages
| Stage | Date | Route | Terrain | Length | Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P | 4 July | San Sebastián |  Individual time trial | 8.0 km (5.0 mi) | Miguel Indurain (ESP) |
| 1 | 5 July | San Sebastián – San Sebastián |  Hilly stage | 194.5 km (120.9 mi) | Dominique Arnould (FRA) |
| 2 | 6 July | San Sebastián – Pau | Hilly stage | 255.0 km (158.4 mi) | Javier Murguialday (ESP) |
| 3 | 7 July | Pau – Bordeaux |  Plain stage | 210.0 km (130.5 mi) | Rob Harmeling (NED) |
| 4 | 8 July | Libourne – Libourne | Team time trial | 63.5 km (39.5 mi) | Panasonic |
| 5 | 9 July | Nogent-sur-Oise – Wasquehal | Plain stage | 196.0 km (121.8 mi) | Guido Bontempi (ITA) |
| 6 | 10 July | Roubaix – Bruxelles | Plain stage | 167.0 km (103.8 mi) | Laurent Jalabert (FRA) |
| 7 | 11 July | Bruxelles – Valkenburg | Plain stage | 196.5 km (122.1 mi) | Gilles Delion (FRA) |
| 8 | 12 July | Valkenburg – Koblenz | Plain stage | 206.5 km (128.3 mi) | .svg.png){kind=small} Jan Nevens (BEL) |
| 9 | 13 July | Luxembourg – Luxembourg | Individual time trial | 65.0 km (40.4 mi) | Miguel Indurain (ESP) |
| 10 | 14 July | Luxembourg – Strasbourg | Plain stage | 217.0 km (134.8 mi) | Jean-Paul van Poppel (NED) |
| 11 | 15 July | Strasbourg – Mulhouse | Hilly stage | 249.5 km (155.0 mi) | Laurent Fignon (FRA) |
| 12 | 16 July | Dole – St Gervais | Hilly stage | 267.5 km (166.2 mi) |  Rolf Järmann (SUI) |
| 13 | 18 July | St Gervais – Sestriere |  Stage with mountain(s) | 254.5 km (158.1 mi) | Claudio Chiappucci (ITA) |
| 14 | 19 July | Sestriere – Alpe d'Huez | Stage with mountain(s) | 186.5 km (115.9 mi) |  Andrew Hampsten (USA) |
| 15 | 20 July | Le Bourg-d'Oisans – Saint-Étienne | Hilly stage | 198.0 km (123.0 mi) | Franco Chioccioli (ITA) |
| 16 | 21 July | Saint-Étienne – La Bourboule | Hilly stage | 212.0 km (131.7 mi) |  Stephen Roche (IRE) |
| 17 | 22 July | La Bourboule – Montluçon | Plain stage | 189.0 km (117.4 mi) | Jean-Claude Colotti (FRA) |
| 18 | 23 July | Montluçon – Tours | Plain stage | 212.0 km (131.7 mi) | Thierry Marie (FRA) |
| 19 | 24 July | Tours – Blois | Individual time trial | 64.0 km (39.8 mi) | Miguel Indurain (ESP) |
| 20 | 25 July | Blois – Nanterre | Plain stage | 222.0 km (137.9 mi) | Peter De Clercq (BEL) |
| 21 | 26 July | La Défense – Paris (Champs-Élysées) | Plain stage | 141.0 km (87.6 mi) |  Olaf Ludwig (GER) |
Race details
The prologue was in San Sebastián, close to Indurain's home.[7] Indurain won the prologue, with debutant Alex Zülle in second place. In the first stage, Zülle won a time bonus in an intermediate sprint, and became the new race leader.[5] In the second stage, Richard Virenque, another debutant who was a late addition to his team, was part of a two-man escape that stayed away, and took over the lead.[5] The yellow jersey, worn by the leader in the general classification, changed owner again after the third stage, when a group of ten cyclists stayed away, and Pascal Lino, a team mate of Virenque at RMO, became the new leader.[5] In the team time trial of stage four, RMO lost time to the teams specialized in team time trials, but Lino's lead was large enough to remain leader.[5]
In the time trial in stage nine, Indurain took his chance to win back time on Lino and Virenque and his rivals: Indurain won the stage, three minutes faster than all other cyclists.[7] This time trial victory is sometimes seen as Indurain's career-defining moment.[8]
The major mountain stages were stages 13 and 14.[9] Chiappucci won stage 13, and won back some time on Indurain who finished in third place; Chiappucci climbed to the second place in the general classification. In the fourteenth stage, Chiappucci and Indurain finished together. After this stage, Indurain lead the race with only Chiappucci within two minutes; all other cyclists were more than eight minutes behind. With no big mountain stages remaining, the only stage that was likely to create time differences between the favourites was the time trial in stage nineteen. Indurain, being a time trial specialist, won that stage, and increased his margin to more than four minutes.[5]
Indurain thus won his second Tour de France.
Results
There were several classifications in the 1992 Tour de France. The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour.[10]
Additionally, there was a points classification, which awarded a green jersey. In the points classification, cyclists got points for finishing among the best in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a green jersey.[10]
There was also a mountains classification. The organisation had categorized some climbs as either hors catégorie, first, second, third, or fourth-category; points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs first, with more points available for the higher-categorized climbs. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a polkadot jersey.[10]
The fourth individual classification was the young rider classification, which was not marked by a jersey in 1992. This was decided the same way as the general classification, but only riders under 26 years were eligible.[10]
For the team classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time.[11]
In 1992, there was an additional classification because of the Maastricht Treaty, that created the European Union. In the 1992 Tour de France, a national border was crossed seven times, and every time there was a special sprint, where points could be earned. This classification was won by Viatcheslav Ekimov.[12]
The "Association Française pour un Sport sans violence et pour le Fair-play" awarded the Fair Play award in the Tour for the first time. It was given to Stephen Roche.[13]
General classification
| Rank | Name | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Miguel Indurain (ESP) | Banesto | 100h 49' 30" |
| 2 | Claudio Chiappucci (ITA) | Carrera Jeans-Vagabond | +4' 35" |
| 3 | Gianni Bugno (ITA) | Gatorade | +10' 49" |
| 4 | Andrew Hampsten (USA) | Motorola | +13' 40" |
| 5 | Pascal Lino (FRA) | RMO | +14' 37" |
| 6 | Pedro Delgado (ESP) | Banesto | +15' 16" |
| 7 | Erik Breukink (NED) | PDM | +18' 51" |
| 8 | Giancarlo Perini (ITA) | Carrera Jeans-Vagabond | +19' 16" |
| 9 | Stephen Roche (IRE) | Carrera Jeans-Vagabond | +20' 23" |
| 10 | Jens Heppner (GER) | Telekom | +25' 30" |
| Final general classification (11–130) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Name | Team | Time |
| 11 | Franco Vona (ITA) | GB-MG | +25' 43" |
| 12 | Eric Boyer (FRA) | Z | +26' 16" |
| 13 | Gert-Jan Theunisse (NED) | TVM | +27' 07" |
| 14 | Eddy Bouwmans (NED) | Panasonic | +28' 35" |
| 15 | Gerard Rué (FRA) | Castorama | +28' 48" |
| 16 | Franco Chioccioli (ITA) | GB-MG | +30' 31" |
| 17 | Steven Rooks (NED) | Buckler | +31' 09" |
| 18 |  Robert Millar (GBR) | TVM | +31' 19" |
| 19 | Francisco Mauleón (ESP) | Clas | +31' 27" |
| 20 | Arsenio González (ESP) | Clas | +31' 51" |
| 21 |  Raúl Alcalá (MEX) | PDM | +33' 20" |
| 22 | Jon Unzaga (ESP) | Clas | +36' 43" |
| 23 | Laurent Fignon (FRA) | Gatorade | +41' 51" |
| 24 |  Oscar Vargas (COL) | Amaya | +43' 19" |
| 25 | Richard Virenque (FRA) | RMO | +46' 01" |
| 26 | Javier Murguialday (ESP) | Amaya | +46' 30" |
| 27 | Jérôme Simon (FRA) | Z | +52' 48" |
| 28 | Alberto Elli (ITA) | Ariostea | +54' 29" |
| 29 | Thierry Bourguignon (FRA) | Castorama | +59' 50" |
| 30 | Jim Van De Laer (BEL) | Tulip Computers | +1h 00' 29" |
| 31 | Enrique Alonso (ESP) | Festina | +1h 04' 34" |
| 32 |  Arunas Cepele (LIT) | Ryalcao-Postobón | +1h 09' 00" |
| 33 | Thierry Claveyrolat (FRA) | Z | +1h 09' 15" |
| 34 | Laurent Jalabert (FRA) | ONCE | +1h 10' 08" |
| 35 | Udo Bölts (GER) | Telekom | +1h 12' 40" |
| 36 | Francisco Espinosa (ESP) | Clas | +1h 14' 02" |
| 37 | Eric Caritoux (FRA) | RMO | +1h 14' 24" |
| 38 |  Dimitri Zhdanov (RUS) | Panasonic | +1h 17' 04" |
| 39 | Jean-François Bernard (FRA) | Banesto | +1h 17' 20" |
| 40 | Massimo Ghirotto (ITA) | Carrera Jeans-Vagabond | +1h 17' 47" |
| 41 | Luis Perez (ESP) | Festina | +1h 17' 52" |
| 42 | Yvon Ledanois (FRA) | Castorama | +1h 19' 43" |
| 43 | Sean Kelly (IRE) | Festina | +1h 21' 37" |
| 44 | Jean-Cyril Robin (FRA) | Castorama | +1h 26' 22" |
| 45 | Fernando Escartín (ESP) | Clas | +1h 29' 15" |
| 46 | Maurizio Fondriest (ITA) | Panasonic | +1h 30' 45" |
| 47 | Julián Gorospe (ESP) | Banesto | +1h 33' 26" |
| 48 | Dominique Arnould (FRA) | Castorama | +1h 35' 34" |
| 49 |  Atle Kvålsvoll (NOR) | Z | +1h 35' 40" |
| 50 |  Harald Maier (AUT) | PDM | +1h 35' 56" |
| 51 | Jan Nevens (BEL) | Lotto | +1h 36' 25" |
| 52 | Ronan Pensec (FRA) | RMO | +1h 37' 54" |
| 53 | Dominik Krieger (GER) | Helvetia-Commodore | +1h 38' 17" |
| 54 | Gerardo Moncada (COL) | Ryalcao-Postobón | +1h 43' 24" |
| 55 | Abelardo Rondon (COL) | Gatorade | +1h 44' 32" |
| 56 |  Jesper Skibby (DEN) | TVM | +1h 46' 29" |
| 57 | Philippe Louviot (FRA) | ONCE | +1h 58' 47" |
| 58 | Gilles Delion (FRA) | Helvetia-Commodore | +2h 00' 51" |
| 59 | Flavio Vanzella (ITA) | GB-MG | +2h 02' 09" |
| 60 | Fernando Pinero (ESP) | Festina | +2h 03' 01" |
| 61 |  Acácio da Silva (POR) | Festina | +2h 04' 20" |
| 62 | Rolf Järmann (SUI) | Ariostea | +2h 06' 53" |
| 63 | José Ramon Uriarte (ESP) | Banesto | +2h 07' 01" |
| 64 | Juan Carlos Martin (ESP) | Amaya | +2h 07' 21" |
| 65 | Viatcheslav Ekimov (RUS) | Panasonic | +2h 08' 32" |
| 66 | Marc Sergeant (BEL) | Panasonic | +2h 09' 55" |
| 67 | Yvon Madiot (FRA) | Telekom | +2h 10' 14" |
| 68 | Carlos Jaramillo (COL) | Ryalcao-Postobón | +2h 11' 09" |
| 69 | Jesus Montoya (ESP) | Amaya | +2h 11' 17" |
| 70 | Marc Madiot (FRA) | Telekom | +2h 12' 33" |
| 71 | Arturas Kasputis (LIT) | Ryalcao-Postobón | +2h 12' 33" |
| 72 | Pello Ruiz (ESP) | Gatorade | +2h 12' 35" |
| 73 | Johan Museeuw (BEL) | Lotto | +2h 14' 06" |
| 74 |  Neil Stephens (AUS) | ONCE | +2h 15' 42" |
| 75 | Guido Bontempi (ITA) | Carrera Jeans-Vagabond | +2h 16' 08" |
| 76 | Brian Holm (DEN) | Tulip Computers | +2h 16' 18" |
| 77 | Guy Nulens (BEL) | Panasonic | +2h 18' 06" |
| 78 | Mario Kummer (GER) | PDM | +2h 20' 00" |
| 79 | Thierry Laurent (FRA) | RMO | +2h 20' 19" |
| 80 | Martin Earley (IRE) | PDM | +2h 21' 25" |
| 81 | Phil Anderson (AUS) | Motorola | +2h 23' 30" |
| 82 | Ramon Gonzalez (ESP) | Festina | +2h 24' 18" |
| 83 | Sean Yates (GBR) | Motorola | +2h 24' 44" |
| 84 | Roberto Conti (ITA) | Ariostea | +2h 26' 58" |
| 85 | Carlos Hernández (ESP) | Festina | +2h 29' 06" |
| 86 | Dirk De Wolf (BEL) | Gatorade | +2h 30' 17" |
| 87 | Jos van Aert (NED) | PDM | +2h 32' 38" |
| 88 | Laurent Pillon (FRA) | GB-MG | +2h 32' 50" |
| 89 | Per Pedersen (DEN) | Amaya | +2h 34' 35" |
| 90 | Fabio Roscioli (ITA) | Carrera Jeans-Vagabond | +2h 34' 55" |
| 91 | Frans Maassen (NED) | Buckler | +2h 35' 27" |
| 92 | Maarten den Bakker (NED) | PDM | +2h 35' 55" |
| 93 | Stephen Hodge (AUS) | ONCE | +2h 36' 55" |
| 94 | Jörg Müller (SUI) | Helvetia-Commodore | +2h 38' 07" |
| 95 | Jean-Claude Colotti (FRA) | Z | +2h 46' 25" |
| 96 | Olaf Ludwig (GER) | Panasonic | +2h 47' 17" |
| 97 | Herminio Diaz (ESP) | ONCE | +2h 47' 44" |
| 98 | Marino Alonso (ESP) | Banesto | +2h 49' 32" |
| 99 | Søren Lilholt (DEN) | Tulip Computers | +2h 50' 33" |
| 100 | Sammie Moreels (BEL) | Lotto | +2h 52' 16" |
| 101 | Miguel Angel Martinez (ESP) | ONCE | +2h 52' 22" |
| 102 | Johnny Weltz (DEN) | ONCE | +2h 53' 57" |
| 103 | Giovanni Fidanza (ITA) | Gatorade | +2h 58' 53" |
| 104 | François Lemarchand (FRA) | Z | +2h 59' 28" |
| 105 | Christophe Manin (FRA) | RMO | +3h 00' 00" |
| 106 | Michel Dernies (BEL) | Motorola | +3h 03' 43" |
| 107 | Mario Scirea (ITA) | Gatorade | +3h 04' 27" |
| 108 | Aitor Garmendia (ESP) | Banesto | +3h 06' 36" |
| 109 | Francisco-José Antequera (ESP) | Amaya | +3h 08' 47" |
| 110 | Frankie Andreu (USA) | Motorola | +3h 12' 05" |
| 111 | Herman Frison (BEL) | Tulip Computers | +3h 12' 37" |
| 112 | Andrea Chiurato (ITA) | Gatorade | +3h 12' 58" |
| 113 | Jelle Nijdam (NED) | Buckler | +3h 13' 40" |
| 114 | Thierry Marie (FRA) | Castorama | +3h 14' 18" |
| 115 | Franco Ballerini (ITA) | GB-MG | +3h 14' 26" |
| 116 | Xavier Aldanondo (ESP) | ONCE | +3h 16' 56" |
| 117 | Mario Chiesa (ITA) | Carrera Jeans-Vagabond | +3h 17' 43" |
| 118 | Martien Kokkelkoren (NED) | Buckler | +3h 21' 27" |
| 119 | Jacky Durand (FRA) | Castorama | +3h 23' 44" |
| 120 | Etienne De Wilde (BEL) | Telekom | +3h 26' 40" |
| 121 | Peter Roes (BEL) | Lotto | +3h 28' 16" |
| 122 | Hendrik Redant (BEL) | Lotto | +3h 32' 51" |
| 123 | Peter De Clercq (BEL) | Lotto | +3h 34' 13" |
| 124 | Rik Van Slycke (BEL) | Lotto | +3h 37' 57" |
| 125 | Julio-Cesar Ortegon (COL) | Ryalcao-Postobón | +3h 39' 28" |
| 126 | Allan Peiper (AUS) | Tulip Computers | +3h 40' 21" |
| 127 | Jean-Paul van Poppel (NED) | PDM | +3h 43' 23" |
| 128 | Andreas Kappes (GER) | Telekom | +3h 47' 45" |
| 129 | Henri Manders (NED) | Helvetia-Commodore | +3h 57' 53" |
| 130 | Fernando Quevedo (ESP) | Amaya | +4h 12' 11" |
Points classification
| Rank | Name | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Laurent Jalabert (FRA) | ONCE | 293 |
| 2 | Johan Museeuw (BEL) | Lotto | 262 |
| 3 | Claudio Chiappucci (ITA) | Carrera Jeans-Vagabond | 202 |
| 4 | Olaf Ludwig (GER) | Panasonic | 193 |
| 5 | Massimo Ghirotto (ITA) | Carrera Jeans-Vagabond | 177 |
| 6 | Miguel Indurain (ESP) | Banesto | 128 |
| 7 | Stephen Roche (IRE) | Carrera Jeans-Vagabond | 111 |
| 8 | Gianni Bugno (ITA) | Gatorade | 109 |
| 9 | Søren Lilholt (DEN) | Tulip Computers | 96 |
| 10 | Jelle Nijdam (NED) | Buckler | 84 |
Mountains classification
| Rank | Name | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Claudio Chiappucci (ITA) | Carrera Jeans-Vagabond | 410 |
| 2 | Richard Virenque (FRA) | RMO | 245 |
| 3 | Franco Chioccioli (ITA) | GB-MG | 209 |
| 4 | Miguel Indurain (ESP) | Banesto | 152 |
| 5 | Andrew Hampsten (USA) | Motorola | 140 |
| 6 | Gianni Bugno (ITA) | Gatorade | 131 |
| 7 | Franco Vona (ITA) | GB-MG | 122 |
| 8 | Stephen Roche (IRE) | Carrera Jeans-Vagabond | 107 |
| 9 | Javier Murguialday (ESP) | Amaya | 96 |
| 10 | Eric Boyer (FRA) | Z | 93 |
Team classification
| Rank | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Carrera | 302h 58' 12" |
| 2 | Banesto | +18' 16" |
| 3 | Clas | +49' 27" |
| 4 | Gatorade | +1h 02' 46" |
| 5 | Z | +1h 07' 19" |
| 6 | RMO | +1h 22' 11" |
| 7 | TVM | +1h 29' 22" |
| 8 | Castorama | +1h 37' 18" |
| 9 | PDM | +1h 41' 35" |
| 10 | Panasonic | +1h 46' 46" |
Young rider classification
| Rank | Name | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Eddy Bouwmans (NED) | Panasonic | 102h 28' 05" |
| 2 | Richard Virenque (FRA) | RMO | +17' 26" |
| 3 | Jim Van De Laer (BEL) | Tulip Computers | +31' 54" |
| 4 | Arunas Cepele (LIT) | Ryalcao-Postobón | +40' 25" |
| 5 | Laurent Jalabert (FRA) | ONCE | +41' 33" |
| 6 | Dimitri Zhdanov (RUS) | Panasonic | +48' 29" |
European sprints
| Rank | Name | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Viatcheslav Ekimov (RUS) | Panasonic | 14 |
| 2 | Herman Frison (BEL) | Tulip Computers | 6 |
| 3 | Richard Virenque (FRA) | RMO | 5 |
| 4 | Claudio Chiappucci (ITA) | Carrera Jeans-Vagabond | 4 |
| 4 | Peter De Clercq (BEL) | Lotto | 4 |
| 6 | Andrew Hampsten (USA) | Motorola | 2 |
| 6 | Javier Murguialday (ESP) | Amaya | 2 |
| 8 | Franco Vona (ITA) | GB-MG | 1 |
| 8 | Olaf Ludwig (GER) | Panasonic | 1 |
| 8 | Hendrik Redant (BEL) | Lotto | 1 |
Classification leadership
References
- ↑ Augendre, Jacques (2009). "Guide Historique, part 6" (PDF) (in French). Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 2009-10-09. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "79ème Tour de France 1992" (in French). Memoire du cyclisme. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
- ↑ "Tour: Les 16 premières équipes" (in French). Le Soir. 20 May 1992. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
- ↑ Deblander, Bruno (17 June 1992). "Les six équipes invitées au Tour de France sont connués 22, v'la ce qui se fait de mieux" (in French). Le Soir. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2008). The Story of the Tour de France: 1965-2007. Dog Ear Publishing. pp. 203–210. ISBN 1-59858-608-4. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
- ↑ Zwegers, Arian. "Tour de France GC Top Ten". CVCC. Archived from the original on 2009-06-10. Retrieved 15 Aug 2011.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Boyce, Barry (2012). "The Spaniard is More Than a Climber". Cycling revealed. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
- ↑ "Grand Tour Doubles – Miguel Indurain". Cycle sport magazine. IPC Media Sports & Leisure. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
- ↑ Richard Moore (30 June 2012). "Book Excerpt: Chiappucci’s legendary victory at Sestriere". VeloNews (Competitor Group, Inc). Archived from the original on 30 June 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Christian, Sarah (2 July 2009). "Tour de France demystified - Evaluating success". RoadCycling.co.nz Ltd. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ↑ Chauner, David; Halstead, Michael (1990). The Tour de France Complete Book of Cycling. Villard. ISBN 0679729364. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ↑ Mark, Eddy van der. "Tour Xtra: Other classification and awards". Chippewa Valley Cycling Club.
- ↑ Augendre, Jacques (2009). "Guide Historique, part 5" (PDF) (in French). Amaury Sport Organisation. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 "Los Campos Elíseos rinden homenaje a Indurain". El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 27 July 1992. p. 50. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
- ↑ "Tour in cijfers". Leidsch Dagblad (in Dutch) (Regionaal archief Leiden). 27 July 1992. p. 17. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
- ↑ "ESF-sprint Klassement". Sports plaza. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
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