1971 in science
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The year 1971 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Astronomy and space exploration
- January 31 β Apollo program: Astronauts aboard Apollo 14 lift off for a mission to the moon.
- February 5 β Apollo 14 lands on the Moon.
- February 9 β Apollo program: Apollo 14 returns to Earth after the third manned moon landing.
- May 19 β Mars probe program: Mars 2 is launched by the Soviet Union.
- May 30 β Mariner program: Mariner 9 is launched toward Mars.
- June 30 β The crew of the Soyuz 11 spacecraft are killed when their air supply leaks out through a faulty valve during re-entry preparations, the only human deaths to occur outside Earth's atmosphere.
- July 26 β Apollo program: Launch of Apollo 15. On July 31 the Apollo 15 astronauts become the first to ride in a lunar rover a day after landing on the surface.
- November 13 β Mariner program: Mariner 9 enters Mars orbit.
Biology
- Francis G. Howarth discovers communities of specialized thermophile cave animals living in lava tubes at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.
- C. A. W. Jeekel publishes Nomenclator Generum et Familiarum Diplopodorum.
- John O'Keefe discovers place cells in the mammalian brain.[1][2]
Computer science
- July 4 β Michael S. Hart posts the first e-book, a copy of the United States Declaration of Independence, on the University of Illinois at UrbanaβChampaign's mainframe computer, the origin of Project Gutenberg.[3]
- November 3 β The UNIX Programmer's Manual is published.
- November 15 β Intel release the world's first microprocessor, the 4004.
- end β Ray Tomlinson sends the first ARPAnet e-mail between host computers, at BBN, Cambridge, Massachusetts, with the first use of the @ sign in an address.[4]
Conservation
- February 2 β The international Ramsar Convention for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands is signed in Ramsar, Mazandaran, Iran.
Earth sciences
- February 9 β The San Fernando (Sylmar) earthquake occurred in southern California with a magnitude of 6.6 and a perceived intensity of XI (extreme) on the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale.
Mathematics
- Daniel Quillen publishes a proof of the Adams conjecture.[5]
- Steven Takiff introduces Takiff algebras.[6]
Medicine
- October 1 β Godfrey Hounsfield's invention, X-ray computed tomography, is first used on a patient with a cerebral cyst at Atkinson Morley Hospital in Wimbledon, London.[7]
- Boston Women's Health Book Collective publishes Our Bodies, Ourselves in the U.S.
- E. G. L. Bywaters characterises adult-onset Still's disease, a rare form of inflammatory arthritis.[8]
- Smallpox is eradicated from the Americas.[9]
Psychology
- August 14β20 β Stanford prison experiment.
- Studies in Animal and Human Behavior, Volume II is published by Konrad Lorenz.
Awards
- Nobel Prizes
- Physics β Dennis Gabor
- Chemistry β Gerhard Herzberg
- Medicine β Earl W Sutherland, Jr
- Turing Award β John McCarthy
Births
- July 4 β Sivakumar Veerasamy, Indian plant geneticist.
- August 2 β Ruth Lawrence, English-born mathematician.
- Howard Gobioff (d. 2008), American computer scientist.
Deaths
- March 11 β Philo T. Farnsworth (b. 1906), American television pioneer.
- April 1 β Dame Kathleen Lonsdale (b. 1903), Irish-born crystallographer.
- April 6 β Margaret Newton (b. 1887), Canadian plant pathologist.
- June 6 β Edward Andrade (b. 1887), English physicist.
- June 30 β Soviet cosmonauts
- Georgy Dobrovolsky (b. 1928)
- Vladislav Volkov (b. 1935)
- Viktor Patsayev (b. 1933)
References
- β O'Keefe, John; Dostrovsky, Jonathan (1971). "The hippocampus as a spatial map: preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat". Brain Research 34 (1): 171β175. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(71)90358-1. PMID 5124915.
- β Binder, Marc D (2009). Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. Springer. p. 3166. ISBN 978-3-540-23735-8.
- β Hart, Michael (August 1992). "The History and Philosophy of Project Gutenberg". Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 2011-10-05..
- β Tomlinson, Ray. "The First Network Email". Retrieved 2011-10-05.
- β Quillen, Daniel (1971). "The Adams Conjecture". Topology 10: 67β80. doi:10.1016/0040-9383(71)90018-8. ISSN 0040-9383. MR 0279804. Retrieved 2011-06-24.
- β Takiff, S. J. (1971). "Rings of invariant polynomials for a class of Lie algebras". Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 160: 249β262. doi:10.2307/1995803. ISSN 0002-9947. JSTOR 1995803. MR 0281839.
- β Beckmann, E. C. (2006). "CT scanning the early days". British Journal of Radiology 79 (937): 5β8. doi:10.1259/bjr/29444122. PMID 16421398.
- β Bywaters, E. G. L. (March 1971). "Still's disease in the adult". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 30 (2): 121β33. doi:10.1136/ard.30.2.121. PMC 1005739. PMID 5315135. Retrieved 2012-01-13.
- β "Americas region is declared the worldβs first to eliminate rubella". WHO. 30 April 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2015.