1981 in science
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The year 1981 in science and technology involved many significant events, listed below.
Biology
- September – Pantanal Matogrossense National Park designated in Brazil.
- Publication of Stephen Jay Gould's critique of biological determinism, The Mismeasure of Man, in the United States.
Computer science
- March 5 – The ZX81, a pioneering British home computer, is launched by Sinclair Research, going on to sell over 1.5 million units worldwide.
- April 3 – The Osborne 1, the first successful portable computer, is unveiled at the West Coast Computer Faire in San Francisco.
- July 9 – Nintendo releases the arcade game Donkey Kong featuring the debut of Mario.
- August 12 – The IBM Personal Computer is released.[1]
- September 12 – The Chaos Computer Club, a European association of hackers, is established in Berlin by Wau Holland and others.
Medicine
- April 26 - Dr. Michael R. Harrison of the University of California, San Francisco, performs the world's first human open fetal surgery.
- June 5 - AIDS pandemic begins when the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports an unusual cluster of Pneumocystis pneumonia in five homosexual men in Los Angeles.[2]
- Dr. Bruce Reitz performs the first successful heart–lung transplant on Mary Gohlke at Stanford Hospital.
IBM PC 5150
Space exploration
- April 12 – The first launch of a Space Shuttle: Columbia launches on the STS-1 mission.
Technology
- July 7 – Electric aircraft Solar Challenger, designed by an American team led by Paul MacCready and piloted by Stephen Ptacek, makes a 163 mile (262 km) crossing of the English Channel using only solar power from wing-mounted photovoltaic cells.
- July 17 – Hyatt Regency walkway collapse: Structural failure due to a late design change causes two internal suspended walkways at the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Kansas City, Missouri to collapse, killing 114.
Awards
- Nobel Prizes
- Physics – Nicolaas Bloembergen, Arthur Leonard Schawlow, Kai M. Siegbahn
- Chemistry – Kenichi Fukui, Roald Hoffmann
- Medicine – Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel, Torsten N. Wiesel
- Turing Award – Edgar F. Codd
Deaths
- January 5 – Harold Urey (b. 1893), American winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
- March 9 – Max Delbrück (b. 1906), German biologist.
- July 4 - Niels Erik Nørlund (b. 1885), Danish mathematician.
- July 31 – Ernest Melville DuPorte (b. 1891), Black Canadian insect morphologist.
- November 17 – Sibyl M. Rock (b. 1909), American mathematician.
- November 22 – Hans Krebs (b. 1900), German medical doctor and biochemist; discoverer of the citric acid cycle.
- December 6 – Harry Harlow (b. 1905), American psychologist.
References
- ↑ Bellis, Mary. "IBM History". About.com. Retrieved 2011-11-30.
- ↑ "Pneumocystis pneumonia — Los Angeles". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (Centers for Disease Control) 30 (21): 250–2. June 1981. PMID 6265753.