1974 in science
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The year 1974 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Astronomy and space exploration
- February 8 – After 84 days in space, the last crew of the temporary American space station Skylab return to Earth.
- Hawking radiation is predicted by Stephen Hawking.[1]
History of science
- F. W. Winterbotham publishes The Ultra secret: the inside story of Operation Ultra, Bletchley Park and Enigma, the first popular account of cryptography carried out at Bletchley Park during World War II.
Mathematics
- Yves Hellegouarch proposes a connection between Fermat's Last Theorem and the Frey curve.[2]
Medicine
- September 25 – 1974 – The first "Tommy John surgery" for replacement of ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint is performed by Frank Jobe in the United States.
- Identification of controlled trials in perinatal medicine, as advocated by Archie Cochrane, begins in Cardiff, Wales.[3]
- Henry Heimlich describes the "Heimlich Maneuver" as a treatment for choking.[4]
Paleoanthropology and paleontology
- November 24 – A group of paleoanthropologists discover remains of a 3.2-million-year-old skeleton of an Australopithecus afarensis in the Afar Depression of Ethiopia, nicknaming her "Lucy".
- Teeth from what would later be documented as Tyrannosaurus rex are found by geologist Arthur Lakes near Golden, Colorado.
Physics
- May 18 – "Smiling Buddha", India's first nuclear test explosion takes place underground at Pokhran.[5]
- "November Revolution": J/ψ meson, the first particle found to contain a charm quark, discovered by teams at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, led by Samuel Ting,[6] and at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, led by Burton Richter.[7]
Psychology
- Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins is published by Konrad Lorenz.
- Leon Kamin demonstrates that Sir Cyril Burt's influential research into heritability of IQ using twin studies shows evidence of statistical falsification.[8]
Technology
- June 26 – The Universal Product Code is scanned for the first time, to sell a package of Wrigley's chewing gum at the Marsh Supermarket in Troy, Ohio, the first use of barcode technology in American retailing.[9]
- Stephen Salter invents the "Salter Duck", a wave energy converter.
Zoology
- January 7 – Outbreak of 4-year Gombe Chimpanzee War in Tanzania, reported by Jane Goodall.
Other events
- Rubik's Cube invented by Ernő Rubik.[10]
Awards
- Fields Prize in Mathematics: Enrico Bombieri and David Mumford
- Nobel Prizes
- Physics – Martin Ryle, Antony Hewish
- Chemistry – Paul J. Flory
- Medicine – Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, George Emil Palade
- Turing Award – Donald Knuth
Births
- March 10 – Biz Stone, American computing entrepreneur
- August 8 – Manjul Bhargava, Canadian-born mathematician
- August 11 – Sarah-Jayne Blakemore, English cognitive neuroscientist
- September 28 – Sunil Kumar Verma, Indian biologist
Deaths
- February 4 – S. N. Bose, Indian physicist (b. 1894)
- April 12 – Cornelis Simon Meijer, Dutch mathematician (b. 1904)
- May 4 – Ludwig Koch, German-born British animal sound recordist (b. 1881)
- May 18 – Harry Ricardo, English mechanical engineer (b. 1885)
- June 28 – Vannevar Bush, American science administrator (b. 1890)
- August 22 – Jacob Bronowski, Polish-born British scientific polymath (b. 1908)
References
- ↑ Hawking, S. W. (1974-03-01). "Black hole explosions?" (PDF). Nature 248 (5443): 30. Bibcode:1974Natur.248...30H. doi:10.1038/248030a0. Retrieved 2011-05-25.
- ↑ Hellegouarch, Yves (1974). "Points d'ordre 2ph sur les courbes elliptiques". Acta Arithmetica (Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny) 26 (3): 253–263. ISSN 0065-1036. MR 0379507.
- ↑ "About the Cochrane Library". The Cochrane Library. Archived from the original on 5 January 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-25.
- ↑ Heimlich, H. (June 1974). "Pop Goes the Cafe Coronary". Emergency Medicine.
- ↑ "India's Nuclear Weapons Program – Smiling Buddha: 1974". Nuclear Weapon Archive. 2001. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-25.
- ↑ Aubert, J. J. et al. (2 December 1974). "Experimental Observation of a Heavy Particle J". Physical Review Letters 33 (23): 1404–6. Bibcode:1974PhRvL..33.1404A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.33.1404. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ↑ Augustin, J.-E. et al. (2 December 1974). "Discovery of a Narrow Resonance in e+e− Annihilation". Physical Review Letters 33 (23): 1406–8. Bibcode:1974PhRvL..33.1406A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.33.1406. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ↑ Gillie, O. (1976-10-24). "Crucial data was faked by eminent psychologist". The Sunday Times (London).
- ↑ Kleinman, Zoe (2012-10-07). "Barcode birthday: 60 years since patent". BBC News. Retrieved 2013-06-29.
- ↑ Fotheringham, William (2007). Fotheringham's Sporting Pastimes. Anova Books. p. 50. ISBN 1-86105-953-1.