1895 in science

The year 1895 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Biology

• April 26 – The New York Zoological Society, the modern-day Wildlife Conservation Society, is chartered.
• David Bruce discovers the Trypanosoma parasite carried by the tsetse fly which causes the fatal cattle disease nagana.^[1][2]

Chemistry

• March 26 – Scottish chemist William Ramsay isolates helium on Earth by treating the mineral cleveite.^{[3][4][5][6][7]} These samples are identified as helium by Norman Lockyer and William Crookes. It is independently isolated from cleveite in the same year by Per Teodor Cleve and Abraham Langlet in Uppsala, Sweden, who determine its atomic weight.^[8][9][10]
• Emil Fischer and Arthur Speier first describe Fischer–Speier esterification.^[11]

Ecology

• Eugen Warming publishes Plantesamfund (translated as Oecology of Plants, 1909) and founds the scientific discipline ecology.
• The first international meeting for the protection of birds is held in Paris.^[12]

Medicine

• The term naturopathy is coined by Dr John Scheel.^[13]

Physics

• May 7 – Alexander Stepanovich Popov demonstrates a radio receiver (containing a coherer) refined as a lightning detector to the Russian Physico-Chemical Society, recognized as the first practical application of electromagnetic waves.^[14]
• November 8 – Wilhelm Röntgen discovers a type of electromagnetic radiation which he calls X-rays.^[15]

Psychiatry

• Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer publish Studien über Hysterie (Studies on Hysteria).

Technology

• February 13 – Auguste and Louis Lumière patent their cinematograph motion picture film camera/projector in France.
• May 6 – The Metropolitan West Side Elevated Railroad is opened in Chicago^[16] as the first electrically operated rapid transit system in the United States, including the first completed Scherzer rolling lift bridge.^[17]
• December 31 – Ogden Bolton Jr. is granted U.S. Patent 552,271 for an electric bicycle.^[18][19]
• Ernest A. Hummel invents the telediagraph.

Other events

• May – Publication of H. G. Wells' first "scientific romance", the novella The Time Machine (serial publication completed and first book editions).
• July 25 – Maria Skłodowska marries Pierre Curie in the town hall at Sceaux.

Awards

• Copley Medal: Karl Weierstrass
• Wollaston Medal for Geology: Archibald Geikie

Births

• January 11 – Laurens Hammond (died 1973), American inventor.
• May 20 – R. J. Mitchell (died 1937), English aeronautical engineer.
• October 19 – Lewis Mumford (died 1990), American historian & philosopher of science.
• October 22 – Rolf Nevanlinna (died 1980), Finnish mathematician.
• October 23 – Hans Ferdinand Mayer (died 1980), German physicist.
• October 30 – Gerhard Domagk (died 1964), German winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
• December 2 – W. Conway Pierce (died 1974), American chemist.
• Asatour Sarafian, later Oscar H. Banker (died 1979), Armenian American inventor.

Deaths

• January 26 – Arthur Cayley (born 1821), English mathematician.
• April 11 – Lothar Meyer (born 1830), German chemist.
• May 5 – Karl Vogt (born 1817), German scientist who published notable works in zoology, geology and physiology.
• June 29 – Sir Thomas Henry Huxley (born 1825), English biologist.
• August 10 – Felix Hoppe-Seyler (born 1825), German physiologist.
• August 26 – Friedrich Miescher (born 1844), Swiss biologist.
• September 24 – Hermann Hellriegel (born 1831), German agricultural chemist who discovered the mechanism by which leguminous plants assimilate the free nitrogen of the atmosphere.
• September 28 – Louis Pasteur (born 1822), French biologist.

References