1870 in science
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The year 1870 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Biology
- January 18 – Gerhardt Krefft first describes the Queensland lungfish, in The Sydney Morning Herald.
- Charles Valentine Riley confirms Phylloxera as the cause of the Great French Wine Blight.[1]
Chemistry
- Norman Lockyer and Edward Frankland propose that the gas detected in solar observations should be called 'helium'.[2][3]
Ecology
- Introduced rabbits reach the New South Wales border in Australia.
Mathematics
- Felix Klein constructs a model for hyperbolic geometry establishing its self-consistency and the logical independence of Euclid's fifth postulate. (Note: Eugenio Beltrami had previously given such a model in 1868.)
- W. Stanley Jevons publishes the popular textbook Elementary Lessons on Logic.[4]
Medicine
- Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch establish the germ theory of disease.
- Henry Maudsley publishes his lectures on Body and Mind: an Inquiry into their Connection and Mutual Influence.
- Frances Morgan becomes the first British woman to receive a Doctor of Medicine degree from a European university, the University of Zurich.
Meteorology
- November 1 – In the United States, the newly created Weather Bureau (later renamed the National Weather Service) makes its first official meteorological forecast: "High winds at Chicago and Milwaukee... and along the Lakes".
Paleontology
- Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis juvenile dinosaur fossil found in Summertown, Oxford.[5]
Physics
- Rudolf Clausius proves the scalar virial theorem.
Psychology
- Ludimar Hermann observes the Hermann grid illusion.[6]
Technology
- February 26 – In New York City, the first pneumatic-subway is opened.
- August 2 – Official opening of the Tower Subway beneath the River Thames in London, first use of the cylindrical wrought iron tunnelling shield devised by Peter W. Barlow and James Henry Greathead[7] and of a permanent tunnel lining of cast iron segments.[8]
- Collotype black-and-white photographic process invented.
- Henry R. Heyl receives a US patent for a magic lantern movie projector.
- Joy valve gear for steam locomotives is patented in the UK.
- The stock ticker is invented by Thomas Alva Edison.
- First known use of weapons for the anti-aircraft role at Paris during the Franco-Prussian War.
Institutions
- Ellen Swallow Richards becomes the first woman admitted to study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Awards
Births
- January 9 – Joseph Strauss (died 1938), American bridge engineer.
- January 13 – Ross Granville Harrison (died 1959), American physiologist.
- February 7 – Alfred Adler (died 1937), Austrian psychotherapist.
- March 17 – Horace Donisthorpe (died 1951), English entomologist.
- May 20 – Arthur Korn (died 1945), German inventor.
- October 23 – George Newman (died 1948), English public health physician.
Deaths
- March 9 – 'Granny' Maria Ann Smith (born 1799), English-born Australian horticulturalist.
- March 12 – Charles Xavier Thomas (born 1785), French inventor of the first mass-produced calculator.
- December 27 (O.S. December 15) – Nikolai N. Kaufman (born 1834), Russian botanist.
- November 14 – Karl Weltzien (born 1813), German inorganic chemist.
- Alexander Henry Haliday (born 1806), Anglo Irish entomologist.
References
- ↑ "The Great French Wine Blight". Wine Tidings 96. July–August 1986. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
- ↑ Thomson, W. (1872) Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 99.
- ↑ "Discovery of Helium". Sir Joseph Norman Lockyer. Retrieved 2011-03-30.
- ↑ Grattan-Guinness, Ivor (2000). The Search for Mathematical Roots, 1870–1940. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05858-0.
- ↑ Phillips, John (1871). Geology of Oxford and the Valley of the Thames. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Display in Oxford University Museum of Natural History.
- ↑ Hermann, L. (1870). "Eine Erscheinung simultanen Contrastes". Pflügers Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie 3: 13–15. doi:10.1007/BF01855743.
- ↑ Smith, Denis (2001). Civil Engineering Heritage: London and the Thames Valley. Thomas Telford. pp. 22–23. ISBN 0-7277-2876-8.
- ↑ West, Graham (2005). Innovation and the Rise of the Tunnelling Industry. Cambridge University Press. pp. 116–118. ISBN 0-521-33512-4.