1866 in science
| List of years in science (table) |
|---|
| ... 1856 . 1857 . 1858 . 1859 . 1860 . 1861 . 1862 ... 1863 1864 1865 -1866- 1867 1868 1869 ... 1870 . 1871 . 1872 . 1873 . 1874 . 1875 . 1876 ... |
| Art . Archaeology . Architecture . Literature . Music . Philosophy . Science +... |
The year 1866 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Astronomy
- May – William Huggins studies the emission spectrum of a nova and discovers that it is surrounded by a cloud of hydrogen.[1]
- June 4 – Pluto (not known at this time) reaches its only aphelion between 1618 and 2113.
- Giovanni Schiaparelli realizes that meteor streams occur when the Earth passes through the orbit of a comet that has left debris along its path.
Biology
- Gregor Mendel publishes his laws of inheritance.[2]
- Ernst Haeckel challenges the plant/animal division of life, observing that single celled organisms, the protists, do not fit into either category.
- Élie Metchnikoff describes the early separation of "polecells" (progenital cells) in parthenogenetic Diptera.[3]
- Robert John Lechmere Guppy discovers the guppy (fish) in Trinidad.
- Frederick Smith first discovers Formica candida in the Bournemouth district of England, describing it as Formica gagates.
- Nikolai Kaufman publishes his Moscow Flora.[4]
Chemistry
- Dynamite invented by Alfred Nobel.[5]
- August von Hofmann proposes the now standard system of hydrocarbon nomenclature and invents the Hofmann voltameter.[6]
- Emil Erlenmeyer proposes that naphthalene has a structure of two fused benzene rings.[7]
Medicine
- Max Schultze discovers two sorts of 'receptors' in the retina.[8]
- Dr John Langdon Down publishes his theory that different types of mental condition can be classified by ethnic characteristics, notably "Mongolism", the genetic developmental disability now known as Down syndrome.[9][10]
- Invention of a clinical thermometer by Thomas Clifford Allbutt.[10]
- Elizabeth Garrett Anderson opens the St Mary's Dispensary in London where women could seek medical advice from exclusively female practitioners.[10]
- A cholera epidemic in London causes over 5,000 deaths.[10]
- Patrick Manson starts a school of tropical medicine in Hong Kong.
Physics
- James Clerk Maxwell formulates the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution in the kinetic theory of gases.
Technology
- January 12 – Royal Aeronautical Society is formed in London.
- July 27 – The SS Great Eastern successfully completes laying the transatlantic telegraph cable between Valentia Island, Ireland and Heart's Content, Newfoundland, permanently restoring a communications link.[11]
- August 23 – Ralph H. Twedell patents the hydraulic riveter in the United Kingdom.[12]
Awards
Births
- April 17 – Ernest Starling (died 1927), physiologist
- September 13 – Arthur Pollen (died 1937), inventor
- September 21 – H. G. Wells (died 1946), scientific populariser
- September 25 – Thomas Hunt Morgan (died 1945), biologist, Nobel laureate in Physiology
- October 8 – Reginald Fessenden (died 1932), pioneer of radio broadcasting
- November 30 – Robert Broom (died 1951), paleontologist
- December 7 – Maude Delap (died 1953), marine biologist
Deaths
- March 6 – William Whewell (born 1794), scientist, philosopher, and historian of science
- April 5 – Thomas Hodgkin (born 1798), physician
- July 20 – Bernhard Riemann (born 1826), mathematician.
- December 1 – George Everest (born 1790), surveyor and geographer.
References
- ↑ Becker, Barbara J. (2004). "Huggins, Sir William (1824–1910)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2011-03-04. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ↑ Mendel, J. G. (1866). "Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden". Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn IV: 3–47 (Abhandlungen). For the English translation, see Druery, C. T.; Bateson, William (1901). "Experiments in plant hybridization". Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society 26: 1–32. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
- ↑ Petrunkevitch, Alexander (1920). "Russia’s Contribution to Science". Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 23: 239.
- ↑ Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979).
- ↑ Schück, H.; Sohlman, R. (1929). The Life of Alfred Nobel. London: Heinemann.
- ↑ von Hofmann, A. W. (1866). Introduction to Modern Chemistry: Experimental and Theoretic; Embodying Twelve Lectures Delivered in the Royal College of Chemistry, London. London: Walton and Maberly.
- ↑ Erlenmeyer, Emil (1866). "Studien über die s. g. aromatischen Säuren". Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie 137: 327–359. doi:10.1002/jlac.18661370309.
- ↑ Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Retina.
- ↑ Down, J. Langdon H. (1866). "Observations on the Ethnic Classification of Idiots". Clinical lectures and reports by the medical and surgical staff of the London Hospital 3: 259–62.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Everett, Jason M., ed. (2006). "1866". The People's Chronology. Thomson Gale.
- ↑ Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
- ↑ McNeill, Ian (1972). Hydraulic Power. London: Longman. ISBN 0-582-12797-1.